Abstract
Quantifying the early steps of viral infection in cells is a new area of physical virology. It is dedicated to the analysis of the main pathways used by viruses for reproduction. Most viruses entering cells after binding to specific membrane receptors are enveloped in an endosomal compartment (Fig. 9.1) (see Whittaker et al. 2000; Greber and Way 2006). These viruses entering through the endosome have to escape this compartment later on. Enveloped viruses, such as influenza, contain membrane-associated glycoproteins, which mediate the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes, from which they have to escape. In particular, acidification of the endosome triggers the conformational change of the influenza hemagglutinins, leading to endosome-virus membranes fusion and release of genes into the cytoplasm. Following the endosomal escape, nuclear replication viruses have to travel through the crowded cytoplasm to reach replication sites such as the nucleus to deliver their genetic material through the nuclear pores. Virus motion into the cytoplasm is composed of periods described as Brownian, while others are directed motion along microtubules. While the cytoplasmic movement of viral particles towards the nucleus is facilitated by the microtubular network and viral proteins, very little is known about the fate of non-viral DNA vectors in the cytoplasm.
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Holcman, D., Schuss, Z. (2015). Modeling the Early Steps of Viral Infection in Cells. In: Stochastic Narrow Escape in Molecular and Cellular Biology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3103-3_9
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