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Epidemiology of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease

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Core Concepts in Hypertension in Kidney Disease

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Abstract

Chronic kidney disease and hypertension are both important global public health challenges and strongly interrelated. The current estimated prevalence of CKD ranges between 8 and 16 % of adult population worldwide. Hypertension is ranked the leading risk factor for death and disability-adjusted life years lost in 2010 and nearly a billion (26.4 %) of the adult population has hypertension. The relationship between hypertension and chronic kidney disease is complex. Hypertension can cause chronic kidney disease and modify chronic kidney disease progression but at the same time, can be a consequence of chronic kidney disease. According to the latest data from United States Renal Data system, up to 25 % of chronic kidney disease was attributed to hypertension. Overall, the prevalence of hypertension is very high among CKD subjects, approaching over 90 % and the prevalence increased with worsening estimated glomerular filtration rate and CKD stages. Proteinuria is a key determinant of hypertension in CKD. The prevalence of hypertension in CKD shows significant racial disparities and varies by the etiology of kidney disease, age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, education level, and lifestyle. Suboptimal blood control is frequently observed in CKD, especially among those at the highest risk of adverse outcomes and may be partly explained by poor medication adherence. High blood pressure was associated with the development and progression of CKD. Patients with CKD are considered at high risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality and hypertension is one of the key risk factors mediating this risk. There are compelling data from observational studies as well as randomized clinical trials to support blood pressure lowering as a key therapeutic strategy in reducing adverse renal and cardiovascular outcomes in CKD. However, the ideal blood pressure target that confers the greatest renal and cardiovascular benefit has remained uncertain.

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  1. Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, 102 Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China

    Angela Yee-Moon Wang MBBS, MD, PhD, FRCP

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  1. Global and Continuing Education, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Ajay K. Singh

  2. VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    Rajiv Agarwal

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Wang, A.YM. (2016). Epidemiology of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease. In: Singh, A., Agarwal, R. (eds) Core Concepts in Hypertension in Kidney Disease. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6436-9_1

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