Abstract
The first systematic investigation of the occurrence of energy reserves in Acinetobacter formed part of the delineation of the genus by Baumann et al. (1968). Their study indicated that poly-β-hydroxybutyrate was not present in any of the 106 strains examined. They examined two strains in detail and concluded that they did not accumulate special non-nitrogenous reserve materials. However, since this work, polyphosphates, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and simple wax esters, a novel energy reserve, have been identified in a large number of acinetobacters. In several of these organisms, the compounds show many, but not all, of the characteristics of energy reserves. As the study of these compounds arose largely from investigations of other aspects of acinetobacter microbiology, this review will touch on these areas as well. The biochemistry and molecular biology of energy reserves in Acinetobacter has not been extensively studied and so this review will attempt to relate this area to what is known of the general biochemistry of bacterial energy reserves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albro, P.W., 1976, Bacterial waxes, in “Chemistry and Biochemistry of Natural Waxes,” p.419, P.E. Kolattukudy, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Aleby, S., Fischmeister, I., and Iyengar, B.T.R., 1971, The infrared spectra and polymorphism of long chain esters, Lipids, 6:421.
Baumann, P., Doudoroff, M., and Stanier, R.Y., 1968, A study of the Moraxella group. II Oxidative-negative species (genus Acinetobacter), J. Bacteriol., 95:1520.
Beacham, A.M., Seviour, R.J., Lindrea, K.C., and Livingston, I., 1990, Genospecies diversity of Acinetobacter isolates from a biological nutrient removal pilot plant of a modified UCT configuration, Water Res., 24:23.
Bouvet, P.J.M., and Grimont, P.A.D., 1986, Taxonomy of the genus Acinetobacter with the recognition of Acinetobacter baumannii sp. nov., Acinetobacter haemolyticus sp. nov., Acinetobacter johnsonii sp. nov., and Acinetobacter junii sp. nov., and emended descriptions of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Acinetobacter lwoffii, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 36:228.
Breuil, C., and Kushner, D.J., 1975, Lipase and esterase formation by psychrophilic and mesophilic Acinetobacter species, Can. J. Microbiol., 21:423.
Brodisch, K.E.U., 1985, Interaction of different groups of micro-organisms in biological phosphate removal, Water Sci. Tech., 17:89.
Brodisch, K.E.U., and Joyner, S.J., 1983, The role of microorganisms other than Acinetobacter in biological phosphate removal in activated sludge processes, Water Sci. Tech., 15:117.
Bryn, K., Jantzen, E., and Bovre, K., 1977, Occurrence and patterns of waxes in Neisseriaceae, J. Gen. Microbiol., 102:33.
Buchan, L., 1983, Possible biological mechanism of phosphorus removal, Water Sci. Tech., 15:87.
Clifton, C.E., 1937, On the possibility of preventing assimilation in respiring cells, Enzymologia, 4:246.
Cloete, T.E., and Steyn, P.L., 1988, The role of Acinetobacter as a phosphorus removing agent in activated sludge, Water Res., 22:971
Dawes, E.A., 1985, The effect of environmental oxygen concentration on the carbon metabolism of some aerobic bacteria, in “Environmental Regulation of Microbial Metabolism,” p.121, I.S. Kulaev, E.A. Dawes and D.W. Tempest, eds., Academic Press, London.
Dawes, E.A., 1986, “Microbial Energetics,” p. 145, Blackie, London.
Dawes, E.A., and Senior, P.J., 1973, The role and regulation of energy reserve polymers in microorganisms, Adv. Microb. Physiol., 10:136.
De Bruyn, J., Johannes, A., Weckx, M., and Breumer-Jochmans, M-P., 1981, Partial purification and characterization of an alcohol dehydrogenase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (BCG), J. Gen. Microbiol., 124:359.
Deinema, M.H., Habets, L.H.A., Schalten, J., Turkstra, E., and Webers, H.A.A.M., 1980, The accumulation of polyphosphate in Acinetobacter spp. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 9:275.
Deinema, M.H., Van Loosdrecht, M., and Schalten, A., 1985, Some physiological characteristics of Acinetobacter spp accumulating large amounts of phosphate, Water Sci. Tech., 17:119.
DeWitt, S., Ervin, J.L., Howes-Orchison, D., Daletas, D., Neidelman, S.L., and Geigert, J., 1982, Saturated and unsaturated wax esters produced by Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N grown on C16–C20 n-alkanes, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 59:69.
Doi, Y., Kawaguchi, Y., Nakamura, Y., and Kunioka, M., 1989, Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and polyphosphate metabolism in Alcaligenes eutrophus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55:2932.
Duncan, A., Vasiliadis, G., Bayly, R.C., May, J.W., and Rapor, W.G.C., 1988, Genospecies of Acinetobacter isolated from activated sludge showing enhanced removal of phosphate during pilot scale treatment of sewage, Biotech. Lett., 10:831.
Fewson, C.A., 1985, Growth yields and respiratory efficiency of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, J. Gen. Microbiol., 131:865.
Finnerty, W.R., 1977, The biochemistry of microbial alkane oxidation, new insights and perspectives, Trends Biochem. Sci., 2:73.
Fixter, L.M., 1976, Ultrastructural studies of Acinetobacter strains grown in carbon and nitrogen limiting batch cultures, Proc. Soc. Gen. Microbiol., 4:177.
Fixter, L.M., and Fewson, C.A., 1974, The accumulation of waxes by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIB 8250, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2:944.
Fixter, L.M., and McCormack, J.G., 1976, The effect of growth conditions on the wax content of various strains of Acinetobacter, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 4:504.
Fixter, L.M., and Nagi, M.N., 1984, The presence of an NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 22:297.
Fixter, L.M., Nagi, M.N., McCormack, J.G., and Fewson, C.A., 1986, Structure, distribution and function of wax esters in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, J. Gen. Microbiol., 132:3147.
Fuhs, G.W., and Chen, M., 1975, Microbiological basis of phosphate removal in the activated sludge process for treatment of wastewater, Microb. Ecol., 2:119.
Gallagher, I.H.C., 1971, Occurrence of waxes in Acinetobacter, J. Gen. Microbiol., 68:245.
Geigert, J., Neidleman, S.L., and De Witt, S.K., 1984, Further aspects of wax ester biosynthesis by Acinetobacter sp. H01-N, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc, 61:1747
Halvorson, H.O., Suresh, N., Roberts, M.F., Cocca, M., and Chikarmane, M.M., 1987, Metabolic surface polyphosphate pool in Acinetobacter lwoffi, in “Phosphate Metabolism and Cellular Regulation in Microorganisms,” p.220, A Torriani-Gorini, F.G. Rothman, S. Silver, A. Wright and E. Yagil, eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C.
Hao, O.J., and Chang, C.H., 1987, Kinetics of growth and phosphate uptake in pure culture studies of Acinetobacter species, Biotech. Bioeng., 29:819.
Hardy, G.A., and Dawes, E.A., 1985, Effect of oxygen concentration on the growth and respiratory efficiency of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, J. Gen. Microbiol., 131:855.
Harold, P.M., 1966, Inorganic polyphosphates in biology: structure, metabolism and functions, Bacteriol. Rev., 30:772.
Haywood, G.W., Anderson, A.J., Chu, L., and Dawes, E.A., 1988, Characterization of two 3-ketothiolases possessing differing substrate specificities in the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesizing organism Alcaligenes eutrophus, FEMS MicrobioL Lett., 52:91.
Heymann, J.B., Eagle, L.M., Greben, H.A., and Potgieter, D.J.J., 1989, The isolation and characterisation of volutin granules as subcellular components involved in biological phosphorus removal, Water Sci. Tech., 21:397.
Hiraishi, A., Masumune, K., and Kitamura, M., 1989, Characterisation of the bacterial population in aerobic-anaerobic activated sludge system on the basis of respiratory quinone profiles, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55:897.
Inui, H., Miyatake, K., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S., 1982, Wax ester fermentation in Euglena gracilis, FEBS Lett., 150:89.
Jantzen, E., Bryn, K., Bergan, T., and Bovre, K., 1975, Gas chromatography of bacterial whole cell methanolysates VII. Fatty acid composition of Acinetobacter in relation to the taxonomy of Neisseriaceae, Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand., 83B:569.
Kulaev, I.S., and Vagabov, V.M., 1983, Polyphosphate metabolism in microorganisms, Adv. Microb. Physiol., 4:83.
Lloyd, G.M., and Russell, N.J., 1983, Biosynthesis of wax esters in the psychrophilic bacterium Micrococcus cryophilus, J. Gen. Microbiol., 129:2641.
Lotter, L.H., 1987a, Metabolic behaviour of Acinetobacter spp. in enhanced biological phosphorus removal-a biochemical model. Reply to comments, Water SA, 13:251.
Lotter, L.H., 1987b, Preliminary observations on polyhydroxybutyrate metabolism in the activated sludge process, Water SA, 13:189.
Lotter, L.H., and Dubery, I.A., 1989, Metabolic regulation of beta-hydroxy-butyrate dehydrogenase in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var lwoffi, Water SA, 15:65.
Lotter, L.H., Wentzel, M.C., Loewenthal, L.E., Ekama, G.A., and Marais, GvR., 1986, A study of selected characteristics of Acinetobacter spp. isolated from activated sludge in aerobic/anoxic/aerobic and aerobic systems, Water SA, 12:203.
Makula, R.A., Lockwood, P.J., and Finnerty, W.R., 1975, Comparative analysis of lipids of Acinetobacter grown on hexadecane, J. Bacteriol., 121:250.
Moss, C.W., Wallace, P.L., Mollis, D.G., and Weaver, R.E., 1988, Cultural and chemical characterization of CDC groups E0-2, M-5, and M-6, Moraxella species, Oligella urethralis, Acinetobacter species, and Psychrobacter immobilis, J. Clin. Microbiol., 26:484.
Murphy, M., and Lotter, L.H., 1986, The effect of acetate and succinate on polyphosphate formation and degradation in activated sludge with particular reference to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Appl. Microbiol. Biotech., 24:512.
Nagi, M.N., 1981, Some studies on wax esters of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, UK
Nagi, M.N., and Fixter, L.M., 1981, Regulation of the wax content of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. NCIB 8250, Abstr. Ann. Meet. Amer. Soc. Microbiol., K11
Neidleman, S.L., 1987, Effects of temperature on lipid unsaturation, Biotech. Genet. Eng. Rev., 5:245.
Nesbitt, J.B., 1969, Phosphorus removal, the state of the art, J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., 41:701.
Nicolls, H.A., and Osborn, D.W., 1979, Bacterial stress, a prerequisite for biological removal of phosphorus, J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., 51:557.
Odham, G., Tunlid, A., Westerdahl, G., and Marden, P., 1986, Combined determination of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoic acid and cellular fatty acids in starved marine bacteria and sewage sludge by gas chromatography with flame ionization or mass spectrometry detection, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 52:905.
Oeding, V., and Schlegel, H.G., 1973, β-Ketothiolase from Hydrogenomonas eutropha H16 and its significance in the regulation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate metabolism, Biochem. J., 134:239.
Pedros-Alio, C., Mas, J., and Guerrero, R., 1985, The influence of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulation on cell volume and buoyant density in Alcaligenes eutrophus, Arch. Microbiol., 143:178.
Preiss, J., 1984, Bacterial glycogen synthesis and its regulation, Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 38:419.
Preiss, J., 1989, Chemistry and metabolism of intracellular reserves, in “Bacteria in Nature, vol. 3,” p.189, J.S. Poindexter and E.R. Leadbetter, eds. Plenum Press, New York.
Rao, N.N., Roberts, M.F., and Torriani, A., 1987 Polyphosphate accumulation and metabolism in Escherichia coli, in “Phosphate Metabolism and Cellular Regulation in Microorganisms,” p.213, A. Torriani-Gorini, F.G. Rothman, S. Silver, A. Wright and E. Yagil, eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C.
Reusch, R.N., and Sadoff, H.L., 1988, Putative structure and functions of a poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-calcium polyphosphate channel in bacterial plasma membranes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 85:4176.
Reusch, R.N., Hiske, T.W., and Sadoff, H.L., 1986, Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate membrane structure and its relationship to genetic transformation in Escherichia coli, J. Bacteriol., 168:553.
Reusch, R., Hiske, T., Sadoff, H., Harris, R., and Beveridge, T., 1987, Cellular incorporation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate into plasma membranes of Escherichia coli and Azotobacter vinelandii alters native membrane structure, Can. J. Microbiol., 33:435.
Roberts, M.R., 1987, Metabolic behaviour of Acinetobacter spp. in enhanced biological phosphorus removal-a biochemical model. Comments. Water SA., 13:251.
Rock, C.O., and Cronan, J.E., 1985, Lipid metabolism in prokaryotes, in “Biochemistry of Lipids and Membranes,” p.73, D.E. Vance and J.E. Vance, eds., Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, California.
Russell, N.J., and Volkman, J.K., 1980, The effect of growth temperature on wax ester composition in psychrophilic bacterium Micrococcus cryophilus ATCC 15174, J. Gen. Microbiol., 118:131.
Sargent, J.R., 1978, Marine wax esters, Sci. Prog., 65:437.
Scott, C.C.L., Makula, R.A., and Finnerty, W.R., 1976, Isolation and characterization of membranes from a hydrocarbon-oxidizing Acinetobacter sp., J. Bacteriol., 127:469.
Senior, P.J., and Dawes, E.A., 1973, The regulation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in Azotobacter beijerinckii, Biochem. J., 134:225.
Shabtai, Y., and Gutnick, D.L., 1985, Exocellular esterase and emulsan release from the cell surface of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, J. Bacteriol., 161:1176.
Sherwani, M.K., and Fixter, L.M., 1989, Multiple forms of carboxylesterase activity in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 58:75.
Shively, J.M., 1974, Inclusion bodies of prokaryotes, Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 28:167.
Singer, M.E., and Finnerty, W.R., 1985a, Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenases in Acinetobacter sp. strain H0-1N: role in hexadecane and hexadecanol metabolism, J. Bacteriol., 164:1011.
Singer, M.E., and Finnerty, W.R., 1985b, Alcohol dehydrogenases in Acinetobacter sp. strain H0-1N: role in hexadecane and hexadecanol metabolism, J. Bacteriol., 164:1017.
Singer, M.E., Tyler, S.M., and Finnerty, W.R., 1984, Growth of Acinetobacter sp. strain H01-N on hexadecanol: physiological and ultrastructural characteristics, J. Bacteriol., 162:162.
Stephenson, T., 1987, Acinetobacter: its role in biological phosphate removal, in “Biological Phosphate Removal from Wastewaters,” p. 313, R. Ramadori, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Stewart, J.E., and Kallio, R.E., 1959, Bacterial hydrocarbon oxidation. II Ester formation from alkanes, J. Bacteriol., 78:726.
Streichan, M., Golecki, J.R., and Schon, G., 1990, Polyphosphate removal from sewage plants with different processes for biological phosphorus removal, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 73:113.
Suresh, N., Warburg, R., Timmerman, M., Wells, J., Coccia, M., Roberts, M.F., and Halvorson, H.O., 1985, New strategies for the isolation of microorganisms for phosphate accumulation, Water Sci. Tech., 17:99.
Suresh, N., Roberts, M.F., Coccia, M., Chikarmane, H.M., and Halvorson, H.O., 1986. Cadmium-induced loss of surface polyphosphate in Acinetobacter lwoffi, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 36:91.
Tal, S., and Okon, Y., 1985, Production of the reserve material, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and its function in Azospirillum brasiliense, Can. J. Microbiol., 31:608.
Tempest, D.W., 1969, Quantitative relationship between inorganic cations and anionic polymers in growing bacteria, in “Microbial Growth, 19th Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol.,” p.87, P.M. Meadow and S.J. Pirtm, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
T’Seyen, J., Malnou, D., Block, J.C., and Faup, G., 1985, Polyphosphate kinase activity during phosphate uptake by bacteria, Water Sci. Tech. 17:43.
Van Groenestijn, J.W., Deinema, M.M., and Zehnder, A.J.B., 1987, ATP production from polyphosphate in Acinetobacter strain 210A, Arch. Microbiol., 148:14.
Van Groenestijn, J.W., Vlekke, G.F.M., Anink, D.M.E., Deinema, M.M., and Zehnder, A.J.B., 1988, Role of cations in the accumulation and release of phosphate by Acinetobacter strain 210A, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54:2894.
Van Groenestijn, J.W., Bentvelsen, M.M.A., Deinema, M.M., and Zehnder, A.J.B., 1989a, Polyphosphate-degrading enzymes in Acinetobacter spp. and activated sludge, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55:219.
Van Groenestijn, J.W., Zuidena, M., Van de Worp, J.J.M., Deinema, M.M., and Zehnder, A.J.B., 1989b, Influence of environmental parameters on polyphosphate accumulation in Acinetobacter sp., Ant. v. Leeuw. J. Microbiol., 55:67.
Vasiliadis, G., Duncan, A., Bayly, R.C., and May, J.W., 1990, Polyphosphate production by strains of Acinetobacter, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 70:37.
Wentzel, M.C., Lotter, L.H., Loewenthal, R.E., and Marais. Gv.R., 1986, Metabolic behaviour of Acinetobacter spp. in enhanced biological phosphorus removal. A biochemical model, Water SA, 12:209.
Wentzel, M.C., Loewenthal, R.E., Ekama, G.A., and Marais, G.V.R., 1988, Enhanced polyphosphate organism cultures in activated sludge systems-Part I Enhanced culture development, Water SA, 14:141.
Wilkinson, J.F., 1959, The problem of energy-storage compounds in bacteria, Exp. Cell Res., Suppl. 7:111.
Wood, H.G., and Clark, J.E., 1988, Aspects of inorganic polyphosphates, Ann. Rev. Biochem., 57:235.
Yall, I., Bangwan, W.H., Knudsen, C. and Sinclair, N.A., 1970, Biological uptake of phosphate by activated sludge, Appl. Microbiol., 20:145.
Ye, Q., Ohtake, H., and Toda, K., 1988, Phosphorus removal by pure and mixed cultures of microorganisms, J. Ferment. Tech., 66:207.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fixter, L.M., Sherwani, M.K. (1991). Energy Reserves in Acinetobacter . In: Towner, K.J., Bergogne-Bérézin, E., Fewson, C.A. (eds) The Biology of Acinetobacter . Federation of European Microbiological Societies Symposium Series, vol 57. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3553-3_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3553-3_19
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-3555-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-3553-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive