Skip to main content

Abstract

The nervous system is vulnerable to the harmful effects of many industrial and agricultural chemicals. Although it has long been recognized that toxic exposure affects the function of the brain and peripheral nerves, only recently has attention focused on behavioral changes as an indicator of toxic assault to the central nervous system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abel EL: Behavioral Teratogenesis and Behavioral Mutagenesis, Plenum Press, New York, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: The Nature and Extent of Lead Poisoning in Children in the United States: A Report to Congress, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  3. American Academy of Pediatrics: Statement on childhood lead poisoning. Pediatrics 79:457, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  4. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., American Psychiatric Association, Washington, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  5. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. rev., American Psychiatric Association, Washington, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Amin-Zaki L, Elhassani S, Majeed MA, et al: Intrauterine methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Pediatrics 54:587, 1974.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Amin-Zaki L, Majeed MA, Elhassani SB: Prenatal methylmercury poisoning. Clinical observations over five years. Am J Dis Child 133:172, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Anger WK: Neurobehavioral testing of chemicals: Impact on recommended standards. Neurobehavioral Toxicol Teratol 6:147, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Anger WK, Johnson BL: Chemicals affecting behavior. In: Neurotoxicity of Industrial and Commercial Chemicals, p 51, O’Donoghue J (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Annau Z (ed.): Neurobehavioral Toxicology. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Annau Z, Eccles CU: Prenatal exposure. In: Neurobehavioral Toxicology, p 153, Annau Z (ed.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Axelson O, Hane M, Hogstedt C: A case-referent study on neuropsychiatric disorders among workers exposed to solvents. Scand J Work Environ Health 2:14, 1976.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Axelson O, Hane M, Hogstedt C: Current aspects of solvent-related disorders. In: Developments in Occupational Medicine, p 237, Zenz C (ed.), Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Baker EL Jr: Epidemiologic issues in neurotoxicity research. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 7:293, 1985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Baker EL: Organic solvent neurotoxicity. Annu Rev Public Health 9:233, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Baker EL, Fine LJ: Solvent neurotoxicity. J Occup Med 28:126, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Baker EL, Landrigan PJ, Barbour AG, et al: Occupational lead poisoning in the United States: Clinical and biochemical findings related to blood lead levels. Br J Ind Med 36:314, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Baker EL, Feldman RG, White RF, et al: Occupational lead neurotoxicity: A behavioral and electrophysiological evaluation. Study design and year one results. Br J Ind Med 41:352, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Baker EL, Letz R, Fidler A: A computer-administered neurobehavioral evaluation system for occupational and environmental epidemiology. J Occup Med 27: 206, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Baker EL Jr, Smith TJ, Landrigan PJ: The neurotoxicity of industrial solvents: A review of the literature. Am J Ind Med 8:207, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Baker EL, White RF, Pothier LJ, et al: Occupational lead neurotoxicity: Improvement in behavioural effects after reduction in exposure. Br J Ind Med 42: 507, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Baker EL, Letz RE, Eisen EA, et al: Neurobehavioral effects of solvents in construction painters. J Occup Med 30:116, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bayley N: Bayley Scales of Infant Development, The Psychological Corporation, New York, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bellinger D, Needleman HL, Leviton A, et al: Early sensory-motor development and prenatal exposure to lead. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 6:387, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bellinger D, Leviton A, Needleman HL, et al: Low-level lead exposure and infant development in the first year. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 8:151, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bellinger D, Leviton A, Waternaux C, et al: Longitudinal analyses of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development. N Engl J Med 316:1037, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bellinger D, Leviton A, Waternaux C, et al: Low-level lead exposure, social class, and infant development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 10:497, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Bellinger D, Leviton A, Waternaux C, et al: Lead, IQ, and social class. Int Epidemiology 18:180, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Boer GJ, Feenstra MGP, Mirmiran M, et al: Biochemical Basis of Functional Neuroteratology: Permanent Effects of Chemicals on the Developing Brain, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Brodsky CM: “Allergic to everything”: A medical subculture. Psychosomatics 24:731, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Brodsky CM: Multiple chemical sensitivities and other “environmental illness”: A psychiatrist’s view. Occup Med 2:695, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Cherry N, Hutchins H, Pace T, et al: Neurobehavioral effects of repeated occupational exposure to toluene and paint solvents. Br J Ind Med 42:291, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Chisolm JJ Jr: Dose-effect relationship for lead in young children: Evidence in children for interactions among lead, zinc and iron. In: Environmental Lead: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Environmental Lead Research, p 1, Lynam DR, Piantanida LG, Cole JF (eds.), Academic Press, Orlando, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Cone JE, Harrison R, Reiter R: Patients with multiple chemical sensitivities: Clinical diagnostic subsets among an occupational health clinic population. Occup Med 2:721, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cranmer J, Goldberg L (eds.): Workshop on neurobehavioral effects of solvents. Neurotoxicology 7:1, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cullen MR (ed.): Workers with multiple chemical sensitivities. Occup Med 2:655–805, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Cullen MR: The worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: An overview. Occup Med 2:655, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Davis JM, Svensgaard DJ: Lead and child development. Nature 329:297, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dick RB, Johnson BL: Human experimental studies. In: Neurobehavioral Toxicology, p 348, Annau Z (ed.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Dietrich KN, Krafft KM, Bornschein RL, et al: Low-level fetal lead exposure effect on neurobehavioral development in early infancy. Pediatrics 80:721, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dillie JR, Smith PW: Central nervous system effects of chronic exposure to organophosphate insecticide. Aerospace Med 35:475, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Durham WF, Wolfe HR, Quinby GE: Organophosphorus insecticides and mental alertness. Arch Environ Health 10:55, 1965.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ecobichon DJ, Joy RM (eds.): Pesticides and Neurological Diseases, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Elkins HB: Maximum acceptable concentrations, a comparison in Russia and the United States. Arch Environ Health 2:45, 1961.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Elofsson S, Gamberale F, Hindmarsh T, et al: Exposure to organic solvents. A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation on occupationally exposed car and industrial spray painters with special reference to the nervous system. Scand J Work Environ Health 6:239, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ensberg IFG, de Bruin A, Ziehuis RL: Health of workers exposed to a cocktail of pesticides. Int Arch Arbeitsmed 32:191, 1974.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ernhart CB, Landa B, Wolf AW: Subclinical lead levels and developmental deficits: Reanalysis of data. J Learn Dis 18:475, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ernhart CB, Morrow-Tlucak M, Marier M, et al: Low level lead exposure in the prenatal and early preschool periods: Early preschool development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 9:259, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ernhart CB, Morrow-Tlucak M, Wolf AW, et al: Low level lead exposure in the prenatal and early preschool periods: intelligence prior to school entry. Neurotoxicol Teratol 11:161, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Eskenazi B: Behavioral teratology. In: Perinatal Epidemiology, p 216, Bracken MB (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Eskenazi B, Maizlish NA: Effects of occupational exposure to chemicals on neurobehavioral functioning. In: Medical Neuropsychology: The Impact of Disease on Behavior, p 223, Tarter RE, Van Thiel DH, Edwards KL (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Feldman RG, Ricks NL, Baker EL: Neuropsychological effects of industrial toxins: A review. Am J Ind Med 1:211, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Fischbein A, Thornton JC, Lilis R, et al: Zinc protoporphyrin, blood lead and clinical symptoms in two occupational groups with low-level exposure to lead. Am J Ind Med 1:391, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR: Minimental State: A practical method for grading the cognitive state for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12:189, 1975.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Fulton M, Thomson G, Hunter R, et al: Influence of blood lead on the ability and attainment of children in Edinburgh. Lancet 1:1221, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gamberale F: Use of behavioral performance tests in the assessment of solvent toxicity. Scand J Work Environ Health 11(Suppl 1):65, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Gazzaniga MS: Organization of the human brain. Science 245:947, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Gershon S, Shaw FB: Psychiatric sequelae of chronic exposure to organophosphorus insecticides. Lancet 1:1371, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gladen BC, Rogan WJ, Hardy P, et al: Development after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene transplacentally and through human milk. J Pediatr 113:991, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Godish T: Indoor Air Pollution Control, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Grandjean P, Arnvig E, Beckmann J: Psychological dysfunction in lead-exposed workers: Relation to biological parameters of exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health 4:295, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Grasso P: Neurotoxic and neurobehavioral effects of organic solvents on the nervous system. Occup Med 3:525, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Grasso P, Sharratt M, Davies DM, et al: Neurophysiological and psychological disorders and occupational exposure to organic solvents. Food Chem Toxicol 22:819, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Gregersen P, Angelse B, Nielsen TE, et al: Neurotoxic effects of organic solvents in exposed workers: An occupational neuropsychological and neurological investigation. Am J Ind Med 5:201, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hane M, Axelson O, Blume J, et al: Psychological function changes among house painters. Scand J Work Environ Health 3:91, 1977.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Hänninen H, Eskelinen L, Husman K, et al: Behavioral effects of long-term exposure to a mixture of organic solvents. Scand J Work Environ Health 2:240, 1976.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hänninen H, Hernberg S, Mantere P, et al: Psychological performance of subjects with low exposure to lead. J Occup Med 20:683, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Hartman DE: On the use of clinical psychology software: Practical, legal, and ethical concerns. Prof Psychol Res Pract 17:462, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Hartman DE: Artificial intelligence or artificial psychologist? Conceptual issues in clinical microcomputer use. Prof Psychol Res Pract 17:528, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Hartman DE: Neuropsychological toxicology: Identification and assessment of neurotoxic syndromes. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2:45, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hartman DE: Neuropsychological Toxicology: Identification and Assessment of Human Neurotoxic Syndromes. Pergamon Press, New York, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Harvey P, Hamlin M, Kumar R: Blood lead, behavior and intelligence test performance in preschool children. Sci Total Environ 40:45, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hatzakis A, Kokkevi A, Maravelias C, et al: Psychometric intelligence deficits in lead-exposed children. In: Lead Exposure and Child Development: An International Assessment, p 211, Smith MA, Grant LD, Sors AI (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hernberg S: Neurotoxic effects of long-term exposure to organic hydrocarbon solvents: Epidemiologic aspects. In: Mechanisms of Toxicity and Hazard Evaluation, Holmstedt B, Lauwerys R, Mercier M, et al. (eds.), p 937, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hirshberg A, Lerman Y: Clinical problems in organophosphorus insecticide poisoning. The use of a computerized information system. Fundam Appl Toxicol 4:5209, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Hogstedt C, Axelson O: Long-term health effects of industrial solvents: A critical review of the epidemiologic research. Med Lav 77:11, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Hogstedt C, Hane M, Axelson O: Diagnostic and health care aspects of workers exposed to solvents. In: Developments in Occupational Medicine, p 249, Zenz C (ed.), Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Holmes JH, Gaon MD: Observations on acute and multiple exposure to anticholinesterase agents. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 68:86, 1956.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Husman K, Karli P: Clinical neurological findings among car painters exposed to a mixture of organic solvents. Scand J Work Environ Health 6:33, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Jeyaratnam J: Health problems of pesticide usage in the Third World. Br J Ind Med 42:505, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Johnson BL (ed.): Prevention of Neurotoxic Disease in Working Populations. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Knave B, Olson BA, Elofsson S, et al: Long-term exposure to jet fuel. H. A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation on occupationally exposed workers with special reference to the nervous system. Scand J Work Environ Health 4:19, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Korsak RJ, Sato MM: Effects of chronic organophosphate pesticide exposure on the central nervous system. Clin Toxicol 11:83, 1977.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Landrigan PJ, Kreiss K, Xintarus C, et al: Clinical epidemiology of occupational neurotoxic disease. Neurobehav Toxicol 2:43, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Lansdown R, Yule M, Urbanowicz MA, et al: The relationships between blood-lead concentrations, intelligence, attainment and behavior in a school population: The second London study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 57:225, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Letz R, Baker EL: Computer-administered neurobehavioral testing in occupational health. Semin Occup Med 1:197, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Levin AS, Byers VS: Environmental illness: A disorder of immune regulation. Occup Med 2:669, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Levine SA, Reinhardt JH: Biochemical-pathology initiated by free radicals, oxidant chemicals, and therapeutic drugs in the etiology of chemical hypersensitivity disease. Orthomol Psychiatry 12:166, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Lezak MD: Neuropsychological assessment in behavioral toxicology—developing techniques and interpretive issues. Scand J Work Environ Health 10 (Suppl 1):25, 1984.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Lilis R, Valciukas JA, Malkin J, et al: Effects of low-level lead and arsenic exposure on copper smelter workers. Arch Environ Health 40:38, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Linström K: Changes in psychological performance of solvent-poisoned and solvent-exposed workers. Am J Ind Med 1:69, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Linström K, Wickström G: Psychological function changes among maintenance house painters exposed to low levels of organic solvent mixtures. Acta Psy-chiatr Scand 67(Suppl 303):81, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Linström K, Riihimäki H, Hänninen K: Occupational solvent exposure and neuropsychiatric disorders. Scand J Work Environ Health 10:321, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Lotti M: Production and use of pesticides. In: Toxicology of Pesticides: Experimental, Clinical and Regulatory Perspectives, p 15, Costa LG, Galli CL, Murphy SD (eds.), Spring-Verlag, Berlin, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Maizlish NA, Langolf GD, Whitehead LW, et al: Behavioural evaluation of workers exposed to mixtures of organic solvents. Br J Ind Med 42:579, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Maizlish NA, Schenker M, Weisskopf C, et al: A behavioral evaluation of pest control workers with short-term low-level exposure to the organophosphate diazinon. Am J Ind Med 12:153, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Mantere P, Hänninen H, Hernberg S: Subclinical neurotoxic lead effects: Two-year follow-up studies with psychological test methods. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 4:725, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Mantere P, Hänninen H, Hernberg S, et al: A prospective follow-up study on psychological effects in workers exposed to low levels of lead. Scand J Work Environ Health 10:43, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Markowitz ME, Rosen JF: Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) metabolism in CaNa2EDTA-treated children with plumbism. Pediatr Res 15:635, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Matarazzo JD, Matarazzo RG: Clinical psychological test interpretations by computer: Hardware outpaces software. Comput Human Behav 1:235, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  101. McMichael AJ, Baghurst PA, Wigg NR, et al: Port Pirie cohort study: Environmental exposure to lead and children’s abilities at the age of four years. N Engl J Med 319:408, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Mello NK: Behavioral toxicology: A developing discipline. Fed Proc 34:1832, 1975.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Metcalf DR, Holmes JH: EEG, psychological and neurological alterations in humans with organophosphate exposure. Ann NY Acad Sci 160:357, 1969.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Mikkelsen S: A cohort study of disability pension and death among painters with special regard to disabling presenile dementia as an occupational disease. Scand J Soc Med 16(Suppl):34, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Mitchell CL, Tilson HA, Cabe PA: Screening for neurobehavioral toxicity: Factors to consider. In: Nervous System Toxicology, p 229, Mitchell C (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Needleman HL (ed.): Low Level Lead Exposure: The Clinical Implications of Current Research, Raven Press, New York, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Needleman HL: Epidemiological studies. In: Neurobehavioral Toxicology, p 279, Annau Z (ed.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Needleman HL: Low level lead exposure in the fetus and young child. Neurotoxicology 8:389, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Needleman HL: The neurotoxic, teratogenic, and behavioral teratogenic effects of lead at low doses: A paradigm for transplacental toxicants. In: Transplacental Effects of Fetal Health, p 279, Scarpelli DG, Magaki G (eds.), Alan R Liss, New York, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Needleman HL, Gunnoe C, Leviton A, et al: Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. N Engl J Med 300:689, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D: The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood: An 11-year follow-up report. N Engl J Med 322:83, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Olsen J, Sabroe S: A case-reference study of neuropsychiatrie disorders among workers exposed to solvents in the Danish wood and furniture industry. Scand J Soc Med 16(Suppl):44, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Randolph TC: Depression caused by home exposures to gas and combustion products of gas, oil, and coal. J Lab Clin Med 46:942, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Randolph TC: Human Ecology and Susceptibility to the Chemical Environment, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Randolph TC: Emergence of the specialty of clinical ecology. Clin Ecol 2:65, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Reiter L: Use of activity measures in behavioral toxicology. Environ Health Perspect 26:9, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Repko JD, Corum CR, Jones PD, et al: The effects of inorganic lead on behavioral and neurologic function, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Publication no. 78–128, Washington, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Reuhl KR, Chang LW: Effects of methylmercury on the development of the nervous system: A review. Neurotoxicology 1:21, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Riley EP, Vorhees CV (eds.): Handbook of Behavioral Teratology, Plenum Press, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Rodnitzky RL, Levin HS, Mick DL: Occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides: A neurobehavioral study. Arch Environ Health 30:98, 1975.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Savage EP, Keefe TJ, Mounce LM, et al: Chronic neurological sequelae of acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Arch Environ Health 43:38, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Schottenfeld RS: Workers with multiple chemical sensitivities: A psychiatric approach to diagnosis and treatment. Occup Med 2:739, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Schottenfeld RS, Cullen MR: Organic affective illness associated with lead intoxication. Am J Psychiatry 141:1423, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Sette WF: Complexity of neurotoxicological assessment. Neurotoxicol Teratol 9:411, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Sette WF, Levine TE: Behavior as a regulatory endpoint. In: Neurobehavioral Toxicology, p 391, Annau Z (ed.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Silbergeld EK: Indirectly acting neurotoxins. Acta Psychiatr Scand 67(Suppl 303):16, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Smith M, Delves T, Lansdown R, et al: The effects of lead exposure on urban children: The Institute of Child Health/Southhampton study. Dev Med Child Neurol 47 [Suppl]:1, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Smith MA, Grant LD, Sors AI (eds.): Lead Exposure and Child Development: An International Assessment, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Sorrell M, Rosen JF, Roginsky M: Interactions of lead, calcium, vitamin D and nutrition in lead-burdened children. Arch Environ Health 32:160, 1977.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Spencer PS, Schaumburg HH: Organic solvent neurotoxicity. Scand J Work Environ Health 11(Suppl 1): 53, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Spyker JM: Assessing the impact of low level chemicals on development: Behavioral and latent effects. Fed Proc 34:1836, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Strub RL, Black FW: Neurobehavioral Disorders: A Clinical Approach, 2nd ed., FA Davis, Philadelphia, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Struwe G, Wennberg A: Psychiatric and neurological symptoms in workers occupationally exposed to organic solvents. In: Biology Psychiatry, p 253, Perris C, Struwe G, Jannson B (eds.), Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Tabershaw IR, Cooper WC: Sequelae of acute organic phosphate poisoning. J Occup Med 8:5, 1966.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Terr AI: Environmental illness: A critical review of 50 cases. Arch Intern Med 146:145, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Terr AI: “Multiple chemical sensitivities”: Immunologic critique of clinical ecology theories and practice. Occup Med 2:683, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Terr AI: Clinical ecology in the workplace. J Occup Med 31:257, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Tilson HA, Mitchell CL: Neurobehavioral techniques to assess the effects of chemicals on the nervous system. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 24:425, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Triebig G, Bleecker M, Giliole R, et al: International working group on the epidemiology of the chronic neurobehavioral effects of organic solvents. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 61:423, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. US Environmental Protection Agency: Air Quality Criteria for Lead (EPA report no.EPA/600/8–83/028aF-dF), Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  141. US Environmental Protection Agency: Health Effects Test Guidelines (EPA 560.6–83–001, PB 83–257691), National Technical Information Services, Alexandria, VA, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Valciukas JA, Lilis R, Eisinger J, et al: Behavioral indicators of lead neurotoxicity: Results of a clinical field survey. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 41:217, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Vorhees CV: Reliability, sensitivity, and validity of behavioral indices of neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Ter-atol 9:445, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Wallingford KM, Carpenter J: Field experience overview: Investigating sources of indoor air quality problems in office buildings. In: Proceedings of IAQ ′86: Managing Indoor Air for Health and Energy Conservation, p 448, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Watson JM: Solvent abuse by children and young adults: A review. Br J Addict 75:27, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Weiss B: Behavior as an early indicator of pesticide toxicity. Toxicol Ind Health 4:351, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Weiss B, Lanes VG (eds.): Behavioral Toxicology, Plenum Press, New York, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  148. White R, Feldman RG: Neuropsychological assessment of toxic encephalopathy. Am J Ind Med 11:395, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Whorton MD, Obrinsky DL: Persistence of symptoms after mild to moderate acute organophosphate poisoning among 19 farm field workers. J Toxicol Environ Health 11:347, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Wigg NR, Vimpani GV, McMichael AJ, et al: Port Pirie cohort study: Childhood blood lead and neuropsychological development at age two years. J Epidemiol Commun Health 42:213, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Winneke G, Kraemer U: Neuropsychological effects of lead in children: Interactions with social background variable. Neuropsychobiology 11:195, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Winneke G, Kraemer U, Brockhaus U, et al: Neuropsychological studies in children with elevated tooth-lead concentration. II: Extended study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 108:231, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  153. World Health Organization: Safe Use of Pesticides, Technical Report Series No. 9, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  154. World Health Organization: Chronic Effects of Organic Solvents on the Central Nervous System and Diagnostic Criteria, World Health Organization and Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Yule W: Methological and statistical issues. In: The Lead Debate: The Environment, Toxicology and Child Health, p 193, Lansdown R, Yule W (eds.), Croom Helm, London, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Yule W, Rutter M: Effect of lead on children’s behavior and cognitive performance: A critical review. In: Dietary and Environmental Lead: Human Health Effects, p 211, Mahaffey K (ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Ziegler EE, Edwards BB, Jensen RL, et al: Absorption and retention of lead by infants. Pediatr Res 12:29, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Zimmerman-Tansella C, Campara P, D’Andrea F, et al: Psychological and physical complaints of subjects with low exposure to lead. Hum Toxicol 2:615, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

Recommended Readings

  • Annau Z (ed.): Neurobehavioral Toxicology, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman DE: Neuropsychological Toxicology: Identification and Assessment of Human Neurotoxic Syndromes. Pergamon Press, London, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson BL (ed.): Prevention of Neurotoxic Illness in Working Populations, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley EP, Vorhees CV (eds.): Handbook of Behavioral Teratology, Plenum Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith MA, Grant LD, Sors AL (eds.): Lead Exposure and Child Development: An International Assessment, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss B, Laties VG (eds.): Behavioral Toxicology, Plenum Press, New York, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hartman, D.E., Hessl, S., Tarcher, A.B. (1992). Neurobehavioral Disorders. In: Tarcher, A.B. (eds) Principles and Practice of Environmental Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2447-6_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2447-6_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2449-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2447-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics