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Lithium-Ion Batteries for Automotive Applications: Life Cycle Analysis

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Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology

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Introduction

The global electric vehicle (EV) fleet grew from 0.18 million vehicles in 2012 [1] to more than 3 million vehicles in 2017 [2]. Depending on the global EV deployment outlook, the fleet is expected to reach 130 million to 228 million EVs by 2030 owing to existing and announced policies encouraging EV adoption worldwide and continued battery technology improvements to increase performance and reduce cost [2]. In 2017, the electric vehicle initiative (EVI) launched the EV30@30 campaign, of which the aim is for EVs to reach 30% of the share of total vehicle sales by 2030 in all EVI member countries. As of September 2018, 11 countries – which collectively have accounted for 72% of 2017 global EV sales – had joined the campaign, along with 19 organizations and companies [3].

The unprecedented endorsement for EVs all over the world arises from EV’s potential to meet the world’s increasing mobility needs without contributing additional damage to the environment and to society [4,5,...

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Abbreviations

Argonne:

Argonne National Laboratory

BMS:

Battery management system

BOM:

Bill of material

CO2e:

CO2 equivalent

EV:

Electric vehicle

EVI:

Electric vehicle initiative

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

GREET:

Greenhous Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation

LCA:

Life cycle analysis

LCI:

Life cycle inventory

LCO:

LiCoO2

LFP:

LiFePO4

LIB:

Lithium-ion battery

LMO:

LiMn2O4

NCA:

LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2

NMC:

LiNi1 − x − yMnxCoyO2

NMC111:

LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2

NMP:

N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Vehicle Technologies Office of the US Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the US Government or any agency thereof. Neither the US Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA

    Qiang Dai & Jarod C. Kelly

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  1. Qiang Dai
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Correspondence to Qiang Dai .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ramtech Ltd., Larkspur, CA, USA

    Robert A. Meyers

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  1. Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA

    Amgad Elgowainy

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Dai, Q., Kelly, J.C. (2019). Lithium-Ion Batteries for Automotive Applications: Life Cycle Analysis. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_1081-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_1081-1

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