Abstract
Claude Bernard, in 1879, introduced the concept that as organisms evolved to become more independent of their external environment, they developed more complex means of preserving their internal environment, the milieu interieur. He wrote that “all vital mechanisms, however varied they may be, have only one object, that of preserving the conditions of life in the internal environment.” Modern concepts of stress stem from this tenet.
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Kopin, I.J., Eisenhofer, G., Goldstein, D. (1988). Sympathoadrenal Medullary System and Stress. In: Chrousos, G.P., Loriaux, D.L., Gold, P.W. (eds) Mechanisms of Physical and Emotional Stress. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 245. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2064-5_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2064-5_2
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