Definitions
Long-term nonprogressor (LTNP): a patient able to maintain a high CD4 T-cell count for unusually long periods of time in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This is an immunologic definition.
Elite controller (EC): a patient characterized by undetectable plasma viral loads for extended periods of time in the absence of ART. This is a virologic definition.
Posttreatment controller (PTC): a formerly viremic patient having received ART and in whom the viral load remains undetectable during a prolonged period after ART discontinuation.
In the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 infection in most patients is characterized by ongoing viral replication, progressive CD4 cell depletion, the development of AIDS, and death. Ever since the start of the AIDS pandemic, it has become clear that a small proportion of HIV-infected patients experience a mild course of infection. Patients with prolonged, AIDS-free survival in the absence of ART were termed long-term...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bailey JR, Williams TM, Siliciano RF, Blankson JN. Maintenance of viral suppression in HIV-1-infected HLA-B*57+ elite suppressors despite CTL escape mutations. J Exp Med. 2006;203:1357–69.
Boufassa F, Lechenadec J, Meyer L, Costagliola D, Hunt PW, Pereyra F, Deeks S, Pancino G, Taulera O, Lichterfeld M, Delobel P, Saez-Cirion A, Lambotte O, ANRS CO18 HIV Controllers Cohort, Cascade Collaboration in Eurocoord, SCOPE Cohort, International HIV Controllers Study. Blunted response to combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV elite controllers: an international HIV controller collaboration. PLoS One. 2014;9:e85516.
Grabar S, Selinger-Leneman H, Abgrall S, Pialoux G, Weiss L, Costagliola D. Prevalence and comparative characteristics of long-term nonprogressors and HIV controller patients in the French Hospital Database on HIV. AIDS. 2009;23:1163–9.
Gurdasani D, Iles L, Dillon DG, Young EH, Olson AD, Naranbhai V, Fidler S, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Post FA, Kellam P, Porter K, Sandhu MS. A systematic review of definitions of extreme phenotypes of HIV control and progression. AIDS. 2014;28:149–62.
Hartigan-O’Connor DJ, Hirao LA, McCune JM, Dandekar S. Th17 cells and regulatory T cells in elite control over HIV and SIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2011;6:221–7.
International HIV Controllers Study, Pereyra F, Jia X, McLaren PJ, Telenti A, et al. The major genetic determinants of HIV-1 control affect HLA class I peptide presentation. Science. 2010;330:1551–7.
Madec Y, Boufassa F, Porter K, Prins M, Sabin C, d’Arminio Monforte A, Amornkul P, Bartmeyer B, Sannes M, Venet A, Lambotte O, Meyer L, CASCADE Collaboration in Eurocoord. Natural history of HIV-control since seroconversion. AIDS. 2013;27:2451–60.
Migueles SA, Osborne CM, Royce C, Compton AA, Joshi RP, Weeks KA, Rood JE, Berkley AM, Sacha JB, Cogliano-Shutta NA, Lloyd M, Roby G, Kwan R, McLaughlin M, Stallings S, Rehm C, O’Shea MA, Mican J, Packard BZ, Komoriya A, Palmer S, Wiegand AP, Maldarelli F, Coffin JM, Mellors JW, Hallahan CW, Follman DA, Connors M. Lytic granule loading of CD8+ T cells is required for HIV-infected cell elimination associated with immune control. Immunity. 2008;29:1009–21.
Okulicz JF, Lambotte O. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of elite controllers. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2011;6:163–8.
Peretz Y, Cameron C, Sékaly RP. Dissecting the HIV-specific immune response: a systems biology approach. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012;7:17–23.
Porichis F, Kaufmann DE. HIV-specific CD4 T cells and immune control of viral replication. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2011;6:174–80.
Sáez-Cirión A, Pancino G. HIV controllers: a genetically determined or inducible phenotype? Immunol Rev. 2013;254:281–94.
Sáez-Cirión A, Lacabaratz C, Lambotte O, Versmisse P, Urrutia A, Boufassa F, Barré-Sinoussi F, Delfraissy JF, Sinet M, Pancino G, Venet A, Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida EP36 HIV Controllers Study Group. HIV controllers exhibit potent CD8 T cell capacity to suppress HIV infection ex vivo and peculiar cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:6776–81.
Sáez-Cirión A, Pancino G, Lambotte O. Definition, natural history and heterogeneity of HIV-controllers. In: Pancino G, Silvestri G, Fowke K, editors. Models of protection against HIV/SIV. London by Oxford; 2012. p. 233–52.
Salgado M, Swanson MD, Pohlmeyer CW, Buckheit 3rd RW, Wu J, Archin NM, Williams TM, Margolis DM, Siliciano RF, Garcia JV, Blankson JN. HLA-B*57 elite suppressor and chronic progressor HIV-1 isolates replicate vigorously and cause CD4+ T cell depletion in humanized BLT mice. J Virol. 2014;88:3340–52.
Shacklett BL, Ferre AL. Mucosal immunity in HIV controllers: the right place at the right time. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2011;6:202–7.
Walker BD, Yu XG. Unravelling the mechanisms of durable control of HIV-1. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:487–98.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this entry
Cite this entry
Lambotte, O. (2018). Long-Term Nonprogressors and Elite Controllers. In: Hope, T.J., Richman, D.D., Stevenson, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of AIDS. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7101-5_191
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7101-5_191
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7100-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7101-5
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine