Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Principles of Musculoskeletal Tissue Banking

  • Chapter
Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration

Part of the book series: Orthopedic Biology and Medicine ((OBM))

  • 1754 Accesses

Abstract

Transplantation of bone and tissue allografts is a commonly performed surgical procedure made possible by the development of tissue banks and the wide availability of transplants. Knowledge of the principles of tissue banking and understanding the advantages and risks of musculoskeletal allograft transplantation allows surgeons to make rational decisions about whether a particular patient should or should not receive such transplants.

Bone allografts excised aseptically are preserved by freeze-drying, rapid freezing or by controlled velocity freezing in the presence of cryoprotective agents. Bone and tissue allografts excised without aseptic precautions are, in addition, subjected to secondary sterilization by ionizing radiation or by expo sure to ethylene oxide gas. Irradiation and, to a lesser degree, ethylene oxide alters biological properties of allografts.

Although disease transmission with tissue allografts has been reported, allografts from adequately screened and studied cadaver donors are safe.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. 1. Kozak JA, Heilman AE, O'Brien JP. Anterior lumbar fusion options; techniques and graft materials. Clin. Ortho 1994; 200:45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  2. 2. Malinin, TI. Acquisition and banking of bone allografts in: Bone Grafts and Bone Substitutes (M. Habal & H. Reddi eds.) W.B. Saunders Co. 1992. Philadelphia. p. 206.

    Google Scholar 

  3. 3. Mankin HJ, Doppelt S, Tomford WW. Clinical experience with allograft implanta tion. Clin Orth & Rel Res 1983;174:69–72.

    Google Scholar 

  4. 4. Emerson RH Jr., Malinin TI, Cuellar AD, Head WC and Peters PC. Cortical strut allografts in the reconstruction of the femur in revision total hip arthroplasty. A basic science and clinical study. Clin Orth 1992; 285:35–44.

    Google Scholar 

  5. 5. Lavernia CI, Malinin TI, Temple HT, Moreyra CE. Bone and tissue allograft use by orthopaedic surgeons. J. Arthzoplasty. 2004;19:430–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. 6. Kruetz FP, Hyatt GW, Turner TC, Bassett AJ. The preservation and clinical use of freeze-dried bone. J. Bone & Joint Surg. 1951; 33(A): 863–872.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hyatt G, Butler MC. Bone grafting: The procurement, storage and clinical use of bone allografts. AAOS, Instr Course Lect. 1957;14–436.

    Google Scholar 

  8. US Food and Drug Administration, 21 CFR, Part 1271, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (Malarkey M et al). Brief Report: Investigation into recalled human tissue for transplantation. United States, 2005– 2006, MMWR. 2006:55(20): 564–566.

    Google Scholar 

  10. American Association of Tissue Banks. Standards for Tissue Banking. McLean, VA 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Eastlund T. Bacterial infection transmitted by human tissue allografts. Cell & Tissue Banking, 2006 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Centers for Disease Control. Invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infection after allo-graft implantation – Colorado 2003 MMWR, 2003;52:1174–1176.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C virus transmission in an anti body-negative organ and tissue donor, US 2000–2002 MMWR 2003; 52:273–274.

    Google Scholar 

  14. 14. Simonds RJ, Holmberg SD, Hurwitz RL, Coleman TR, Bottenfield S, Conley LJ, Kohelnberg SH, Castro KG, Dahan BA, Schable CA, Rayfield MA, Rogers MF. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from a seronegative organ and tissue donor. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992;326(11):726–732.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. 15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: Allograft associated bacterial infections. MMWR 2002;5:207–210.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Young SE, Wilkins RM. Medical / Social history questionnaires; validating the process. Proc. 19th Ann. Meeting. Am Assoc Tissue Banks, Atlanta, GA. Sept 9–13, 1995, A-38.

    Google Scholar 

  17. 17. Strong M, Nelson K, Pierce M, Stramer SL. Preventing disease transmission by deceased tissue donors by testing blood for viral nucleic acid. Cell and Tissue Banking. 2005;6:249–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Task Force on AIDS and Orthopaedic Surgery, AAOS, Park Ridge, IL, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  19. 19. Buck BE, Malinin TI, Brown MD. Bone transplantation and human immunodefi ciency syndrome (AIDS). Clin Orthop. 1989;240:129–136.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. 20. Martinez OV, Buck BE, Hernandez M, Malinin TI. Blood and marrow cultures as indicators of bone contamination in cadaver donors. Clin Orthop 2003;409:317– 324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. 21. DuMolin G, Love W. The value of autopsy microbiology. Clin Microbiol Newsletter. 1982;10:165–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. 22. Koneman E, Davis M. Postmortem bacteriology 3. The significance of microorgan isms recovered at autopsy. Am J Clin Path. 1974;61-28–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. 23. Roberts FJ. Procurement, interpretation and value of postmortem culture. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infec Dis. 1998;17:821–827.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. 24. Malinin TI, Buck BE, Temple HT, Martinez OV, Fox WP. Incidence of clostridial infection in donors' musculoskeletal tissues. J Bone Joint Surg. 2003;85B:1051– 1054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. 25. Chacon M, Gazitua R, Paebla C. Clinical correlation between the premortem study and autopsy. Rev Med Chil 1997;125(10):1173–1176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. 26. Thurlbeck WM. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis in a Canadian teaching hospital. Can Med Assoc J. 1981;125:443–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. 27. Friedrici HH, Sebastian M. Autopsies in a modern teaching hospital. A review of 2,537 cases. Arch. Pathol Lab Med. 1984; 108(6):518–521.

    Google Scholar 

  28. 28. Malinin TI. Allografts for the reconstruction of the cruciate ligaments of the knee: Procurement, sterilization and storage. Sports Med & Arthroscopy Rev. 1993; 1:31–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. 29. Wilson, PD. Follow-up study of the use of refrigerated homologous bone trans plants in orthopaedic operations. J Bone & Joint Surg. 1951; 33(A): 307–323.

    Google Scholar 

  30. 30. Brown MD, Malinin TI, Davis PB. A roentgenographic evaluation of frozen allografts versus autografts in anterior cervical spine fusions. Clin Orthop 1976; 119:231–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. 31. Sherman JK. Low temperature research on spermatozoa and eggs. Cryobiology. 1964;1:103–129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Malinin TI. Processing and storage of viable human tissue. Public Health Service Publication No 1442, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  33. 33. Tomford WW, Mankin HJ, Friedlaender GE, Doppelt SH, Gebhard MC. Methods of banking bone and cartilage for allograft transplantation. Orthop Clin North Am. 1987; 18:241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. 34. Brighton CT, Lane JM, Kohl JK. In vitro rabbit articular cartilage organ model. 11 35 S incorporation in various oxygen tensions. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 17:245–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. 35. Malinin TI, Wagner JL, Pita JC, Lo H. Hypothermic storage and cryopreservation of cartilage. Clin Orthop 1985; 197:15–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. 36. Malinin TI, Temple HT, Buck BE. Transplantation of osteochondral allografts after cold storage. J Bone Joint Surg. 2006; 88A:762–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. 37. Lovelock JE. The denaturation of lipid-protein complexes as a cause of damage by freezing. Proc R Soc Lond Biol Sci 1957;147:427–433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. 38. Meryman HT. Preservation of living cells. Fed. Proc. 1963; 22:781–89.

    Google Scholar 

  39. 39. Perry VP, Kerby CC, Kowalski FJ, Malinin TI. The freezing of human kidney cell suspensions. Cryobiology. 1975;1:274–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. 40. Luyet BJ. An attempt at systematic analysis of the notion of freezing rates and evaluation of the main contributory factors. Cryobiology. 1966;2:198–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. 41. Tomford WW, Duff GP, Mankin HJ. Experimental freeze preservation of chondro-cytes. Clin Orthop 1985; 197:11–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. 42. Pegg DE, Wang L, Vaughn D. Cryopreservation of articular cartilage. Part 2. The mechanism of cryoinjury. Cryobiology. 2006; 52:347–359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. 43. Parkes AS. Factors affecting the viability of frozen ovarian tissue. J. Endocrinol. 1958; 17:357–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. 44. Taylor AC. The physical state of transition in the freezing of living cells. Ann N.Y. Acad Sci 1960; 85:595–609.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Polge C, Smith AV, Parkes AS. Revival of spermatozoa after vitrification and dehydration at low temperature. Nature. 1949; 164–166.

    Google Scholar 

  46. 46. Marco F. Leon C, Lopez-Oliva F, Perez AJ, Sanches-Barba A, Lopez-Duran, Stern L. Intact articular cartilage cryopreservation: In vivo evaluation. Clin Orthop 1992; 283:11–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. 47. Malinin TI, Martinez OV, Brown MD. Banking of massive osteoarticular and intercalary bone allografts–12 years experience. Clin Orthop 1985; 187:44–57.

    Google Scholar 

  48. 48. Panuska JA, Malinin TI, Mentz RJ. Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on cooling rates of unrestrained rats. Cryobiology. 1966; 2:345–350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. 49. Lovelock JE, Bishop MWH. Prevention of freezing damage in living cells by dimethyl sulfoxide. Nature. 1959; 183:1394–1395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. 50. Ashwood-Smith MJ. Radioprotective and cryoprotective properties of dimethyl sulfoxide in cellular systems. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1967; 141(1):45–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. 51. Malinin GI, Fontana DJ, Baumgart DC. Distribution of C 14 labeled dimethyl sulfoxide in tissues in intact animals. Cryobiology. 1969; 5:328–335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. 52. Wu NM, Malinin TI. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of some cation and anion exchange in dimethyl/sulfoxide-water systems. Anal Chem 1980; 52:186–189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. 53. Ashwood-Smith MJ. Radioprotective effect of combinations of AET or cysteamine with dimethyl sulphoxide. Int J Radiat Bio. 1962; 5:201–202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. 54. Ashwood-Smith MJ. The radioprotective action of dimethyl sulphoxide and various other sulphoxides. Int J Radiat Bio. 1961; 3:41–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. 55. Buck BE, Malinin TI. Human bone and tissue allografts; preparation and safety. Clin Orthop 1994; 303:8–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. 56. Bugbee WD. Alternatives to arthroplasty of the knee: biologic resurfacing. Cur Opinion Orthop 2001; 12:1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. 57. Czitrom AA, Keating S, Gross AE. The viability of articular cartilage in fresh osteochondral allografts after clinical transplantation. J Bone Joint Surg. 1990; 72:574–581.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. 58. Ball ST, Amiel D, Williams SK, Tonz W, Chem AC, Sah RL, Bugbee WD. The effects of storage on fresh human osteochondral allografts. Clin Orthop 2004; 418:246–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. 59. Greif D. The important variables in the long-term stability of viruses dried by sublimation of ice in vacuo. Progress in refrigeration science and technology. Proceedings of the XIII International Congress of Refrigeration. Westbort, AVI Publishing Co. 1973; 657–662.

    Google Scholar 

  60. 60. Malinin TI, Wu NM, Flores A. Freeze-drying of bone for allotransplantation. In: Osteochondral Allografts. G.E. Friedlander, HJ Mankin, KW Sell eds.) Little Brown & Co., Boston/Toronto 1983 pp 181–192.

    Google Scholar 

  61. 61. Lacroix P, L'Organisacion des Os. Editions Desoer, Liege 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Conway B, Tomford WW, Hirsch MS, Schooley, RT, Mankin HJ. Effects of gamma radiation on HIV-1 in a bone allograft model. Trans. 36 Annual Meeting, Orth Res Soc. 1990:15–:225.

    Google Scholar 

  63. 63. Gibbons MJ, Butler JH, Grood ES, Bylski-Austrow DI, Levy MS, Noyes FR. Effects of gamma irradiation on the initial mechanical and material properties of goat bone-patella tendon-bone allografts. J Orthop Res. 1991; 9:209–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. 64. Buring K, Urist MR. Effect of ionizing radiation on the bone induction principle in the matrix of bone implants. Clin Orthop 1967; 55:225–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. 65. Urist MR, Hernandez A. Excitation transfer in bone. Arch Surg. 1974; 119:486–493.

    Google Scholar 

  66. 66. Kerulek K, Gammon RA, Lloyd RS. Microbiological aspects of ethylene oxide sterilization. II. Microbial resistance to ethylene oxide. Appl Microbiol. 1970; 19:152–156.

    Google Scholar 

  67. 67. Klaienbeek A, Van Torngen HAE. Virucidal action of ethylene oxide. J Hyg. 1954; 52:525–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. 68. Sidwell RW, Dixon GJ, Westbrook L, Dulmadge EA. Procedure for the evaluation of the virucidal effectiveness of an ethylene oxide gas sterilizer. Appl Microbiol. 1969; 17:790–796.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. 69. Prolo DJ, Pedrotti PW, White DJ. Ethylene oxide sterilization of bone, dura mater and fascia lata for human transplantation. Neurosurg. 1980; 6:529–539.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. 70. Gardner S. Ethylene oxide, ethylene chlorohydrin and ethylene glycol. Proposed maximum residue limits and maximum levels of exposure. Fed. Reg. 1978; 43:27474–27483.

    Google Scholar 

  71. 71. Carpenter ET, Gendler E, Malinin TI, Temple HT. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on osteoinduction by demineralized bone. Am J Orthop. 2006; 35:562–567.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. 72. Horowitz MC, Friedlaender GE. Immunologic aspects of bone transplantation: A rationale and future studies. Orthop Clin North Am. 1987; 18:227–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. 73. Czitrom AA, Axelrod, Fernandes B. Antigen presenting cells in allotransplanta tion. Clin Orthop. 1985; 197:27–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. 74. Burchardt H, Jones H, Glowczewskie F, Rudner C, Enneking WF. Freeze-dried allogenic segmental cortical bone grafts in dogs. J Bone & Joint Surg. 1978; 60(A): 1082–1090.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. 75. Heiple KG, Chase SW, Herndon CH. A comparative study of the healing proc ess following different types of bone transplantation. J Bone & Joint Surg. 1963; 45A:1593–1616.

    Google Scholar 

  76. 76. Malinin TI, Mnaymneh W, Wagner JL, Borja F. Healing of internally fixed inter calary canine allografts of freeze-dried bone. Orthop Trans. 1985; 9:339.

    Google Scholar 

  77. 77. Urist MR. Bone transplants and implants. In: Fundamental and clinical bone physi ology (MR Urist ed) JB Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1980 pp 331–393.

    Google Scholar 

  78. 78. Sloof TJ, Buma P, Schreurs BW, Schimmel JW, Huiskes R, Gardeniers J. Acetabular and femoral reconstruction with impacted graft and cement. Clin. Orthop 1996; 324:108–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. 79. Temple HT, Malinin TI, Wang J. Packing of osseous defects with cortical bone powder allografts. Proc.72 Ann. Mtg. AAOS 6:627, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  80. 80. Urist MR, Sato K, Brownell AG, Malinin TI, Lietze A, Huo Y-K, Prolo DJ, Oklund S, Finerman GA, de Lange RJ. Human bone morphogenetic protein (hBMP). Proc Soc Exp Bio Med. 1983; 173:194–199.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. 81. Urist MR, Benham K, Krendi F, Raskin K, Nguyen TD, Shamie AN, Malinin TI. Lipids closely associated with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and induced heterotopic bone formation. Connect Tissue Res. 1997; 36(1) 9–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. 82. Malinin TI, Temple HT. Importance of particle size on healing of bone. Proc. 71 Annual Meeting, Am Acad Orth Surg. 5:633, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  83. 83. Dunlop DG, Brewster NT, Madabhushi SP, Usmani AS, Paukaj P, Howie CR. Techniques to improve the shear strength of impacted bone graft: The effect of particle size and washing of the graft. J Bone Joint Surg. 2003; 85-A:639–646.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. 84. Sun JS, Liu HC, Chang LH, Li J, Lin FH, Tai HC. Influence of hydroxyapatite particle size on bone cell activities; an in vitro study. J Biomed Materials Res. 39(3):390–397,1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. 85. Heiple KG, Goldberg VM, Powell AE, Bos GD, Zika JM. Biology of cancellous bone repair. In: Osteochondral Allografts. (G.E. Friedlander, HJ Mankin, & KW Sell, eds.) Little, Brown & Co. Boston/Toronto. 1983:37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  86. 86. Urist MR, Mikulski A, Boyd SD. A chemosterilized antigen-extracted autodigested alloimplant for bone banks. Arch Surg. 1975; 110:416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. 87. Johnson EE, Urist MR. One-stage lengthening of femoral nonunion augmented with human bone morphogenetic protein. Clin Orthop 1998; 347:105–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

    Theodore I. Malinin

Authors
  1. Theodore I. Malinin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    William S. Pietrzak Ph.D.

  2. Biomet, Inc., Warsaw, IN, USA

    William S. Pietrzak Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Malinin, T.I. (2008). Principles of Musculoskeletal Tissue Banking. In: Pietrzak, W.S. (eds) Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration. Orthopedic Biology and Medicine. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-239-7_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-239-7_23

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-909-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-239-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation