Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electrolyte Disturbance and Critical Care Seizures

  • Chapter
Seizures in Critical Care

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Neurology ((CCNEU))

  • 871 Accesses

Abstract

Electrolyte disturbances in the ICU are extremely common. The electrolyte disorder most commonly associated with seizure is hyponatremia, although extremely low Mg2+, phosphate, and both very low and very high Ca2+ values can cause seizures. Critical care physicians must be vigilant to suspect and identify electrolyte disturbances in their patients, because a growing amount of information suggests that they are a marker, and potentially a cause, of poor prognosis. Electrolyte disturbance should never be accepted as the etiology of a seizure until a thorough investigation has been undertaken.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Somjen GG. Ion regulation in the brain: implications for pathophysiology. Neuroscientist 2002;8:254–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Somjen GG. Mechanisms of spreading depression and hypoxic spreading depression-like depolarization. Physiol Rev 2001;81:1065–1096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rosen AS, Andrew RD. Osmotic effects upon excitability in rat neocortical slices. Neuroscience 1990;38:579–590.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Somjen GG. Low external NaCl concentration and low osmolarity enhance voltage-gated Ca currents but depress K currents in freshly isolated rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 1999;851:189–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Wijdicks EF, Sharbrough FW. New-onset seizures in critically ill patients. Neurology 1993;43:1042–1044.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Sterns RH, Thomas DJ, Herndon RM. Brain dehydration and neurologic deterioration after rapid correction of hyponatremia. Kidney Int 1989;35:69–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gobbi G, Bertani G, Pini A. Electrolyte, sporadic, metabolic and endocrine disorders. In: Engel J, Pedley TA, eds. Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dudek FE, Obenaus A, Tasker JG. Osmolality-induced changes in extracellular volume alter epileptiform bursts independent of chemical synapses in the rat: importance of non-synaptic mechanisms in hippocampal epileptogenesis. Neurosci Lett 1990;120:267–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cluitmans FH, Meinders AE. Management of severe hyponatremia: rapid or slow correction? Am J Med 1990;88:161–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gross P, Reimann D, Henschkowski J, Damian M. Treatment of severe hyponatremia: conventional and novel aspects. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12(suppl 17):S10–S14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ayus JC, Olivero JJ, Frommer JP. Rapid correction of severe hyponatremia with intravenous hypertonic saline solution. Am J Med 1982;72:43–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Soupart A, Decaux G. Therapeutic recommendations for management of severe hyponatremia: current concepts on pathogenesis and prevention of neurologic complications. Clin Nephrol 1996;46:149–169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ellis SJ. Severe hyponatraemia: complications and treatment. Q J Med 1995;88:905–909.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Leens C, Mukendi R, Foret F, Hacourt A, Devuyst O, Colin IM. Central and extrapontine myelinolysis in a patient in spite of a careful correction of hyponatremia. Clin Nephrol 2001;55: 248–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Oo TN, Smith CL, Swan SK. Does uremia protect against the demyelination associated with correction of hyponatremia during hemodialysis? A case report and literature review. Semin Dial 2003;16:68–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Baker EA, Tian Y, Adler S, Verbalis JG. Blood-brain barrier disruption and complement activation in the brain following rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia. Exp Neurol 2000;165: 221–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sterns RH, Cappuccio JD, Silver SM, Cohen EP. Neurologic sequelae after treatment of severe hyponatremia: a multicenter perspective. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994;4:1522–1530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Norenberg MD, Leslie KO, Robertson AS. Association between rise in serum sodium and central pontine myelinolysis. Ann Neurol 1982;11:128–135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Soupart A, Stenuit A, Perier O, Decaux G. Limits of brain tolerance to daily increments in serum sodium in chronically hyponatraemic rats treated with hypertonic saline or urea: advantages of urea. Clin Sci (London) 1991; 80:77–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Soupart A, Ngassa M, Decaux G. Therapeutic relowering of the serum sodium in a patient after excessive correction of hyponatremia. Clin Nephrol 1999;51:383–386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Soupart A, Penninckx R, Stenuit A, Perier O, Decaux G. Reinduction of hyponatremia improves survival in rats with myelinolysis-related neurologic symptoms. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1996;55:594–601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chung HM, Kluge R, Schrier RW, Anderson RJ. Postoperative hyponatremia. A prospective study. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:333–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Arieff AI. Hyponatremia, convulsions, respiratory arrest, and permanent brain damage after elective surgery in healthy women. N Engl J Med 1986;314:1529–1535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cochrane JP, Forsling ML, Gow NM, Le Quesne LP. Arginine vasopressin release following surgical operations. Br J Surg 1981;68:209–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cort J. Cerebral salt wasting. Lancet 1954;1:752–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Wise BL. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: a reversible cause of clinical deterioration. Neurosurgery 1978;3:412–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wijdicks EF, Vermeulen M, Hijdra A, van Gijn J. Hyponatremia and cerebral infarction in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: is fluid restriction harmful? Ann Neurol 1985;17:137–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wijdicks EF, Vermeulen M, ten Haaf JA, Hijdra A, Bakker WH, van Gijn J. Volume depletion and natriuresis in patients with a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Ann Neurol 1985;18:211–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Weinand ME, O’Boynick PL, Goetz KL. A study of serum antidiuretic hormone and atrial natriuretic peptide levels in a series of patients with intracranial disease and hyponatremia. Neurosurgery 1989;25:781–785.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Diringer M, Ladenson PW, Stern BJ, Schleimer J, Hanley DF. Plasma atrial natriuretic factor and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1988;19:1119–1124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Berendes E, Walter M, Cullen P, Prien T, Van Aken H, Horsthemke J, et al. Secretion of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet 1997;349: 245–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Suarez JI, Qureshi AI, Parekh PD, Razumovsky A, Tamargo RJ, Bhardwaj A, et al. Administration of hypertonic (3%) sodium chloride/acetate in hyponatremic patients with symptomatic vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1999;11:178–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Sung GY, Straw RN, Yahia AM, Saad M, et al. Prognostic significance of hypernatremia and hyponatremia among patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2002;50:749–755.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tanzin-Fin P, Sanz L. Prostate transurethral resection syndrome. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1992;11: 168–177

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ayus JC, Arieff AI. Glycine-induced hypo-osmolar hyponatremia. Ann Intern Med 1997;157:223–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Dawkins GP, Miller RA. Sorbitol-mannitol solution for urological electrosurgical resection—a safer fluid than glycine 1.5%. Eur Urol 1999;36:99–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Radziwill AJ, Vuadens P, Borruat FX, Bogousslavsky J. Visual disturbances and transurethral resection of the prostate: the TURP syndrome. Eur Neurol 1997;38:7–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cheng JC, Zikos D, Skopicki HA, Peterson DR, Fisher KA. Long-term neurologic outcome in psychogenic water drinkers with severe symptomatic hyponatremia: the effect of rapid correction. Am J Med 1990;88:561–566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Tanneau RS, Henry A, Rouhart F, Bourbigot B, Garo B, Mocquard Y, et al. High incidence of neurologic complications following rapid correction of severe hyponatremia in polydipsic patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55:349–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Morris-Jones PH, Houston IB, Evans RC. Prognosis of the neurological complications of acute hypernatraemia. Lancet 1967;2:1385–1389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Gall DG, Haddow JE. Effects of acute hypernatraemia. Lancet 1969;1:783.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Palevsky PM. Hypernatremia. Semin Nephrol 1998;18:20–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Polderman KH, Schreuder WO, Strack van Schijndel RJ, Thijs LG. Hypernatremia in the intensive care unit: an indicator of quality of care? Crit Care Med 1999;27:1105–1108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Reinhart RA, Desbiens NA. Hypomagnesemia in patients entering the ICU. Crit Care Med 1985;13: 506,507.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ryzen E, Wagers PW, Singer FR, Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency in a medical ICU population. Crit Care Med 1985;13:19–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Rubeiz GJ, Thill-Baharozian M, Hardie D, Carlson RW. Association of hypomagnesemia and mortality in acutely ill medical patients. Crit Care Med 1993;21:203–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Guerin C, Cousin C, Mignot F, Manchon M, Fournier G. Serum and erythrocyte magnesium in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 1996;22:724–727.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Soliman HM, Mercan D, Lobo SS, Melot C, Vincent JL. Development of ionized hypomagnesemia is associated with higher mortality rates. Crit Care Med 2003;31:1082–1087.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dacey MJ. Hypomagnesemic disorders. Crit Care Clin 2001;17:155–173, viii.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Whang R. Magnesium deficiency: pathogenesis, prevalence, and clinical implications. Am J Med 1987; 82:24–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ryzen E, Servis KL, Rude RK. Effect of intravenous epinephrine on serum magnesium and free intracellular red blood cell magnesium concentrations measured by nuclear magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Nutr 1990;9: 1114–1119

    Google Scholar 

  52. Wacker W, Moore F, Ulmer D. Normocalcemic magnesium deficiency. JAMA 1962;180: 161–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kingston ME, Al-Siba’i MB, Skooge WC. Clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia. Crit Care Med 1986;14:950–954.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nuytten D, Van Hees J, Meulemans A, Carton H. Magnesium deficiency as a cause of acute intractable seizures. J Neurol 1991;238:262–264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Unachak K, Louthrenoo O, Katanyuwong K. Primary hypomagnesemia in Thai infants: a case report with 7 years follow-up and review of literature. J Med Assoc Thai 2002;85:1226–1231.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Shalev H, Phillip M, Galil A, Carmi R, Landau D. Clinical presentation and outcome in primary familial hypomagnesaemia. Arch Dis Child 1998;78:127–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hallak M. Effect of parenteral magnesium sulfate administration on excitatory amino acid receptors in the rat brain. Magnesium Res 1998;11:117–131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Zhang CL, Dreier JP, Heinemann U. Paroxysmal epileptiform discharges in temporal lobe slices after prolonged exposure to low magnesium are resistant to clinically used anticonvulsants. Epilepsy Res 1995;20: 105–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Nakamura M, Abe S, Goto Y, Chishaki A, Akazawa K, Kato M. In vivo assessment of prevention of white-noise-induced seizure in magnesium-deficient rats by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockers. Epilepsy Res 1994;17:249–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Schuchmann S, Buchheim K, Meierkord H, Heinemann U. A relative energy failure is associated with low-Mg2+ but not with 4-aminopyridine induced seizure-like events in entorhinal cortex. J Neurophysiol 1999;81: 399–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Bac P, Tran G, Paris M, Binet P. Characteristics of the audiogenic convulsive crisis in mice made sensitive by magnesium deficiency. CR Acad Sci III 1993;316:676–681.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Bac P, Maurois P, Dupont C, Pages N, Stables JP, Gressens P, et al. Magnesium deficiencydependent audiogenic seizures (MDDASs) in adult mice: a nutritional model for discriminatory screening of anticonvulsant drugs and original assessment of neuroprotection properties. J Neurosci 1998;18:4363–4373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Dreier JP, Heinemann U. Late low magnesium-induced epileptiform activity in rat entorhinal cortex slices becomes insensitive to the anticonvulsant valproic acid. Neurosci Lett 1990;119: 68–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Keen JH. Significance of hypocalcaemia in neonatal convulsions. Arch Dis Child 1969;44: 356–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Lynch BJ, Rust RS. Natural history and outcome of neonatal hypocalcemic and hypomagnesemic seizures. Pediatr Neurol 1994;11:23–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Tonner DR, Schlechte JA. Neurologic complications of thyroid and parathyroid disease. Med Clin North Am 1993;77:251–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Maclsaac RJ, Seeman E, Jerums G. Seizures after alendronate. J R Soc Med 2002;95:615,616.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Leschinger A, Stabel J, Igelmund P, Heinemann U. Pharmacological and electrographic properties of epileptiform activity induced by elevated K+ and lowered Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration in rat hippocampal slices. Exp Brain Res 1993;96:230–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Bauermeister DE, Jennings ER, Cruse DR, Sedgwick VD. Hypercalcemia with seizures—a clinical paradox. JAMA 1967;201:132,133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Cherry TA, Kauffman RP, Myles TD. Primary hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemic crisis and subsequent seizures occurring during pregnancy: a case report. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002;12:349–352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Krimsky WS, Behrens RJ, Kerkvliet GJ. Oncologic emergencies for the internist. Cleve Clin J Med 2002; 69:209–210, 213–214, 216–217, passim.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Komatsu M, Shimizu H, Tsuruta T, et al. Effect of lithium on serum calcium level and parathyroid function in manic-depressive patients. Endocr J 1995;42:691–695.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Kastrup O, Maschke M, Wanke I, Diener HC. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome due to severe hypercalcemia. J Neurol 2002;249:1563–1566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kaplan PW. Reversible hypercalcemic cerebral vasoconstriction with seizures and blindness: a paradigm for eclampsia? Clin Electroencephalogr 1998;29:120–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Stringer JL, Lothman EW. In vitro effects of extracellular calcium concentrations on hippocampal pyramidal cell responses. Exp Neurol 1988;101:132–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Swash M, Rowan AJ. Electroencephalographic criteria of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia. Arch Neurol 1972;26:218–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Brown GR, Greenwood JK. Drug-and nutrition-induced hypophosphatemia: mechanisms and relevance in the critically ill. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:626–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Zazzo JF, Troche G, Ruel P, Maintenant J. High incidence of hypophosphatemia in surgical intensive care patients: efficacy of phosphorus therapy on myocardial function. Intensive Care Med 1995;21:826–831.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Polderman KH, Bloemers FW, Peerdeman SM, Girbes AR. Hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia at admission in patients with severe head injury. Crit Care Med 2000;28:2022–2025.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Marik PE, Bedigian MK. Refeeding hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients in an intensive care unit. A prospective study. Arch Surg 1996;131:1043–1047.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Lloyd CW, Johnson CE. Management of hypophosphatemia. Clin Pharm 1988;7:123–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kumar D, McAlister FA. Rhabdomyolysis complicating unrecognized hypophosphatemia in an alcoholic patient. Can J Gastroenterol 1999;13:165–167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Lee JL, Sibbald WJ, Holliday RL, Linton AL. Hypophosphatemia associated with coma. Can Med Assoc J 1978;119:143–145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Lentz RD, Brown DM, Kjellstrand CM. Treatment of severe hypophosphatemia. Ann Intern Med 1978;89: 941–944.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Rosen GH, Boullata JI, O’Rangers EA, Enow NB, Shin B. Intravenous phosphate repletion regimen for critically ill patients with moderate hypophosphatemia. Crit Care Med 1995;23:1204–1210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Johnson JE, Wright LF. Thiazide-induced hyponatremia. South Med J 1983;76:1363–1367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Steinhoff BJ, Stoll KD, Stodieck SR, Paulus W. Hyponatremic coma under oxcarbazepine therapy. Epilepsy Res 1992;11:67–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Wakem CJ, Bennett JM. Inappropiate ADH secretion associated with massive vincristine overdosage. Aust N Z J Med 1975;5:266–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Bellin SL, Selim M. Cisplatin-induced hypomagnesemia with seizures: a case report and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 1988;30:104–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Subramanian D, Ayus JC. Case report: severe symptomatic hyponatremia associated with lisinopril therapy. Am J Med Sci 1992;303:177–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Holmes SB, Banerjee AK, Alexander WD. Hyponatraemia and seizures after ecstasy use. Postgrad Med J 1999;75:32,33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Cherney DZ, Davids MR, Halperin ML. Acute hyponatraemia and “ecstasy”: insights from a quantitative and integrative analysis. Q J Med 2002;95:475–483.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Koivikko MJ, Valikangas SL. Hyponatraemia during carbamazepine therapy in children. Neuropediatrics 1983;14:93–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Cilli AS, Algun E. Oxcarbazepine-induced syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:742.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Mewasingh L, Aylett S, Kirkham F, Stanhope R. Hyponatraemia associated with lamotrigine in cranial diabetes insipidus. Lancet 2000;356:656.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Rosenstein DL, Nelson JC, Jacobs SC. Seizures associated with antidepressants: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54:289–299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hwang AS, Magraw RM. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone due to fluoxetine. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Goldstein L, Barker M, Segall F, Asihene R, Balser S, Lautenbach D, et al. Seizure and transient SIADH associated with sertraline. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Vanpee D, Laloyaux P, Gillet JB. Seizure and hyponatraemia after overdose of trazadone. Am J Emerg Med 1999;17:430,431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Balestrieri G, Cerudelli B, Ciaccio S, Rizzoni D. Hyponatraemia and seizure due to overdose of trazodone. Br M J 1992;304:686.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Pruthi RS, Kang J, Vick R. Desmopressin induced hyponatremia and seizures after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol 2002;168:187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurosciences Critical Care, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH

    Jose I. Suarez MD

  2. Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH

    Jenice Robinson MD & Jose I. Suarez MD

  3. Neurosciences Critical Care, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH

    Jose I. Suarez MD

  4. Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH

    Jenice Robinson MD

Authors
  1. Jenice Robinson MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jose I. Suarez MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Neurointensive Care Unit, and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI

    Panayiotis N. Varelas MD, PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Robinson, J., Suarez, J.I. (2005). Electrolyte Disturbance and Critical Care Seizures. In: Varelas, P.N. (eds) Seizures in Critical Care. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-841-0_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-841-0_10

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-342-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-841-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation