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Rhinoviruses: Colds

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Viral Infections of Humans

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Abstract

Rhinoviruses belong to a large group of RNA viruses that include 169 virus types classified in three species, A, B, and C, in the Picornaviridae family and the Enterovirus genus. Rhinoviruses replicate in the nasopharynx and the resulting infections maybe asymptomatic or symptomatic with respiratory symptoms. Immunity is type specific, which is why repeated infections caused by different rhinovirus types are common. Rhinovirus infections are extremely frequent. Typical epidemiological feature of rhinoviruses is that several virus types circulate at the same time. Peak season in the Northern Hemisphere is the fall, and a smaller peak is seen in the spring, but in general rhinoviruses are present year-around. The major transmission routes are droplet transmission and contact transmission directly via hands or indirectly via surfaces and fomites. The most frequent clinical manifestation of rhinovirus is the common cold. Rhinoviruses are also a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections, which often manifest as wheezing illnesses, in young children as bronchiolitis, and in older children and adults as exacerbation of asthma. Rhinoviruses are an important cause of pneumonia and acute otitis media, alone or together with bacteria. The molecular detection of rhinoviruses typically involves reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) followed by sequencing of partial capsid region to determine the virus type. No antiviral drugs or vaccines against rhinovirus are available. Hygiene precautions and avoidance of contacts are used in prevention.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland

    Ville Peltola & Tuomas Jartti

  2. PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Tuomas Jartti

  3. Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

    Tuomas Jartti

  4. Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

    Petri Susi

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  1. Ville Peltola
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  3. Petri Susi
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Correspondence to Ville Peltola .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health, Yale University, Washington, DC, USA

    Richard A. Kaslow

  2. Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Lawrence R. Stanberry

  3. Cters for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonoti, Fort Collins, CO, USA

    Ann M. Powers

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  1. Departmant of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

    Lawrence R. Stanberry

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Peltola, V., Jartti, T., Susi, P. (2023). Rhinoviruses: Colds. In: Kaslow, R.A., Stanberry, L.R., Powers, A.M. (eds) Viral Infections of Humans. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9544-8_61-1

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