Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Antioxidant Nutrients and Prevention of Oxidant-Mediated Diseases

  • Chapter
Preventive Nutrition

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

Key Points

  • Chronic exposure to excessive levels of atmospheric pollution in the workplace, environment, and home (especially from cigarette smoke) is accompanied by increased oxidative stress.

  • Inhalation of cigarette smoke has a profoundly irritant effect on phagocytic cells, causing an increase in both the number and oxidant-generating activities of these cells.

  • Smoking-induced oxidative stress is associated with increased turnover of the antioxidant nutrients vitamin C, β-carotene, and vitamin E in the circulation and lungs.

  • Relatively moderate increases in the numbers of circulating phagocytes has consistently been shown to be an independent predictor of decline in pulmonary function, development of several cardiovascular conditions (including myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, all coronary heart disease (CHD) combined, stroke, and essential hypertension), lung cancer incidence and mortality, possibly cancer at all sites, and death from all causes. Adequate intake of vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene is necessary to counteract the development of oxidant-mediated tissue damage, organ dysfunction, and disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fulton M, Thomson M, Elton RA, Brown S, Wood DA, Oliver MF. Cigarette smoking, social class and nutrient intake: relevance to coronary heart disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 1988; 42:797–803.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Pryor WA, Stone K. Oxidants in cigarette smoke. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 686:12–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Godlee R. Air pollution I. From pea soup to photochemical smog. Br Med J 1991; 303:1459–1461.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Melia RJ, Florey C de V, Altman DG, Swan AV. Association between gas cooking and respiratory disease in children. Br Med J 1977; 2:149–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Block G. Micronutrients and cancer: time for action? J Natl Can Inst USA 1993; 85:846–848.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Savage JE, Theron AJ, Anderson R. Activation of neutrophil membrane-associated oxidative metabolism by ultraviolet radiation. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 101:532–536.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Peto R. Smoking and death: the past 40 years and the next 40. Br Med J 1994; 309:937–939.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male British doctors. Br Med J 1994; 309:901–911.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Corrè F, Lellouch J, Schwartz D. Smoking and leucocyte counts. Lancet 1971; 2:632–634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hoidal JR, Niewoehner DE. Lung phagocyte recruitment and metabolic deterioration induced by cigarette smoke in humans and hamsters. Am Rev Resp Dis 1982; 126:548–552.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hoidal JR, Fox RB, Lemarbe PA, Perri R, Repine JE. Altered oxidative metabolic responses in vivo of alveolar macrophages from asymptomatic cigarette smokers. Am Rev Resp Dis 1981; 123:85–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Quinlan GJ, Evans TW, Gutteridge JMC. Iron and the redox status of the lungs. Free Rad Biol Med 2002; 33:1306–1313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Wright JL, Hobson JE, Wiggs B, Pare PD, Hogg JC. Airway inflammation and peribronchiolar attachments in the lungs of non-smokers, current and ex-smokers. Lung 1988; 166:277–286.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ludwig PW, Schwartz BA, Hoidal JR, Niewoehner DE. Cigarette smoking causes accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in alveolar septum. Am Rev Resp Dis 1985; 131:828–830.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chan-Yeung M, Dy Buncio A. Leukocyte count, smoking and lung function. Am J Med 1984; 76:31–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Chan-Yeung M, Abbound R, Dy Buncio A, Vedal S. Peripheral leukocyte count and longitudinal decline in lung function. Thorax 1988; 43:462–466.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Sparrow D, Glynn RJ, Cohen M, Weiss ST. The relationship of the peripheral leukocyte count and cigarette smoking to pulmonary function among adult men. Chest 1984; 86:383–386.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ludwig RW, Hoidal JR. Alterations in leukocyte oxidative metabolism in cigarette smokers. Am Rev Resp Dis 1982; 126:977–980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Richards GA, Theron AJ, Van der Merwe CA, Anderson R. Spirometric abnormalities in young smokers correlate with increased chemiluminescence responses of activated blood phagocytes. Am Rev Resp Dis 1989; 139:181–187.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bridges RB, Fu MC, Rehm SR. Increased neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity associated with cigarette smoking. Eur J Resp Dis 1985; 67:84–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. MacNee W, Wiggs B, Belzberb AS, Hogg JC. The effect of cigarette smoking on neutrophil kinetics in human lungs. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:924–928.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bosken CH, Doerschuk CM, English D, Hogg JC. Neutrophil kinetics during active cigarette smoking in rabbits. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71:630–637.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lehr H-A, Frei B, Arfors KE. Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke-induced leukocyte aggregation and adhesion to endothelium in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 91:7688–7692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lehr H-A, Kress E, Menger MD, et al. Cigarette smoke elicits leukocyte adhesion to endothelium in hamsters: inhibition by Cu-Zn SOD. Free Rad Biol Med 1993; 14:573–581.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Klut ME, Doerschuk CM, Van Eeden SF, Burns AR, Hogg JC. Activation of neutrophils within pulmonary microvessels of rabbits exposed to cigarette smoke. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 1993; 9:82–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bridges AB, Hill A, Belch JJF. Cigarette smoking increases white blood cell aggregation in whole blood. J Royal Soc Med 1993; 86:139–141.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hind CRK, Joyce H, Tennent GA, Pepys MG, Pride NB. Plasma leucocyte elastase concentrations in smokers. J Clin Pathol 1991; 44:232–235.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Babior BM. Oxidants from phagocytes: agents of defense and destruction. Blood 1984; 64:959–964.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Leanderson P. Cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage in cultured human lung cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 686:249–261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Borish ET, Cosgrove JP, Church DF, Deutch WA, Pryor WA. Cigarette tar causes single strand breaks in DNA. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1985; 133:780–786.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Weitzman SA, Gordon LI. Inflammation and cancer: role of phagocyte-generated oxidants in carcinogenesis. Blood 1990; 76:655–663.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Jackson JH, Gajewski E, Schraufstatter U, et al. Damage to the bases in DNA induced by stimulated human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 1989; 84:1644–1649.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Van Rensburg CEJ, Van Staden AM, Anderson R. Inactivation of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase by hypochlorous acid. Free Rad Biol Med 1991; 11:285–291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Weiss SJ. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 365–376.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Desrochers PE, Mookhtiar K, Van Wart HE, Hasty KA, Weiss SJ. Proteolytic inactivation of α-1-proteinase inhibitor and α-1-chymotrypsin by oxidatively activated human neutrophil metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:5005–5012.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Witztum JL. The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1994; 344:793–795.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lopes-Virella MF, Virella G. Atherosclerosis and autoimmunity. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 73:155–167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cross CE, O’Neill CA, Reznick AZ, et al. Cigarette smoke oxidation of human plasma constituents. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 686:72–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. El-Hag A, Lipsky PE, Bennett M, Clark RA. Immunomodulation by neutrophil myeloperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide: differential susceptibility of human lymphocyte functions. J Immunol 1987; 139:1406–2413.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Anderson R, Smit MJ, Jooné GK, Van Staden AM. Vitamin C and cellular immune functions: protection against hypochlorous acid-mediated inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ATP generation in human leukocytes as a possible mechanism of ascorbate mediated immunostimulation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990; 587:34–48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. McSharry C, Wilkinson PC. Cigarette smoking and the antibody response to inhaled antigens. Immunol Today 1986; 7:98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Ferson M, Edwards A, Lind A, Milton DW, Hersey P. Low natural killer cell activity and immunoglobulin levels associated with smoking in human subjects. Int J Cancer 1979; 23:603–609.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Schectman G. Estimating ascorbic acid requirements for cigarette smokers. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 686:335–346.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bridges RB, Chow CK, Rehm SR. Micronutrient status and immune function in smokers. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990; 587:218–231.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Pacht ER, Kaseki H, Mohammed JR, Cornwell DG, Davis WB. Deficiency of vitamin E in the alveolar fluid of cigarette smokers. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:789–796.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ueta E, Tadokoro Y, Yamamoto T, et al. The effect of cigarette smoke exposure and ascorbic acid intake on gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and other related enzymes in the livers and lungs of Shionogi rats with osteogenic disorders. Toxicol Sci 2003; 73:339–347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Dietrich M, Block G, Benowitz NL, et al. Vitamin C supplementation decreases oxidative stress biomarker F-2 isoprostanes in plasma of nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Nutr Cancer 2003; 45:176–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tribble DL, Builiano L, Formann SP. Reduced plasma ascorbic acid concentrations in nonsmokers regularly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58:886–890.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Van Antwerpen VL, Theron AJ, Richards GA, Anderson R. Plasma vitamin C in male smokers. J Smoking-Related Dis 1994; 5:167–170.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Van Antwerpen VL, Theron AJ, Myer MS, et al. Cigarette smoke-mediated oxidative stress, phagocytes, vitamin C, vitamin E and tissue injury. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 686:53–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Pryor WA, Dooley MM. Inactivation of human α-1-proteinase inhibitor by cigarette smoke: effect of smoke phase and buffer. Am Rev Resp Dis 1983; 131:941–943.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Theron AJ, Anderson R. Investigation of the protective effects of the anti-oxidants ascorbate, cysteine and dapsone on the phagocyte-mediated oxidative inactivation of human α-1-protease inhibitor in vitro. Am Rev Resp Dis 1985; 132:1049–1054.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Suomalainen K, Sorsa T, Lindy O, Saari H, Konttinen YT, Uitto VJ. Hypochlorous acid activation of human neutrophil and gingival crevicular fluid collagenase can be inhibited by ascorbate. Scand J Dent Res 1991; 99:397–405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Schwartz J, Weiss ST. Relationship between dietary vitamin C and pulmonary function in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1). Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59:110–114.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Bodner C, Godden D, Brown K, Little J, Ross S, Seaton A. Antioxidant intake and adult-onset wheeze: a case-control study. Eur Resp J 1999; 13:22–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Baehner RL, Boxer LA, Ingraham LM, Buetterick C, Haak RA. The influence of vitamin E on human polymorphonuclear cell metabolism and function. Ann NY Acad Sci 1982; 293:237–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Richards GA, Theron AJ, Van Rensburg CEJ, et al. Investigation of the effects of oral administration of vitamin E and β-carotene on the chemiluminescence responses and the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in circulating leukocytes from cigarette smokers. Am Rev Resp Dis 1990; 142:648–654.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Anderson R, Theron AJ, Myer MS, Richards GA, Savage JE. Vitamin E is a potent inhibitor of superoxide generation by neutrophils activated with soluble, but not particulate stimuli of membraneassociated oxidative metabolism. J Nutr Immunol 1992; 1:43–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Steenbeck MJ, Khan AU, Karnovsky MJ. Intracellular singlet oxygen generation by phagocytosing neutrophils in response to particles coated with a chemical trap. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:13,425–13,433.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Van Antwerpen VL, Theron AJ, Richards GA, Van der Merwe CA, Van der Walt R, Anderson R. Relationship between the plasma levels of β-carotene and lung functions in cigarette smokers. Int J Vir Nutr Res 1995; 65:231–235.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Van Antwerpen VL, Theron AJ, Richards CA, et al. Vitamin E, pulmonary functions and phagocytemediated oxidative stress in smokers and non-smokers. Free Rad Biol Med 1995; 18:935-941.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Chow CK, Aiiriess GR, Changchit C. Increased vitamin E content in the lungs of chronic cigarettesmoked rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 1989; 570:425–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Elsayed NM. Mobilization of vitamin E to the lung under oxidative stress. Ann NY Acad Sci 1989; 570:439–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Trout DL. Vitamin C and cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53(Suppl):322S–325S.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hallfrisch J, Singh VN, Muller DC, Baldwin H, Vannon ME, Andres R. High plasma vitamin C associated with high plasma HDL-and HDL2 cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60:100–105.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gey KF, Puska P, Jordan P, Moser UK. Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53(Suppl):326S–334S.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Riemersma RA, Wood DA, MacIntyre CCA, Elton RA, Gey KF, Oliver MF. Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C and E and β-carotene. Lancet 1991; 337:1–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Jailal I, Veg GL, Grundy SM. Physiologic levels of ascorbate inhibit the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 1990; 82:185–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Harats D, Ben-Naim M, Dabach Y, et al. Effect of vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation on susceptibility of plasma lipoproteins to peroxidation induced by acute smoking. Atherosclerosis 1990; 85:47–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Salonen JT, lä-Herttuala S, Yamamoto R, et al. Autoantibody against oxidised LDL and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 339:883–887.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Fickl H, Van Antwerpen VL, Richards GA, et al. Increased levels of autoantibodies to cardiolipin and oxidized low density lipoprotein are inversely associated with plasma vitamin C in cigarette smokers. Atherosclerosis 1996; 124:75–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. May JM. How does ascorbic acid prevent endothelial dysfunction? Free Rad Biol Med 2000; 28:1421–1429.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Rossig L, Hoffmann J, Hugel B, et al. Vitamin C inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis in congestive heart failure. Circulation 2001; 104:2182–2187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Richartz BM, Werner GS, Ferrari M, Figulla HR. Reversibility of coronary endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: acute effects of vitamin C. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88:1001–1005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Heller R, Unbehaun A, Schellenberg B, Mayer B, Werner-Felmayer G, Werner ER. L-ascorbic acid potentiates endothelial nitric oxide synthesis via a chemical stabilization of tetrahydrobiopterin. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:40–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Smith AR, Visioli F, Hagen TM. Vitamin C matters: increased oxidative stress in cultured aortic endothelial cells without supplemented ascorbic acid. FASEB J 2002; 16:125–144.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Nappo F, De Rosa N, Marfella R, et al. Impairment of endothelial functions by acute hyperhomocysteinemia and reversal by antioxidant vitamins. JAMA 1999; 281:2113–2118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Carr AC, Frei B. Human neutrophils oxidize low density lipoprotein by a hypochlorous acid-dependent mechanism. The role of vitamin C. Biol Chem 2002; 383:627–636.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lloberas NR, Torras J, Herrero-Fresneda I, et al. Postischemic renal oxidative stress induces an inflammatory response through PAF and oxidized phospholipids: prevention by anti-oxidant treatment. FASEB J 2002; 16:358–377.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Root-Bernstein R, Busik JV, Henry DN. Are diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy caused by hyperglycemic exclusion of dehydroascorbate uptake by glucose transporters? J Theoret Biol 2002; 216:345–359.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Lee IK, Kim HS, Bae JH. Endothelial dysfunction: its relationship to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Int J Clin Prac 2002; 129(Suppl):59–64.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Price KD, Price CSC, Reynolds RD. Hyperglycemia-induced ascorbic acid deficiency promotes endothelial dysfunction and the development of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2001; 158:1–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Packer L. Health effects of nutritional antioxidants. Free Rad Biol Med 1993; 15:685,686.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. The Alpha-Tocopherol and Beta-Carotene Prevention Study Group. The effects of vitamin E and β-carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1029–1035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Tosteson TD, et al. A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:141–147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Jacbos EJ, Henion AK, Briggs PJ, et al. Vitamin C and vitamin E supplement use and bladder cancer mortality in a large cohort of US men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:1002–1010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Engler MM, Engler MB, Malloy MJ, et al. Antioxidant vitamins C and E improve endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia—Endothelial assessment of risk from lipids in youth (EARLY) trial. Circulation 2003; 108:1059–1063.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Theron AJ, Richards GA, Myer MS, et al. Investigation of the relative contributions of cigarette smoking and mineral dust exposure to activation of circulating phagocytes, alterations in plasma concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene, and pulmonary dysfunction in South African gold miners. Occup Environ Med 1994; 51:564–567.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Richards GA, Terblanche APS, Theron AJ, et al. Health effects of passive smoking in adolescent children. S Afr Med J 1996; 86:143–146.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Grimm RH Jr, Neaton JD, Ludwig W. Prognostic importance of the white blood cell count for coronary, cancer and all-cause mortality. JAMA 1985; 254:1932–1937.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Phillips AN, Neaton JD, Cook DG, Grimm RH, Shaper AG. Leukocyte count and risk of major coronary heart disease events. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136:59–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Friedman GD, Selby JV, Quesenberry DP Jr. The leukocyte count: a predictor of hypertension. J Clin Epidemiol 1990; 43:907–911.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Phillips AN, Neaton JD, Cook DG, Grimm RH Shaper AG. The leukocyte count and risk of lung cancer. Cancer 1992; 69:680–684.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Friedman GD, Fireman BH. The leukocyte count and cancer mortality. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133:376–380.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. De Labry LO, Campion EW, Glynn RJ, Vokonas PS. White blood cell count as a predictor of mortality: results over 18 years from the normative aging study. J Clin Epidemiol 1990; 43:153–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Van Antwerpen VL, Theron AJ, Richards GA, et al. Plasma levels of β-carotene are inversely correlated with circulating neutrophil counts in young male cigarette smokers. Inflammation 1995; 19:405–414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Kalner AB, Hartmann D, Hornig DH. On the requirements of ascorbic acid in man: steady-state turnover and body pool in smokers. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34:1347–1355.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Frei B, England L, Ames BN. Ascorbic acid is an outstanding anti-oxidant in blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:6377–6381.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Howard DJ, Ota RB, Briggs LA, Hampton H, Pritsos CA. Oxidative stress induced by environmental smoke in the workplace is mitigated by antioxidant supplementation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 1998; 7:981–988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Fletcher RH, Fairfield KN. Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults—Clinical applications. JAMA 2002; 287:3127–3129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Hunt C, Chakravorty NK, Annan G, Habibizadeh N, Schorah CJ. The clinical effects of vitamin C supplementation in elderly hospitalised patients with acute respiratory infections. Int J Vitamin Nutr Res 1994; 64:212–219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Nathens AB, Neff MJ, Jurkovich GJ, et al. Randomized, prospective trial of antioxidant supplementation in reducing the rate of pulmonary morbidity and organ dysfunction in critically ill patients. Ann Surg 2002; 236:814–822.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Plitt ML, Theron AJ, Fickl H, van Rensburg CEJ, Pendel S, Anderson R. Influence of antimicrobial chemotherapy and smoking status on the plasma concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene acute phase reactants, iron and lipid peroxides in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2:590–596.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Madebo T, Lindtjorn B, Aukrust P, Berge RK. Circulating antioxidants and lipid untreated tuberculosis patients in peroxidation products in Ethiopia. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:117–122.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Nuorti JP, Butler JC, Farley MM, et al. Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:681–689.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Block G. Micronutrients and cancer: time for action? J Natl Cancer Inst (USA) 1993; 85:846–848.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa

    Ronald Anderson PhD

Authors
  1. Ronald Anderson PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. GlaxoSmithKline, Parsippany, NJ

    Adrianne Bendich PhD, FACN

  2. College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY

    Richard J. Deckelbaum MD, FRCP(C)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Anderson, R. (2005). Antioxidant Nutrients and Prevention of Oxidant-Mediated Diseases. In: Bendich, A., Deckelbaum, R.J. (eds) Preventive Nutrition. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-880-9_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-880-9_20

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-445-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-880-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation