Abstract
Studying the mechanisms of entry of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) requires reliable methods to measure their cellular uptake efficiency, monitor their metabolic stability, and identify their intracellular localization. We describe here a protocol based on the direct detection of peptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), which allows the absolute quantification of the intact internalized species and the analysis of their intracellular degradation. This protocol can be easily applied to the simultaneous quantification of different species, for example mixtures of CPPs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aebersold R, Mann M (2003) Mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Nature 422:198–207
Gobom J, Kraeuter KO, Persson R et al (2000) Detection and quantification of neurotensin in human brain tissue by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 72:3320–3326
Ong SE, Mann M (2005) Mass spectrometry-based proteomics turns quantitative. Nat Chem Biol 1:252–262
Burlina F, Sagan S, Bolbach G et al (2006) A direct approach to quantification of the cellular uptake of cell-penetrating peptides using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 1:200–205
Burlina F, Sagan S, Bolbach G et al (2005) Quantification of the cellular uptake of cell-penetrating peptides by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:4244–4247
Moody P, Burlina F, Martin SR et al (2013) Evaluating the use of Apo-neocarzinostatin as a cell penetrating protein. Protein Eng Des Sel 26:277–281
Aussedat B, Sagan S, Chassaing G et al (2006) Quantification of the efficiency of cargo delivery by peptidic and pseudo-peptidic Trojan carriers using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Biochim Biophys Acta 1758:375–383
Bode SA, Thevenin M, Bechara C et al (2012) Self-assembling mini cell-penetrating peptides enter by both direct translocation and glycosaminoglycan-dependent endocytosis. Chem Commun 48:7179–7181
Aussedat B, Dupont E, Sagan S et al (2008) Modifications in the chemical structure of Trojan carriers: impact on cargo delivery. Chem Commun 12:1398–1400
Jiao CY, Delaroche D, Burlina F et al (2009) Translocation and endocytosis for cell-penetrating peptide internalization. J Biol Chem 284:33957–33965
Aubry S, Burlina F, Dupont E et al (2009) Cell-surface thiols affect cell entry of disulfide-conjugated peptides. Faseb J 23:2956–2967
Aubry S, Aussedat B, Delaroche D et al (2010) MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: a powerful tool to study the internalization of cell-penetrating peptides. Biochim Biophys Acta 1798:2182–2189
Balayssac S, Burlina F, Convert O et al (2006) Comparison of penetratin and other homeodomain-derived cell-penetrating peptides: interaction in a membrane-mimicking environment and cellular uptake efficiency. Biochemistry 45:1408–1420
Bechara C, Pallerla M, Zaltsman Y et al (2013) Tryptophan within basic peptide sequences triggers glycosaminoglycan-dependent endocytosis. FASEB J 27:738–749
Delaroche D, Aussedat B, Aubry S et al (2007) Tracking a new cell-penetrating (W/R) nonapeptide, through an enzyme-stable mass spectrometry reporter tag. Anal Chem 79:1932–1938
Bechara C, Pallerla M, Burlina F et al (2015) Massive glycosaminoglycan-dependent entry of Trp-containing cell-penetrating peptides induced by exogenous sphingomyelinase or cholesterol depletion. Cell Mol Life Sci 72:809–820
Fischer R, Hufnagel H, Brock R (2010) A doubly labeled Penetratin analogue as a ratiometric sensor for intracellular proteolytic stability. Bioconjugate Chem 21:64–73
Abes S, Moulton HM, Clair P et al (2006) Vectorization of morpholino oligomers by the (R-Ahx-R)4 peptide allows efficient splicing correction in the absence of endosomolytic agents. J Control Release 116:304–313
Mäe M, Andaloussi S, Lundin P et al (2009) A stearylated CPP for delivery of splice correcting oligonucleotides using a non-covalent co-incubation strategy. J Control Release 134:221–227
Wadia JS, Stan RV, Dowdy SF (2004) Transducible TAT-HA fusogenic peptide enhances escape of TAT-fusion proteins after lipid raft macropinocytosis. Nat Med 10:310–315
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. G. Chassaing, Dr. G. Bolbach, Dr. C.-Y. Jiao, Dr. S. Aubry, Dr. B. Aussedat, Dr. D. Delaroche, S. Bode, and M. Amoura for their contribution to the development of the CPP quantification protocol.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Sagan, S., Bechara, C., Burlina, F. (2015). Study of CPP Mechanisms by Mass Spectrometry. In: Langel, Ü. (eds) Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1324. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2806-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2806-4_7
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2805-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2806-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols