Abstract
Hierarchy development is an integral component of graded exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. A hierarchy, often referred to as a “fear ladder” (e.g., Kendall & Hedtke, 2006), is a list of anxiety-provoking situations, or stimuli that a child avoids, organized in order of increasing difficulty. Hierarchies can take numerous forms, such as a written list, drawing of a ladder (e.g., Kendall & Hedtke, 2006), picture of a pyramid, or a map of different sized “islands” based on the level of anxiety provoked by each situation (e.g., March & Mulle, 1998). The hierarchy is developed in the beginning sessions of therapy and is used as an assessment tool to aid in case conceptualization and treatment planning. Hierarchies are also guides for determining graduated exposure or desensitization exercises to conduct in therapy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist and profile. Burlington: University of Vermont.
Alberti, R. E., & Emmons, M. L. (1995). Your perfect right: A guide to assertive living. Atascadero, CA: Impact Publishers Inc.
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2014). Evidence based child and adolescent psychosocial interventions. Retrieved from http://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Mental-Health/Documents/CRPsychosocialInterventions.pdf.
Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behavior modification. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Barrett, P. M. (1998). Evaluation of cognitive-behavioral group treatments for childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 459–468.
Barrett, P., Dadds, M., & Rapee, R. (1991). Coping Koala workbook. Nathah, Australia: School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University. Unpublished manuscript.
Barrett, P. M., & Turner, C. M. (2001). Prevention of anxiety symptoms in primary school children: Preliminary results from a universal school-based trial. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 399–410.
Baum, M. (1970). Extinction of avoidance responding through response prevention (flooding). Psychological Bulletin, 74, 276–284.
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1995). A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobia: The social phobia and anxiety inventory for children. Psychological Assessment, 7, 73–79.
Bolton, D., & Perrin, S. (2008). Evaluation of exposure with response-prevention for obsessive compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 11–22.
Bouchard, S. (2011). Could virtual reality be effective in treating children with phobias? Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 11, 207–213.
Bouchard, S., Mendlowitz, S. L., Coles, M. E., & Franklin, M. (2004). Considerations in the use of exposure with children. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 11, 56–65.
Chorpita B. F. (1998). Modular cognitive behavior therapy for child and adolescent anxiety disorders: Therapist manual. Unpublished manuscript.
Chorpita, B. F. (2007). Modular cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders. Canada: The Guilford Press.
Chorpita, B. F., & Daleiden, E. L. (2007). 2007 biennial report: Effective psychosocialinterventions for youth with behavioral and emotional needs. Retrieved from Hawaii Department of Health, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Division. http://hawaii.gov/health/mental-health/camhd/library/pdf/ebs/ebs012.pdf.
Chorpita, B. F., & Daleiden, E. L. (2009). Mapping evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents: Application of the distillation and matching model to 615 treatments from 322 randomized trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 566–579.
Chorpita, B. F., Taylor, A. A., Francis, S. E., Moffitt, C., & Austin, A. A. (2004). Efficacy of modular cognitive behavior therapy for childhood anxiety disorders. Behavior Therapy, 35, 263–287.
Coldwell, S. E., Wilhelm, F. H., Milgrom, P., Prall, C. W., Getz, T., Spadafora, A., et al. (2007). Combining alprazolam with systematic desensitization therapy for dental injection phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 871–887.
Coleman, J. C. (1980). Friendship and the peer group in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 408–431). New York, NY: John Wiley.
Dadds, M. R., Spence, S., Holland, D. E., Barrett, P. M., & Laurens, K. R. (1997). Prevention and early intervention for anxiety disorders: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 627–635.
Davis, T., May, A., & Whiting, S. E. (2011). Evidence-based treatment of anxiety and phobia in children and adolescents: Current status and effects on the emotional response. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 592–602.
Davis, T., Ollendick, T. H., & Öst, L. (2009). Intensive treatment of specific phobias in children and adolescents. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16, 294–303.
Davis, T., Whiting, S. E., & May, A. C. (2012). Exposure therapy for anxiety disorders in children. In P. Neudeck & H. Wittchen (Eds.), Exposure therapy: Rethinking the model—refining the method (pp. 111–125). New York, NY: Springer.
Deffenbacher, J. L., Lynch, R. S., Oetting, E. R., & Kemper, C. (1996). Anger reduction in early adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(2), 149–157.
Dow, M. G. (1994). Social inadequacy and social skill. In L. K. Craighead, W. E. Craighead, A. E. Kazdin, & M. J. Mahoney (Eds.), Cognitive and behavioral interventions: An empirical approach to mental health problems (pp. 123–140). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Duckworth, M. P. (2009). Assertiveness skills and the management of related factors. In W. T. O’Donohue & J. E. Fisher (Eds.), General principles and empirically supported techniques of cognitive behavior therapy (pp. 124–132). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Ellis, A., & Bernard, M. E. (Eds.). (2006). Rational emotive behavior approaches to childhood disorders. New York, NY: Springer.
Estes, W. K., & Skinner, B. F. (1941). Some quantitative properties of anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29, 390–400.
Feindler, E. L., & Engel, E. C. (2011). Assessment and intervention for adolescents with anger and aggression difficulties in school settings. Psychology in the Schools, 48(3), 243–253.
Foa, E. B., Chrestman, K. R., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2008). Prolonged exposure therapy for adolescents with PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences. Therapist guide. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Goldfriend, M. (1971). Systematic desensitization as training in self-control. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 37(2), 228–234.
Greco, L. A., & Hayes, S. C. (2008). Acceptance and mindfulness treatments for children and adolescents: A practitioner's guide. Oakland, CA US: New Harbinger Publications.
Gresham, F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1990). Social skills rating system. Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Gryczkowski, M. R., Tiede, M. S., Dammann, J. E., Jacobsen, A., Hale, L. R., & Whiteside, S. H. (2013). The timing of exposure in clinic-based treatment for childhood anxiety disorders. Behavior Modification, 37, 113–127.
Gullone, E., & King, N. J. (1992). Psychometric evaluation of a revised fear survey schedule for children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 987–998.
Hedtke, K. A., Kendall, P. C., & Tiwari, S. (2009). Safety-seeking and coping behavior during exposure tasks with anxious youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 1–15.
Hubbard, J. A., Smithmyer, C. M., Ramsden, S. R., Parker, E. H., Flanagan, K. D., Dearing, K. F., et al. (2002). Observational, physiological, and self-report measures of children's anger: Relations to reactive versus proactive aggression. Child Development, 73, 1101–1118.
Hudson, J. L., Rapee, R. M., Deveney, C., Schniering, C. A., Lyneham, H. J., & Bovopoulos, N. (2009). Cognitive-behavioral treatment versus an active control for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 533–544.
Huey, W. C., & Rank, R. C. (1984). Effects of counselor and peer-led group assertive training on Black adolescent aggression. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 95–98.
Jacob, S., & Hartshorne, T. S. (1994). Ethics and law for school psychologists (2nd ed.). Brandon, VT: Clinical Psychology Publishing.
Jacobson, E. (1929). Progressive relaxation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Jaycox, L. H., Kataoka, S. H., Stein, B. D., Langley, A. K., & Wong, M. (2012). Cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 28(3), 239–255.
Jones, M. C. (1924). The elimination of children’s fears. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 7, 382–390.
Jones, S. M., Brown, J. L., & Aber, J. L. (2011). Two-year impacts of a universal school-based social-emotional and literacy intervention: An experiment in translational developmental research. Child Development, 82(2), 533–554.
Kahn, J. S., Kehle, T. J., Jenson, W. R., & Clark, E. (1990). Comparison of cognitive behavioral, relaxation, and self-modeling interventions for depression among middle-school students. School Psychology Review, 19(2), 196–211.
Kazdin, A. E., & Weisz, J. R. (1998). Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 19–36. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.19.
Kearney, C. A., & Albano, A. M. (2007). When children refuse school. A cognitive-behavioral therapy approach (2nd ed.). Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
Kendall, P. C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(1), 100–110.
Kendall, P. C. (2000). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious children: Therapist manual (2nd ed.). Ardmore, PA: Workbook Publishing.
Kendall, P. C. (Ed.). (2006). Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Kendall, P. C., & Hedtke, K. A. (2006). Coping cat workbook (2nd ed.). Ardmore, PA: Workbook Publishing.
Kendall, P. C., Hudson, J. L., Gosch, E., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Suveg, C. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disordered youth: A randomized clinical trial evaluating child and family modalities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 282–297.
Kendall, P. C., Robin, J. A., Hedtke, K. A., Suveg, C., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Gosch, E. (2005). Considering CBT with anxious youth? Think exposures. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 12, 136–150.
Kendall, P. C., & Suveg, C. (2006). Treating anxiety disorders in youth. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Kerns, C. M., Read, K. L., Klugman, J., & Kendall, P. C. (2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with social anxiety: Differential short and long-term treatment outcomes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 210–215.
Kindt, M., Brosschot, J. F., & Muris, P. (1996). Spider phobia questionnaire for children (SPQC): A psychometric study and normative data. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 277–282.
King, N., Muris, P., & Ollendick, T. (2005). Childhood fears and phobias: Assessment and treatment. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 10(2), 50–56.
Kingery, J., Roblek, T. L., Suveg, C., Grover, R. L., Sherrill, J. T., & Bergman, R. (2006). They’re not just “little adults”: Developmental considerations for implementing cognitive-behavioral therapy with anxious youth. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 263–273.
Koegel, R. L., Openden, D., & Koegel, L. K. (2004). A systematic desensitization paradigm to treat hypersensitivity to auditory stimuli in children with autism in family contexts. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 29(2), 122–134.
Koeppen, A. S. (1974). Relaxation training for children. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 9, 14–21.
Kondas, O. (1967). Reduction of examination anxiety and ‘stage-fright’ by group desensitization and relaxation. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 5, 275–281.
Lopata, C. (2003). Progressive muscle relaxation and aggression among elementary students classified as emotionally disturbed. Behavioral Disorders, 28(2), 162–172.
Luscre, D. M., & Center, D. B. (1996). Procedures for reducing dental fear in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26(5), 547–556.
Malecki, C. K., & Elliott, S. N. (2002). Children’s social behaviors as predictors of academic achievement: A longitudinal analysis. School Psychology Quarterly, 17(1), 1–23.
Malleson, N. (1959). Panic and phobia: A possible method of treatment. Lancet, 1, 225–227.
Mann, J., & Rosenthal, T. L. (1969). Vicarious and direct counterconditioning of test anxiety through individual and group desensitization. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 7, 359–367.
March, J. S., & Mulle, K. (1998). OCD in children and adolescents: A cognitive-behavioral treatment manual. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
March, J. S., Parker, J. A., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. (1997). The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554–565.
Masters, J. C., & Rimm, D. C. (1987). Behavior therapy: techniques and empirical findings. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
McCarthy, G. W., & Craig, K. D. (1995). Flying therapy for flying phobia. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 66(12), 1179–1184.
Mifsud, C., & Rapee, R. M. (2005). Early intervention for childhood anxiety in a school setting: Outcomes for an economically disadvantaged population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(10), 996–1004.
Miller, L. C., Barrett, C. L., Hampe, E., & Noble, H. (1972). Comparison of reciprocal inhibition, psychotherapy, and waiting list control for phobic children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79(3), 269–279.
Miller, A. L., Rathus, J. H., & Linehan, M. M. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy with suicidal adolescents. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Morgenthaler, T., Kramer, M., Alessi, C., et al. (2006). Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: An update. Sleep, 29, 1415–1419.
Mowrer, O. (1947). On the dual nature of learning—a re-interpretation of ‘conditioning’ and ‘problem-solving’. Harvard Educational Review, 17, 102–148.
Mowrer, O. (1960). Two-factor learning theory: Versions one and two. In Learning theory and behavior (pp. 63–91). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
National Institute of Mental Health. (1970). CGI: clinical global impressions. In W. Guy & R. R. Bonato (Eds.), Manual for the ECDEU Assessment Battery (pp. 12–6). USA: National Institute of Mental Health.
Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & McMurran, M. (2009). Problem-solving therapy. In W. T. O’Donohue & J. E. Fisher (Eds.), General principles and empirically supported techniques of cognitive behavior therapy (pp. 500–505). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Obler, M., & Terwilliger, R. F. (1970). Pilot study on the effectiveness of systematic desensitization with neurologically impaired children with phobic disorders. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 34(3), 314–318.
Ollendick, T. T., & Cerny, J. A. (1981). Clinical behavior therapy with children. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Ollendick, T. H. (1983). Reliability and validity of the revised fear survey schedule for children (FSSC-R). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 685–692.
Ollendick, T., & King, N. (1998). Empirically supported treatments for children with phobic and anxiety disorders: Current status. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(2), 156–167.
Ollendick, T. H., Öst, L.-G., Reuterskiöld, L., Costa, N., Cederlund, R., Sirbu, C., et al. (2009). One-session treatment of specific phobias in youth: A randomized clinical trial in the United States and Sweden. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 504–516.
Page, H. A., & Hall, J. F. (1953). Experimental extinction as a function of the prevention of a response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 46, 33–34.
Palermo, T. M., Eccleston, C., Lewandowski, A. S., Williams, A., & Morley, S. (2010). Randomized controlled trials of psychological therapies for management of chronic pain in children and adolescents: An updated meta-analytic review. Pain, 148(3), 387–397.
Pentz, M. A. W. (1980). Assertion training and trainer effects on unassertive and aggressive adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27(1), 76–83.
Perepletchikova, F., Axelrod, S. R., Kaufman, J., Rounsaville, B. J., Douglas-Palumberi, H., & Miller, A. L. (2011). Adapting dialectical behaviour therapy for children: Towards a new research agenda for paediatric suicidal and non‐suicidal self‐injurious behaviours. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 16, 116–121.
Rachman, S. S. (1966). Studies in desensitization: II. Flooding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 1–6.
Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Anxiety Study Group. (2002). The Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS): Development and psychometric properties. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 4, 1061–1069.
Reynolds, W. M., & Coats, K. I. (1986). A comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and relaxation training for the treatment of depression in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(5), 653–660.
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (2008). Revised children’s manifest anxiety scale (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Reynolds, S., Wilson, C., Austin, J., & Hooper, L. (2012). Effects of psychotherapy for anxiety in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 251–262.
Rotheram, M. J., & Armstrong, M. (1980). Assertiveness training with high school students. Adolescence, 15(58), 267–276.
Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (1988). Assertiveness training with children. In R. H. Price, E. L. Cowen, R. P. Lorion, & J. Ramos-McKay (Eds.), Fourteen ounces of prevention: A casebook for practitioners (pp. 83–97). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Saigh, P., Yule, W., & Inamdar, S. (1996). Imaginal flooding of traumatized children and adolescents. Journal of School Psychology, 34(2), 163–183.
Sarkova, M., Bacikova-Sleskova, M., Orosova, O., Madarasova Geckova, A., Katreniakova, Z., Klein, D.,…., Dijk, J. P. (2013). Associations between assertiveness, psychological well-being, and self-esteem in adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(1), 147–154. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00988.x.
Scahill, L., Riddle, M. A., McSwiggin-Hardin, M., Ort, S. I., King, R. A., Goodman, W. K., et al. (1997). Children’s Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 844–852.
Schab, L. M. (2009). Cool, calm, and confident: A workbook to help kids learn assertiveness skills. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
Shirk, S. R., Kaplinski, H., & Gudmundsen, G. (2009). School-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescent depression: A benchmarking study. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 17(2), 106–117.
Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: Child and parent versions. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Silverman, W. K., & Nells, W. B. (1988). The anxiety disorders interview schedule for children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 772–778.
Silverman, W. K., & Rabian, B. (1994). Specific phobia. In T. H. Ollendick, N. J. King, & W. Yule (Eds.), International handbook of phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 87–109). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Solomon, R. L., Kamin, L. J., & Wynne, L. C. (1953). Traumatic avoidance learning: the outcomes of several extinction procedures with dogs. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48, 291–302.
Spiegler, M. D., & Guevremont, D. C. (2003). Contemporary behavior therapy (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Sreenivasan, U., Manocha, S. N., & Jain, V. K. (1979). Treatment of severe dog phobia in childhood by flooding: A case report. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 20, 255–260.
Stallard, P., Simpson, N., Anderson, S., Carter, T., Osborn, C., & Bush, S. (2005). An evaluation of the FRIENDS programme: A cognitive behaviour therapy intervention to promote emotional resilience. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90, 1016–1019.
Stampfl, T. G. (1961). Implosive therapy: A learning theory derived psychodynamic therapeutic technique. Unpublished paper presented in the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois.
Stark, K. D., Reynolds, W. M., & Kaslow, N. J. (1987). A comparison of the relative efficacy of self-control therapy and a behavioral problem-solving therapy for depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 91–113.
St-Jacques, J., Bouchard, S., & Bélanger, C. (2010). Is virtual reality effective to motivate and raise interest in phobic children toward therapy? A clinical trial study of in vivo with in virtuo versus in vivo only treatment exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 924–931.
Sukhodolsky, D. G., Solomon, R. M., & Perrine, J. (2000). Cognitive behavioral, anger-control intervention for elementary school children: A treatment-outcome study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Group Therapy, 10(3), 159–169.
The Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) Team. (2004). Cognitive-behavior therapy, sertraline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. JAMA, 292, 1969–1976.
Thompson, K. L., Bundy, K. A., & Broncheau, C. (1995). Social skills training for young adolescents: Symbolic and behavioral components. Adolescence, 30, 723–734.
Thompson, K. L., Bundy, K. A., & Wolfe, W. R. (1996). Social skills training for young adolescents: Cognitive and performance components. Adolescence, 31(123), 505–21. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/195936956?accountid=14068.
Tiwari, S., Kendall, P. C., Hoff, A. L., Harrison, J. P., & Fizur, P. (2013). Characteristics of exposure sessions as predictors of treatment response in anxious youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 34–43.
Ultee, C. A., Griffioen, D., & Schellekens, J. (1982). The reduction of anxiety in children: ‘Systematic desensitization in vitro’ and ‘systematic desensitization in vivo’. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 20, 61–67.
Vande Voort, J., Svecova, J., Brown Jacobsen, A., & Whiteside, S. P. (2010). A retrospective examination of the similarity between clinical practice and manualized treatment for childhood anxiety disorders. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17, 322–328.
Walkup, J. T., Albano, A. M., Piacentini, J., Birmaher, B., Compton, S., Sherrill, J.T., …., Kendall, P.C. (2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 2753–2766.
Watson, J. P., & Raynor, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1–14.
Weisman, D., Ollendick, T. H., & Horne, A. M. (1978). A comparison of muscle relaxation techniques with children. Unpublished manuscript, Indiana State University.
Weisz, J., & Jensen, A. (2001). Child and adolescent psychotherapy in research and practice contexts: Review of the evidence and suggestions for improving the field. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 10, 1–13.
Wise, K. L., Bundy, K. A., Bundy, E. A., & Wise, L. A. (1991). Social skills training for young adolescents. Adolescence, 26, 233–241.
Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Wolpe, J. (1969). The practice of behavior therapy. Oxford, England: Pergamon.
Wolpe, J. (1990). The practice of behavior therapy (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
Wood, A., Harrington, R., & Moore, A. (1996). Controlled trial of a brief cognitive-behavioural intervention in adolescent patients with depressive disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37(6), 737–746.
Zettle, R. (2003). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) vs. systematic desensitization treatment of mathematics anxiety. The Psychological Record, 53, 197–215.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schare, M.L. et al. (2015). Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions. In: Flanagan, R., Allen, K., Levine, E. (eds) Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions in the Schools. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1972-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1972-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1971-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1972-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)