Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Opioids and Opiates

  • Chapter
Handbook of Drug Interactions

Part of the book series: Forensic Science and Medicine ((FSM))

Abstract

The term opioid applies to any substance, whether endogenous or synthetic, that produces morphine-like effects. Opiates are restricted to synthetic morphine-like drugs with nonpeptidic structure. Opium is an extract of the juice of the poppy Papaver somniferum, which has been used socially and medicinally as early as 400 to 300 BC. In the early 1800s, morphine was isolated and in the 1900s its chemical structure was determined. Opium contains many alkaloids related to morphine. Many semisynthetic and fully synthetic compounds have been made and studied. The main groups of drugs include morphine analogs such as oxymorphone, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin (diamorphine), and nalorphine; and the synthetic derivatives such as meperidine, fentanyl, methadone, propoxyphene, butorphanol, pentazocine, and loperamide (1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Reference

  1. Herz A. Handbook of experimental pharmacology vol. 104: Opioids. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Way WL, Fields HL, and Schumacher MA. Opioid analgesics & antagonists. In: Katzung BG, ed. Basic and clinical pharmacology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001:512–531.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Gutstein HB and Akil H. Opioid analgesics. In: Hardman JG and Limbird LE, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001: 569–619.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Akil H, Owens C, Gutstein H, Taylon L, Curran E, and Watson S. Endogenous opioids: overview and current issues. Drug Alcohol Depend 51:127–140 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Crowe AV, Howse M, Bell GM, and Henry JA. Substance abuse and the kidney. Q J Med 93:147–152 (2000).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hulse GK, English DR, Milne E, and Holman CD. The quantification of mortality resulting from the regular use of illicit opiates. Addiction 94:221–229 (1999).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Marks J. Deaths from methadone and heroin. Lancet 343:976 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hendra TJ, Gerrish SP, and Forrest ARW. Fatal methadone overdose. Br Med J 313:481– 482 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Nanji AA and Filipenko JD. Rhabdomyolisis and acute myoglobinuric renal failure associated with methadone intoxication. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 20:353–360 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Friedman RA, House JW, Luxford WM, Gherini S, and Mills D. Profound hearing loss associated with hydrocodone/acetaminophen abuse. Am J Otol 21:188–191 (2000).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Tracqui A, Kintz P, and Ludes B. Buprenorphine-related deaths among drug addicts in France: a report on 20 fatalities. J Anal Toxicol 22:430–434 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Yaksh TL. CNS mechanisms of pain and analgesia. Cancer Surv 7:55–67 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Martin WR. Pharmacology of opioids. Pharmacol Rev 35:283–323 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Melandri R, Re G, Lanzarini C, Rapezzi C, Leone O, Zele I, and Rocchi G. Myocardial damage and rhabdomyolisis associated with prolonged hypoxic coma, following opiate overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34:199–203 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dollery C. Therapeutic drugs. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston, 1999:231–233.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Elliott K, Minami N, Kolesnikov YA, Pasternak GW, and Inturrisi CE. The NMDA receptor antagonists, LY274614 and MK801, and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine, attenuate analgesic tolerance to the μt-opioid morphine but not to kappa opioids. Pain 56:69–75 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhu H and Barr GA. Opiate withdrawal during development: are NMDA receptors indispensable? Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:404–408 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kolesnikov YA, Pick CG, Ciszewska G, and Pasternak GW. Blockade of tolerance to morphine but not kappa opioids by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 90:5162–5166 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Balali-Mood M. Opium body packing in Mashhad, Iran. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38:177–178 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Duberstein JL and Kaufman DM. A clinical study of an epidemic of heroin intoxication and heroin induced pulmonary edema. Am J Med 51:704–714 (1971).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Smith DA, Leake L, Loflin JR, and Yealy DM. Is admission after intravenous heroin dose necessary? Ann Emerg Med 21:1326–1330 (1992).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Maurer PM and Bartkowski RR. Drug interactions of clinical significance with opioid analgesics. Drug Saf 8:30–48 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang ML, Lin JL, Liaw SJ, and Bullard MJ. Heroin lung: report of two cases. J Formos Med Assoc 93:170–172 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Steinberg AD and Karliner J. The clinical spectrum of heroin pulmonary edema. Arch Intern Med 122:122–127 (1968).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kjeldgaard JM, Hahn GW, Heckenlively JR, and Genton E. Methadone-induced pulmonary edema. JAMA 218:882–883 (1971).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Persky VW and Goldfrank LR. Methadone overdoses in a New York City hospital. J Am Coll Emerg Phys 65:111–113 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Lovejoy FH, Mitchell AA, and Goldman PG. The management of propoxyphene poisoning. Pediatr 85:98–100 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Carson DJL and Carson ED. Fatal dextropropoxyphene poisoning in Northern Ireland. Lancet 1:894–897 (1977).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Clark RF, Wei EM, and Anderson PO. Meperidine: therapeutic use and toxicity. J Emerg Med 13:797–802 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ng SK, Brust JC, Hauser WA, and Susser M. Illicit drug use and the risk of new-onset seizures. Am J Epidemiol 132:47–57 (1990).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mauro VF, Bonfiglio MF, and Spunt AL. Meperidine-induced seizures in a patient with-out renal dysfunction or sickle cell anemia. Clin Pharmacol 5:837–839 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bonfiglio MF and Mauro VF. Naloxone in the treatment of meperidine induced seizures. Drug Intell Clin Pharmacother 2:174–175 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Nickander R, Smits SE, and Steinberg MI. Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene: pharmacologic and toxic effects in animals. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 200:245–253 (1977).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Holland DR and Steinberg MI. Electrophysiologic properties of propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in canine conductive tissue in vitro and in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 47: 123–133 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kaplan JL and Marx JA. Effectiveness and safety of intravenous nalmefene for emergency department patients with suspected narcotic overdose: a pilot study. Ann Emerg Med 22: 187–190 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Glass PS, Jhaveri RM, and Smith LR. Comparison of potency and duration of action nalmefene and naloxone. Anesth Analg 78:536–541 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Martin WR. Naloxone. Ann Intern Med 85:765–768 (1976).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Greenberg MI. The use of endotracheal medication in cardiac emergencies. Resuscitation 12:155–165 (1984).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Maio RF, Gaukel B, and Freeman B. Intralingual naloxone injection for narcotic-induced respiratory depression. Ann Emerg Med 16:572–573 (1987).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kauffman RE, Banner W Jr, and Blumer JL. Naloxone dosage and route of administration for infants and children. Pediatr 86:484–485 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Tenenbein M. Continous naloxone infusion for opiate poisoning in infancy. J Pediatr 105: 645–648 (1984).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Drake J, Kirkpatrick CT, Aliyar CA, Crawford FE, Gibson P, and Horth CE. Effect of food on the comparative pharmacokinetics of modified-release morphine tablet formulations: Oramorph SR and MST Continus. Br J Clin Pharmacol 41:417–420 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Benziger DP, Kaiko RE, Miotto JB, Fitzmartin RD, Reder RF, and Chasin M. Differential effects of food on the bioavailability of controlled-release oxycodone tablets and immediate-release oxycodone solution. J Pharm Sci 85:407–410 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gourlay GK. Sustained relief of chronic pain. Pharmacokinetics of sustained release morphine. Clin Pharmacokinet 35:173–190 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Caruso FS. MorphiDex pharmacokinetic studies and single-dose analgesic efficacy studies in patients with postoperative pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 19:531–536 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Raber M, Schulz HU, Schurer M, Bias-Imhoff U, and Momberger H. Pharmacokinetic properties of tramadol sustained release capsules. 2nd communication: investigation of relative bioavailability and food interaction. Arzneimittelforschung 49:588–593 (1999).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Manara AR, Shelley MP, Quinn K, and Park GR. The effect of metoclopramide on the absorption of oral controlled release morphine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 25:518–521 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Brinker F. Interactions of pharmaceutical and botanical medicines. J Naturopathic Med 7: 14–20 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Ventafridda V, Ripamonti C, De Conno F, Bianchi M, Pazzuconi F, and Panerai AE. Antidepressants increase bioavailability of morphine in cancer patients. Lancet 1:1204 (1987).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Levine JD, Gordon NC, Smith R, and McBryde R. Desipramine enhances opiate postoperative analgesia. Pain 27:45–49 (1986).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gordon NC, Heller PH, Gear RW, and Levine JD. Temporal factors in the enhancement of morphine analgesia by desipramine. Pain 53:273–276 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Fialip J, Marty H, Makambila MC, Civiale MA, and Eschalier A. Pharmacokinetic patterns of repeated administration of antidepressants in animals. II. Their relevance in a study of the influence of clomipramine on morphine analgesia in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 248: 747–751 (1989).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Vincent J, Hunt T, Teng R, Robarge L, Willavize SA, and Friedman HL. The pharmacokinetic effects of coadministration of morphine and trovafloxacin in healthy subjects. Am J Surg 176:325–385 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Laneury JP, Duchene P, and Hirt P. Comparative bioavailability study of codeine and ibuprofen after administration of the two products alone or in association to 24 healthy volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 23:185–189 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Gourepitch MN and Friedland GH. Interactions between methadone and medications used to treat HIV infection: a review. Mt Sinai J Med 67:429–436 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Schwartz EL, Brechbuhl AB, Kahl P, Miller MA, Selwyn PA, and Friedland GH. Pharmacokinetic interactions of zidovudine and methadone in intravenous drug-using patients with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 5:619–626 (1992).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Rainey PM, Friedland G, and McCance-Katz EF. Interaction of methadone with didanosine and stavudine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 24:241–248 (2000).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Tong TG, Rond SM, Kreek MJ, Jaffery NF, and Benowitz NL. Phenytoin-induced methadone withdrawal. Ann Int Med 94:349–351 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bell J, Seres V, Bowron P, Lewis J, and Batey R. The use of serum methadone levels in patients receiving methadone maintenance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 43:623–629 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Goodwin FL, Campisi M, Babinska I, and Amit Z. Effects of naltrexone on the intake of ethanol and flavored solutions in rats. Alcohol 25:9–19 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Cushman P Jr. Alcohol and opioids: possible interactions of clinical importance. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 6:33–46 (1987).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Fromm MF, Eckhardt K, and Li S. Loss of analgesic effect of morphine due to coadministration of rifampin. Pain 72:261–267 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sorkin EM and Darvey DL. Review of cimetidine drug interactions. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 17:110–120 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bertschy G, Baumann P, Eap CB, and Baettig D. Probable metabolic interaction between methadone and fluvoxamine in addict patients. Ther Drug Monit 16:42–45 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. De Maria PA and Serota RD. A therapeutic use of methadone fluvoxamine drug interaction. J Addict Dis 18:5–12 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Caraco Y, Sheller J, and Wood AJ. Pharmacogenetic determination of the effects of codeine and prediction of drug interactions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 278:1165–1174 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Caraco Y, Sheller J, and Wood AJ. Impact of ethnic origin and quinidine coadministration on codeine’s disposition and pharmacodynamic effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 290: 413–422 (1999).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Herr K, Segerdahi M, Gustafsson LL, and Kalso E. Methadone, ciprofloxacine and adverse drug reactions. Lancet 356:2069–2070 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Oles KS, Mirza W, and Penry JK. Catastrophic neurologic signs due to drug interaction: Tegretol and Darvon. Surg Neurol 32:144–151 (1989).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Watson KJR, Ghabrial H, Mashford ML, Harman PJ, Breen KJ, and Desmond PV. The oral contraceptive pill increases morphine clearance but does not increase hepatic blood flow. Gastroenterol 90:1779 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Pond SM and Kretschzmar KM. Effect of phenytoin on meperidine clearance and normeperidine formation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 30:680–686 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Li Y, Looney GA, Kimler BF, and Hurwitz A. Opiate effects on 5-fluorouracil disposition in mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 39:273–277 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hurwitz A, Garty M, and Ben Zvi Z. Morphine effects on gentamicin disposition and toxicity in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 93:413–420 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Nilsson MI, Widerlov E, Meresaar U, and Anggard E. Effect of urinary pH on the disposition of methadone in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 22:337–342 (1982).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lysakowski C, Dumont L, Pellegrini M, Clergue F, and Tassonyi E. Effects of fentanyl, alfentanil, remifentanil and sufentanil on loss of consciousness and bispectral index during propofol induction of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 86:523–527 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Mertens MJ, Vuyk J, Olofsen E, Bovill JG, and Burm AG. Propofol alters the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in healthy male volunteers. Anesthesiology 94:949–957 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Zsigmond EK and Flynn K. Effect of secobarbital and morphine on aterial blood gases in healthy human volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 33:453–457 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Dundee JW, Halliday NJ, McMurray TJ, and Harper KW. Pretreatment with opioids. The effect on thiopentone induction requirements and on the onset of action of midazolam. Anaesthesia 41:159–161 (1986).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Pick CG. Antinociceptive interaction between alprazolam and opioids. Brain Res Bull 42: 239–243 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Hamilton SP, Nunes EV, Janal M, and Weber L. The effect of sertraline on methadone plasma levels in methadone-maintenance patients. Am J Addict 9:63–69 (2000).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Stambaugh JE Jr and Wainer IW. Drug interaction: meperidine and chlorpromazine, a toxic combination. J Clin Pharmacol 21:140–146 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Gaiardi M, Bartoletti M, Gubellini C, Bacchi A, and Babbini M. Modulation of the stimulus effects of morphine by d-amphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 59:249–253 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Braida D, Pozzi M, Cavallini R, and Sala M. Conditioned place preference induced by the cannabinoid agonist CP 55,940: interaction with the opioid system. Neuroscience 104: 923–926 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Massi P, Vaccani A, Romorini S, and Parolaro D. Comparative characterization in the rat of the interaction between cannabinoids and opiates for their immunosuppressive and analgesic effects. J Neuroimmunol 117:116–124 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Rubino T, Massi P, Vigano D, Fuzio D, and Parolaro D. Long-term treatment with SR141716A, the CB1 receptor antagonist, influences morphine withdrawal syndrome. Life Sci 66:2213–2219 (2000).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Ambrosio E, Martin S, Garcia-Lecumberri C, and Crespo JA. The neurobiology of cannabinoid dependence: sex differences and potential interactions between cannabinoid and opioid systems. Life Sci 65:687–694 (1999).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Walsh SL, Geter-Douglas B, Strain EC, and Bigelow GE. Enadoline and butorphanol: evaluation of kappa-agonists on cocaine pharmacodynamics and cocaine self-administration in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299:147–158 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Hadorn DC, Anistranski JA, and Connor JD. Influence of naloxone on the effects of LSD in monkeys. Neuroharmacol 23:1297–1300 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Bhargava HN, Yousif DJ, and Matwyshyn GA. Interactions of thyrotropin releasing hormone, its metabolites and analogues with endogenous and exogenous opiates. Gen Pharmacol 14:565–570 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Galina ZH and Amit Z. Interactions between ACTH, morphine, and naloxone and their effects on locomotor behavior. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psych 9:691–695 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Zarrindast MR and Mahmoudi M. GABA mechanisms and antinociception in mice with ligated sciatic nerve. Pharmacol Toxicol 89:79–84 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Yesilyurt O and Uzbay IT. Agmatine potentiates the analgesic effect of morphine by an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism in mice. Neuropsychopharmacol 25:98–103 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Morales L, Perez-Garcia C, and Alguacil LF. Effects of yohimbine on the antinociceptive and place conditioning effects of opioid agonists in rodents. Br J Pharmacol 133:172–178 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Chan SH. Differential effects of clonidine on pain, arterial blood pressure, and heart rate in the cat: lack of interactions with naloxone. Exp Neurol 84:338–346 (1984).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Gordon NC, Heller PH, and Levine JD. Enhancement of pentazocine analgesia by clonidine. Pain 48:167–169 (1992).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Ramaswamy S, Pillai NP, Gopalakrishnan V, and Ghosh MN. Effect of clonidine on the chronic morphine tolerance and on the sensitivity of the smooth muscles in mice. Life Sci 33:1167–1172 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Warner-Smith M, Darke S, Lynskey M, and Hall W. Heroin overdose: causes and consequences. Addiction 96:1113–1125 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Levine B, Green D, and Smialek JE. The role of ethanol in heroin deaths. J Forensic Sci 40:808–810 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Ruttenber AJ, Kalter HD, and Santinga P. The role of ethanol abuse in the etiology of heroin-related death. J Forensic Sci 35:891–900 (1990).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Shafer DA, Falek A, Donahoe RM, and Madden JJ. Biogenetic effects of opiates. Int J Addict 25:1–18 (1990).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Parkin S. Somniferous poisons. In: Parkin S, ed. Parkin’s textbook of medical jurisprodence and toxicology. Edinburgh: Livingstone, 1990:834–846.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Knight B. Deaths from narcotic and hallucinogenic drugs. In: Knight B, ed. Forensic Pathology. London: Arnold, 1996:568–570.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Schonwald S. Opiates. In: Schonwald S, ed. Medical toxicology—A synopsis and study guides. London: Williams and Wilkins, 2001:201–230.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Thompson SJ, Koszdin K, and Bernards CM. Opiate-induced analgesia is increased and prolonged in mice lacking P-glycoprotein. Anesthesiology 92:1392–1399 (2000).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Sadeque AJ, Wandel C, He H, Shah S, and Wood AJ. Increased drug delivery to the brain by P-glycoprotein inhibition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 68:231–237 (2000).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Brase DA, Ward CR, Bey PS, and Dewey WL. Antagonism of the morphine-induced locomotor activation of mice by fructose: comparison with other opiates and sugars, and sugar effects on brain morphine. Life Sci 49:723–734 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  107. Gordon NC, Heller PH, Gear RW, and Levine JD. Interactions between fluoxetine and opiate analgesia for postoperative dental pain. Pain 58:85–88 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Sastry BV. Placental toxicology: tobacco smoke, abused drugs, multiple chemical interactions, and placental function. Reprod Fertil Dev 3:355–372 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Takahashi M and Tokuyama S. Pharmacological and physiological effects of ginseng on actions induced by opioids and psychostimulants. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 20: 77–84 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Mendelson J, Jones RT, Fernandez I, Welm S, Melby AK, and Bagott MJ. Buprenorphine and naloxone interactions in opiate-dependent volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 60:105–114 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Mendelson J, Jones RT, Welm S, Brow J, and Batki SL. Buprenorphine and naloxone interactions in methadone maintenance patients. Biol Psychiatry 4:1095–1101 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  112. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Lukas SE, Gastfriend DR, Teoh SK, and Holman BL. Buprenorphine treatment of opiate and cocaine abuse: clinical and preclinical studies. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1:168–183 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Rosen MI, Kosten TR, and Kreek MJ. The effects of naltroxone maintenance on the responses to yohimbine in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry 45:1636–1645 (1999).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Savarialho-Kerc U, Mattila MJ, and Seppala T. Parenteral pentazocine: effects on psychomotor skills and respirations with amitryptiline. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 35:483–489 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  115. Havier RG and Lin R. Deaths as a result of a combination of codeine and glutethimide. J Forensic Sci 30:563–566 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Gannon R, Pearsall W, and Rowley R. Isoniazid, meperidine, and hypotension. Ann Intern Med 99:415 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Seyed-Adel Moallem PharmD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kia Balali-Mood PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mahdi Balali-Mood MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Harris County Medical Examiner Office, Houston, TX, USA

    Ashraf Mozayani PharmD, PhD

  2. University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

    Lionel P. Raymon PharmD, PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moallem, SA., Balali-Mood, K., Balali-Mood, M. (2004). Opioids and Opiates. In: Mozayani, A., Raymon, L.P. (eds) Handbook of Drug Interactions. Forensic Science and Medicine. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-654-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-654-6_3

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-424-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-654-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation