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Endocrine Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease

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Chronic Kidney Disease and Hypertension

Part of the book series: Clinical Hypertension and Vascular Diseases ((CHVD))

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Abstract

Endocrine hypertension traditionally associates with conditions leading to activation of either mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, or adrenergic receptors. These conditions include primary aldosteronism and some forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing’s, and pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndromes, respectively. One needs to remember that these conditions are rare, but associate with significant morbidity and need to be included in the differential diagnosis of “unusual” hypertension, such as treatment resistant, episodic, rapidly progressive forms, or hypertension of the young. Biochemical proof of existing hormonal excess may be hard at times, because of low volume of hormonal hypersecretion and episodic secretion or dynamic change in the secretory profile which may be related to the tumor differentiation status. Coexisting chronic renal disease tremendously complicates biochemical diagnosis on multiple levels, including change in the hormonal milieu directly related to renal failure, and change of systemic hormones levels related to both intrinsic metabolic rate as well as renal excretion. Normal cutoff levels are not well established for different degrees of reduced glomerular filtration rate, while renal ability to excrete water and electrolytes can directly affect endogenous secretion of mineralocorticoids. To maximize efficacy of diagnosis of endocrine hypertension in patients with chronic renal disease, we recommend screening selected patients for primary aldosteronism, glucocorticoid excess, and pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndromes using recently published Endocrine Society guidelines.

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Acknowledgment

We wish to thank Prof. Graeme Eisenhofer, PhD, University of Dresden, Germany, for insightful comments on this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Clin. Sci. Bldg. Rm 512, Jackson, MS, 39110, USA

    Christian A. Koch

  2. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

    Christina Pamporaki

  3. Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of CT Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA

    Vitaly Kantorovich

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  1. Christian A. Koch
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  1. Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Matthew R. Weir

  2. Section of Nephrology, University of Illinois at Chicago/Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn, Illinois, USA

    Edgar V. Lerma

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Koch, C., Pamporaki, C., Kantorovich, V. (2015). Endocrine Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease. In: Weir, M., Lerma, E. (eds) Chronic Kidney Disease and Hypertension. Clinical Hypertension and Vascular Diseases. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1982-6_16

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