Abstract
Bill, a 20-year-old psychology major at Bucknell University, is experiencing numerous life stresses. In addition to the expected academically related events, Bill is also “stressed” about his transition from college to the real world. Questions about what he can do with a psychology degree, what he should do about a long-standing romantic relationship, and where he will live after graduation are each associated with substantial psychological and emotional discomfort. Understanding how Bill deals with these stresses, why he uses the strategies he uses, and what impact these efforts have on his adjustment have long been of interest to coping researchers. In obtaining answers to these three issues, coping researchers have, over the preceding 15 years, taken a decidedly situation-specific view. Of paramount concern has been understanding how characteristics of the situation itself and one’s view of that situation influence coping strategy use. While providing us with a wealth of detailed information about what individuals do when confronted with particular life circumstances, the situation-specific view has to some extent neglected the role played by stable aspects of the individual.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of love. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709–716.
Ainsworth, M. S. D., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Amirkhan, J. M. (1990). A factor analytically derived measure of coping: The coping strategy indicator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1066–1074.
Amirkhan, J. M. (1994a). Criterion validity of a coping measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 242–261.
Amirkhan, J. M. (1994b). Seeking person-related predictors of coping: Exploratory analysis. European Journal of Personality, 8, 13–30.
Antonucci, T. C. (1991). Attachment, social support, and coping with negative life events in mature adulthood. In E. M. Cummings, A. L. Greene, & K. H. Karraker, (Eds.), Life Span Developmental Psychology: Perspectives on Stress and Coping, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Antonucci, T. C., & Akiyama, H. (1987a). An examination of sex differences in social support in older men and women. Sex Roles, 17, 737–749.
Antonucci, T. C., & Akiyama, H. (1987b). Social networks in adult life and a preliminary examination of the convoy model. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 519–527.
Antonucci, T. C., Kahn, R. L., & Akiyama, H. (1989). Psychosocial factors and the response to cancer symptoms. In R. Yancik & J. Yates (Eds.), Cancer in the elderly: Approaches to early detection and treatment (pp. 40–52). New York: Springer.
Bell, N. J., Avery, A. W., Jenkins, D., Feld, J., & Schoenrock, C. J. (1985). Family relationships and social competence during late adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 109–119.
Bern, D. J., & Allen, A. (1974). On predicting some of the people some of the time: The search for cross-situational consistencies in behavior. Psychological Review, 81, 506–520.
Bolger, N. (1990). Coping as a personality process: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 525–537.
Bostic, T. J., & Ptacek, J. T. (1996). Individual differences in the stability of coping. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Philadelphia, PA.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol.2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and health human development. New York: Basic Books.
Brown, G. K., & Nicassio, P. M. (1987). Development of a questionnaire for the assessment of active and passive coping strategies in chronic pain patients. Pain, 31, 53–64.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1994). Situational coping and coping dispositions in a stressful transaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 184–195.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283.
Caspi, A., & Bern, D. J. (1990). Personality continuity and chance across the life course. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 549–575). New York: Guilford.
Causey, D. L., & Dubow, E. F. (1992). Development of a self-report coping measure for elementary school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 47–59.
Collins, N.J., & Read, S. J. (1990). Working models and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 644–663.
Compas, B. E., Forsythe, C. J., & Wagner, B. M. (1988). Consistency and variability in causal attributions and coping with stress. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 305–320.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1994). Set like plaster? Evidence for the stability of adult personality. In T. Heatherton & J. Weinberger (Eds.), Can personality change? Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Elicker, J., Englund, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Predicting peer competence and peer relations in childhood from early parent-child relationships. In R. Parke & G. Ladd (Eds.), Family-Peer Relations: Modes of Linkage (pp. 77–106). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Epstein, S. (1979). The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1097–1126.
Feeney, J. A., & Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 281–291.
Fisher, J. D., Goff, B. A., Nadler, A., & Chinsky, J. M. (1988). Social psychological influences on help-seeking and support from peers. In B. H. Gottlieb, (Ed.), Marshaling social support: Formats, processes and effects (pp. 267–304). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219–239.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 150–170.
Fondacaro, M. R., & Moos, R. H. (1987). Social support and coping: A longitudinal analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15 653–673.
Glyshaw, K., Cohen, L. H., & Towbes, L. C. (1989). Coping strategies and psychological distress: Prospective analyses of early and middle adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 607–623.
Gore, S. (1985). Social support and styles of coping with stress. In S. Cohen & S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health (pp. 263–276). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Heatherton, T., & Weinberger, J. (Eds.). (1994). Can personality change? Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Hobfoll, S. E., Dunahoo, C. L., Ben-Porath, Y., & Monnier, J. (1994). Gender and coping: The dual-axis model of coping. American Journal of Community Psychology, 22, 49–82.
Hoffner, C. (1993). Children’s strategies for coping with stress: Blunting and monitoring. Motivation and Emotion, 17, 91–106.
Holahan, C. J., & Moos, R. H. (1987). Personal and contextual determinants of coping strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 946–955.
Horney, K. (1945). Our inner conflicts. New York: W. W Horton.
House, J. S., & Kahn, R. L. (1985). Measuring concepts of social support. In S. Cohen & S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health (pp. 83–108). New York: Academic Press.
Ilfeld, F. W. (1980). Coping styles of Chicago adults: Description. Journal of Human Stress, 6, 2–10.
Jensen, M. P., Turner, J. A., & Romano, J. M. (1991). Self-efficacy and outcome expectancies: Relationship to chronic pain coping strategies and adjustment. Pain, 44, 263–269.
Kendler, K. S., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., Neale, M. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1991). Coping: A genetic epidemiological investigation. Psychological Medicine, 2, 337–346.
Kendrick, D. T., & Funder, D.C. (1988). Profiting from controversy: Lessons from the person-situation debate. American Psychologist, 43, 23–34.
Kenny, M. (1987). Extent and function of parental attachment among first year college students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 17–29.
Krohne, H. W., & Rogner, J. (1982). Repression-sensitization as a central construct in coping research. In H. W. Krohne & L. Laux (Eds.), Achievement, stress, and anxiety. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
LaFreniere, P., & Sroufe, L. A. (1985). Profiles of peer competence in the preschool: Interrelations between measures, influence of social ecology, and relation to attachment history. Developmental Psychology, 21, 56–69.
Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 234–247.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
Main, M., & Weston, D. R. (1981). The quality of the toddler’s relationship to mother and father: Related to conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationships. Child Development, 52, 932–940.
McCrae, R. R. (1989). Age differences and changes in the use of coping mechanisms. Journal of Gerontology, 44, 161–169.
Menaghan, E. G. (1983). Individual coping efforts and family studies: Conceptual and methodological issues. Marriage and Family Review, 6, 113–135.
Miller, R A., Kliewer, W., Hepworth, J. T., & Sandier, I. N. (1994). Maternal socialization of children’s post-divorce coping: Development of a measurement model. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15, 457–487.
Miller, S. M. (1987). Monitoring and blunting: Validation of a questionnaire to assess styles of information seeking under threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 345–353.
Mischel, W. (1968). Personality assessment. New York: Wiley.
Muris, P., & Schouten, E. (1994). Monitoring and blunting: A factor analysis of the Miller Behavioral Style Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 285–287.
Muris, P., van Zuuren, F. J., De Jong, P. J., DeDeurs, E., et al. (1994). Monitoring and blunting coping styles: The Miller Behavioral Style Scale and its correlates, and the development of an alternative questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 9–19.
Nadler, A. (1986). Self-esteem and the seeking and receiving of help: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. In B. Maher (Ed.), Progress in experimental personality research (Vol. 14). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Nadler, A., Mayseless, O., Peri, N., & Chemerinski, A. (1985). Effects of opportunity to reciprocate and self-esteem on help-seeking behavior. Journal of Personality, 53, 23–35.
Nezu, A. M., & Nezu, C. M. (1987). Psychological distress, problem solving and coping reactions: Sex role differences. Sex Roles, 16, 205–214.
Parkes, K. R. (1984). Locus of control, cognitive appraisal, and coping in stressful episodes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 655–668.
Parkes, K. R. (1986). Coping in stressful episodes: The role of individual differences, environmental factors, and situational characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1277–1292.
Pastor, D. L. (1981). The quality of mother-infant attachment and its relationship to toddlers’ sociability with peers. Developmental Psychology, 17(3), 326–335.
Patterson, J. M., & McCubbin, H. I. (1987). Adolescent coping style and behaviors: conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescence, 10, 163–186.
Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2–21.
Pervin, L. A. (1994). Personality stability, personality change, and the question of process. In T. F. Heatherton & J. L. Weinberger, (Eds.), Can Personality Change? Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ptacek, J. T., Ptacek, J. J., & Dodge, K. L. (1994). Coping with cancer from the perspective of husbands and wives. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 12, 47–72.
Ptacek, J. T., Smith, R. E., & Chun, D. (1992). Appraisal, emotion, and coping: The process dealing with stress. Unpublished manuscript, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA.
Sarason, I. G., Levine, H. M., Basham, R. B., & Sarason, B. R. (1983). Assessing social support: The Social Support Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 127–139.
Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., & Shearin, E. N. (1986). Social support as an individual difference variable: Its stability, origins, and relational aspects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 845–855.
Scheier, M. F., Weintraub, J. K., & Carver, C. S. (1986). Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1257–1264.
Sidle, A., Moos, R., Adams, J., & Cady, P. (1969). Development of a coping scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 20, 226–232.
Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 971–980.
Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Nelligan, J. S. (1992). Support seeking and support giving within couples in an anxiety-provoking situation: The role of attachment styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 434–446.
Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaptation and competence. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, (Vol. 16, pp. 41-81). Hillsdale, NJ: Erbaum.
Stone, A. A., & Neale, J. M. (1984). New measure of daily coping: Development and preliminary results. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 892–906.
Taylor, C., Ptacek, J. T., & Swanston, S. (1995). Mothers’ reports of their childrens’ coping. Manuscript in preparation. Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA.
Terry, D. J. (1991). Coping resources and situational appraisals as predictors of coping behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 1031–1047.
Terry, D. J. (1994). Determinants of coping: The role of stable and situational factors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 895–910.
Vitaliano, P. P., Maiuro, R. D., Russo, J., & Becker, J. (1987). Raw versus relative scores in the assessment of coping strategies. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 1–18.
Waters, E., Wippman, J., & Sroufe, L. A. (1979). Attachment, positive affect, and competence in the peer group: Two studies in construct validation. Child Development, 50, 821–829.
Wills, T. A. (1987). Help-seeking as a coping mechanism. In C. R. Snyder & C. E. Ford (Eds.), Coping with negative life events: Clinical and social psychological perspectives (pp. 19–50). New York: Plenum.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ptacek, J.T., Gross, S. (1997). Coping as an Individual Difference Variable. In: Pierce, G.R., Lakey, B., Sarason, I.G., Sarason, B.R. (eds) Sourcebook of Social Support and Personality. The Springer Series in Social/Clinical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1843-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1843-7_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1845-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1843-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive