Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cognitive—Behavioral Treatment of Body-Image Disturbances

  • Chapter
Sourcebook of Psychological Treatment Manuals for Adult Disorders

Abstract

The human condition is inherently one of embodiment. Mind-body controversies aside, the function and appearance of the body is life shaping. This is true both in terms of others’ reactions to our bodies as we develop and interact with our social world and in terms of how we perceive and react to our own conditions of embodiment. The psychology of physical appearance (Cash, 1990; Jackson, 1992) considers both perspectives—the “outside view” concerning the social effects of appearance and the “inside view” that pertains to our highly personalized experiences of our own looks. The latter, in a broad sense, is what psychologists have come to call body image. This distinction is crucial because in appearance, as in other respects, we do not see ourselves as others see us (Cash, 1990).

We are bound to our bodies like an oyster is to its shell.

—Plato

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alberti, R. E., & Emmons, M. (1974). Your perfect right (rev. ed.). San Luis Obispo, CA: Impact Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Society for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. (1993). Data on the frequency of various cosmetic procedures. Arlington Heights, IL: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, R., & Cash, T. F. (1985). Physical attractiveness and maladjustment among psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 3, 170–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H. (1986). Causes of sexual dysfunction: The role of anxiety and cognitive interference. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 140–148.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, N. R. (1990). Objective bodily damage: Disfigurement and dignity. In T. F Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 131–148). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, D. M., & Abramowitz, S. I. (1989). Educative/support groups and subliminal psychodynamic activation for bulimic college women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 75–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berscheid, E., Walster, E., & Bohrnstedt, G. (1973, November). Body image. The happy American body: A survey report. Psychology Today, 7, 119–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, S., & Glue, P. (1988). Psychotherapy and dysmorphophobia: A case report. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 271–274.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bower, S. A., & Bower, G. H. (1976). Asserting your self. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braddock, L. E. (1982). Dysmorphophobia in adolescence: A case report. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 199–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, A. (1992). The beauty of disfigurement. In R. E. Bochat (Ed.), Special faces: Understanding facial disfigurement (pp. 34–39). New York: National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, M. L., Walsh, B. T., & Devlin, M. J. (1994). Binge eating disorder: Reliability and validity of a new diagnostic category. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 381–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M. P. (1985). Effects of delayed menarche in different contexts: Dance and nondance students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 285–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M. P. (1988). The psychological significance of secondary sexual characteristics in nine-to eleven-year-old girls. Child Development, 59, 1061–1069.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A., Cash, T. F., & Lewis, R. J. (1989). Body-image disturbances in adolescent female binge-purgers: A brief report of the results of a national survey in the U.S.A. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 605–613.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A., Cash, T. F., & Mikulka, P. J. (1990). Attitudinal body-image assessment: Factor analysis of the Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 135–144.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brownell, K. D. (1991). Dieting and the search for the perfect body: Where physiology and culture collide. Behavior Therapy, 22, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brownell, K. D., Wadden, T. A. (1991). The heterogeneity of obesity: Fitting treatments to individuals. Behavior Therapy, 22, 153–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruch, H. (1962). Perceptual and conceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatic Medicine, 24, 187–194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bull, R., & Rumsey, N. (1988). The social psychology of facial appearance. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butters, J. W., & Cash, T. F. (1987). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of women’s body-image dissatisfaction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 889–897.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canning, H., & Mayer, J. (1966). Obesity—Its possible effect on college acceptance. New England Journal of Medicine, 275, 1172–1174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1985). Physical appearance and mental health. In J. A. Graham & A. Kligman (Eds.), Psychology of cosmetic treatments (pp. 196–216). New York: Praeger Scientific.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1989). Body-image affect: Gestalt versus summing the parts. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69, 17–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1990). The psychology of physical appearance: Aesthetics, attributes, and images. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 51–79). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1991a). Binge-eating and body images among the obese: A further evaluation. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 367–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1991b). Body-image therapy: A program for self-directed change. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1992a). Body images and body weight: What is there to gain or lose? Weight Control Digest, 2(4), 169ff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1992b). Body-image therapy for persons with facial disfigurement: A cognitive-behavioral approach. In R. E. Bochat (Ed.), Special faces: Understanding facial disfigurement (pp. 25–33). New York: National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1992c). The Private Body Talk Questionnaire: An instrument for the assessment of cognitive bodyimage errors. Unpublished research, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1993a). Body-image attitudes among obese enrollees in a commercial weight-loss program. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 1099–1103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1993b). Multiple measures of body image and their psychosocial correlates. Unpublished research, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1994a). Body image and weight changes in a multisite comprehensive very-low-calorie diet program. Behavior Therapy, 25, 239–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1994b). Body-image attitudes: Evaluation, investment, and affect. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 1168–1170.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1994c). The Situational Inventory of Body-Image Dysphoria: Contextual assessment of a negative body image. The Behavior Therapist, 17, 133–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1994d). The users’ manual for the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. Available from the author, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1995a). Developmental teasing about physcial appearance: Retrospective descriptions and relationships with body image. Social Behavior and Personality, 23, 123–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1995b). What do you see when you look in the mirror?: Helping yourself to a positive body image. New York: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Brown, T. A. (1987). Body image in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A review of the literature. Behavior Modification, 11, 487–521.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., Counts, B., & Huffine, C. E. (1990). Current and vestigial effects of overweight among women: Fear of fat, attitudinal body image, and eating behaviors. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 12, 157–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Deagle, E. (1995). Body-image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A metaanalysis. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Green, G. K. (1986). Body weight and body image among college women: Perception, cognition, and affect. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50, 290–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Henry, P. (in press). Women’s body images: The results of a national survey in the U.S.A. Sex Roles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Hicks, K. L. (1990). Being fat versus thinking fat: Relationships with body image, eating behaviors, and well-being. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 327–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Jacobi, L. (1992). Looks aren’t everything (to everybody): The strength of ideals of physical appearance. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 621–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Labarge, A. (in press). The development and validation of the Appearance Schemas Inventory. Cognitive Theory and Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Lavallee, D. M. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral body-image therapy: Extended evidence of the efficacy of a self-directed program. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., Lewis, R. J., & Keeton, P. (1987, March). Development and validation of the Body-Image Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, Atlanta, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., Novy, P., & Grant, J. (1994). Why do women exercise? Factor analysis and further validation of the Reasons for Exercise Inventory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 539–544.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., Price, V., & Savin, R. (1993). The psychosocial effects of androgenetic alopecia among women: Comparisons with balding men and female controls. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 29, 568–575.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (Eds.). (1990). Body images: Development, deviance, and change. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (in press). The psychosocial effects of androgenetic alopecia and their implications for patient care. In D. Stough (Ed.), Surgical and medical hair restoration. St. Louis: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Soloway, D. (1975). Self-disclosure correlates of physical attractiveness: An exploratory study. Psychological Reports, 36, 579–586.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Szymanski, M. (1995). The development and validation of the Body-Image Ideals Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 466–477.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., Winstead, B. W., & Janda, L. H. (1985, July). Your body, yourself: A Psychology Today reader survey. Psychology Today, 19, 22–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F, Winstead, B. W, & Janda, L. H. (1986, April). The great American shape-up: Body image survey report. Psychology Today, 20, 30–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., Wood, K. C., Phelps, K. D., & Boyd, K. (1991). New assessments of weight-related body image derived from extant instruments. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 73, 235–241.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciliska, D. (1990). Beyond dieting: Psychoeducational interventions for chronically obese women, a nondieting approach. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, M., Johnson, C. L., & Stuckey, M. K. (1984). Treatment of bulimia with brief psychoeducational group therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1512–1516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, P. J., Taylor, M. J., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (1987). The development and validation of the Body Shape Questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 485–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R., Olmsted, M. P., & Rockert, W. (1990). Brief group psychoeducation for bulimia nervosa: Assessing the clinical significance of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 882–885.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeJong, W. (1980). The stigma of obestiy: The consequences of naive assumptions concernign the causes of physical deviance. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 81, 75–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeJong, W., & Kleck, R. (1986). The social-psychological effects of overweight. In C. P. Herman, M. P. Zanna, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Physical appearance, stigma, and social behavior: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 3, pp. 65–87). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • DelRosario, M. W., Brines, J. L., & Coleman, W. R. (1984). Emotional response patterns to body-weight related cues: Influence of body weight image. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 369–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs, A. C. (1990). The social-biological constructs of social competency. In T. P. Gullotta, G. R. Adams, & R. Montemayor (Eds.), Developing social competency in adolescence (pp. 43–94). New York: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drewnowski, A., & Yee, D. K. (1987). Men and body image: Are males satisfied with their body weight? Psychosomatic Medicine, 49, 626–634.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin, S. H., & Kerr, B. A. (1987). Comparison of interventions for women experiencing body image problems. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 136–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. (1977). Techniques for disputing irrational beliefs. New York: Institute for Rational Living.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabian, L. J., & Thompson, J. K. (1989). Body image and eating disturbance in young females. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn, C. G. (1987). The definition of bulimia nervosa: Guidelines for clinicians and research workers. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 9, 3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn, C. G., Jones, R., Peveler, R. C., Carr, S. J., Solomon, R. A., O’Connor, M. E., Burton, J., & Hope, R. A. (1991). Three treatments for bulimia nervosa: A comparative trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 463–469.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn, C. G., Peveler, R. C., Jones, R., Hope, R. A., & Doll, H. A. (1993). Predictors of 12-month outcome in bulimia nervosa and the influence of attitudes to shape and weight. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 696–698.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn, C. G., & Wilson, G. T. (1993). Binge eating: Nature, assessment, and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faith, M., Schare, M. L., & Cash, T. F. (1993, November). The Body Exposure in Sexual Activities Questionnaire: Psychometrics and sexual correlates. Paper presented at the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Atlanta, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallon, A. E. (1990). Culture in the mirror: Sociocultural determinants of body image. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 80–109). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallon, A. E., & Rozin, P. (1985). Sex differences in perceptions of body shape. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 102–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, J., & Corcoran, K. (1994). Measures for clinical practice: A sourcebook (2nd ed.). New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, E., & Thompson, J. K. (1994). A comparative evaluation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) versus exercise therapy (ET) for the treatment of body image disturbance: Preliminary findings. Behavior Modification, 18, 171–185.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S. (1986). Development and structure of the body image. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S. (1990). The evolution of psychological concepts about the body. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 3–20). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foa, E. B., & Wilson, R. (1991). Stop obsessing!: How to overcome your obsessions and compulsions. New York: Bantam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, R. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body-image change. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 272–295). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M. A., & Brownell, K. D. (1995). Psychological correlates of obesity: Moving to the next research generation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 3–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, P. E. (1992). Evidence in support of attitudes to shape and weight as a diagnostic criterion of bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 1, 321–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garner, D. M., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1981). Body image in anorexia nervosa: Measurement, theory and clinical applications. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 11, 263–284.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garner, D. M., Rockert, W., Davis, R., Garner, M. V., Olmsted, M. P., & Eagle, M. (1993). Comparison of cognitive-behavioral and supportive-expressive therapy for bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 37–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garner, D. M., & Wooley, S. C. (1991). Confronting the failure of behavioral and dietary treatments for obesity. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 729–780.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giles, T. R. (1988). Distortion of body image as an effect of conditioned fear. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 19, 143–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldblatt, P. B., Moore, M. E., & Stunkard, A. J. (1965). Social factors in obesity. Journal of the American Medical Association, 192, 97–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfried, M., & Davison, G. C. (1976). Clinical behavior therapy. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gortmaker, S. L., Must, A., Perrin, J. M., Sobol, A. M., & Dietz, W. H. (1993). Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 1008–1012.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, R. A., & Clum, G. A. (1993). The meta-analysis of self-help treatment approaches. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 169–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, J., & Cash, T. F (1995). Cognitive-behavioral body-image therapy: Comparative efficacy of group and modest-contact treatments. Behavior Therapy, 26, 69–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grilo, C. M., Wilfley, D. E., Brownell, K. D., & Rodin, J. (in press). Teasing, body image, and self-esteem in a clinical sample of obese women. Addictive Behaviors.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grilo, C. M., Wilfley, D. E., Jones, A., Brownell, K. D., & Rodin, J. (1994). The social self, body dissatisfaction, and binge eating in obese females. Obesity Research, 2, 24–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hangen, J. D., & Cash, T. F. (1991, November). Body-image attitudes and sexual functioning in a college population. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensley, S., & Cash, T. F. (1994). Effects of aerobic exercise on state and trait body image. Unpublished manuscript, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, E., Liebowitz, M. R., Winchel, R., Klumker, A., & Klein, D. F. (1989). Treatment of body-dysmorphic disorder with serotonin reuptake blockers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 768–770.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, L. K. (1982). Is there a disturbance in body image in anorexia nervosa? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 170, 305–307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, L. K., & Sobkiewicz, T. A. (1991). Body-image disturbance: Time to abandon the concept for eating disorders? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10, 15–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huon, G. F., & Brown, L. B. (1986). Body images in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5, 421–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, L. A. (1992). Physical appearance and gender: Sociobiological and sociocultural perspectives. Albany: SUNY Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobi, L., & Cash, T. F. (1994). In pursuit of the perfect appearance: Discrepancies among self-and ideal-percepts of multiple physical attributes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 379–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 12–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kayman, S., Bruvold, W., & Stern, J. S. (1990). Maintenance and relapse after weight loss in women: Behavioral aspects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52, 800–807.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keeton, W. P., Cash, T. F., & Brown, T. A. (1990). Body image or body images? Comparative, multidimensional assessment among college students. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 213–230.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, J. (1978). Sexual permissiveness: Evidence for a theory. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 40, 455–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellner, R. (1986). Somatization and hypochondriasis. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klesges, R. C. (1983). An analysis of body-image distortions in a nonpatient population. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 35–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, D. W. (1989). Body self and psychological self: Developmental and clinical integration in disorders of the self. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, D. W. (1990). Developmental and psychodynamic perspectives on body-image change. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 255–271). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labarge, A. S., Cash, T. F., & Brown, T. A. (in press). Use of a modified Stroop task to examine schematic processing of appearance-related information among college women. Cognitive Therapy and Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, J. H., & Birtchnell, S. A. (1986). Body image and its disturbances. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 30, 623–631.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, J. C., & Pines, H. A. (1979). No fat persons need apply: Experimental studies of the overweight stereotype and hiring preferences. Sociology of Work and Occupations, 6, 312–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitenberg, H., Rosen, J. C., Gross, J., Nudelman, S., & Vara, L. (1988). Exposure plus response prevention treatment of bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 535–541.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M., & Jovanovic, J. (1990). The role of body image in psychosocial development across the life span: A developmental contextual perspective. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 110–127). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, R. J., Cash, T. F., Jacobi, L., & Bubb-Lewis, C. (1995). Prejudice toward fat people: Development and validation of the Anti-Fat Attitudes Test. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacCorquodale, P., & DeLamater, J. (1979). Self-image and premarital sexuality. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 327–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macgregor, F. C. (1979). After plastic surgery: Adaptation and adjustment. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macgregor, F. C. (1990). Facial disfigurement: Problems and management of social interaction and implications for mental health. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 14, 249–257.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, M. J. (1990). Psychotherapy and the body in the mind. In T. F. Cash & Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 316–333). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I., & Mishan, J. (1988). Dysmorphophobic avoidance with disturbed bodily perception: A pilot study of exposure therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 674–678.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H., Hamill, R., & Sentis, K. P. (1987). Thinking fat: Self-schemas for body weight and the processing of weight relevant information. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 50–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marlatt, G. A., & Gordon, J. (1984). Relapse prevention: A self-control strategy for the maintenance of behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsella, A. J., Shizuru, L., Brennan, J., & Kaneoka, V. (1981). Depression and body image satisfaction. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 12, 360–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • McElroy, S. L., Phillips, K. A., Keck, P. E., Hudson, J. I., & Pope, H. G. (1993). Body dysmorphic disorder: Does it have a psychotic subtype? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54, 389–395.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, P. J. (1984). Disorders with overvalued ideas. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 579–585.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meichenbaum, D. (1985). Stress inoculation training. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K. R., & Orr, F. F. (1976). Heterosexual social competence, anxiety, avoidance, and self-judged physical attractiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 43, 553–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munjack, D. J. (1978). The behavioral treatment of dysmorphophobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 9, 53–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munro, A. (1988). Monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153(Suppl. No. 2), 37–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muth, J. L., & Cash, T. F. (1995). Gender differences in body-image attitudes: Evaluation, investment, and affect. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neziroglu, F. A., & Yaryura-Tobias, J. A. (1993). Exposure, response prevention, and cognitive therapy in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Behavior Therapy, 24, 431–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noles, S. W., Cash, T. F., & Winstead, B. A. (1985). Body image, physical attractiveness, and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 88–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olmsted, M. P., Davis, R., Rockert, W., Irvine, M. J., Eagle, M., & Garner, D. M. (1991). Efficacy of a brief group psychoeducational intervention of bulimia nervosa. Behavior Research and Therapy, 29, 71–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ordman, A. M., & Kirschenbaum, D. S. (1985). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia: An initial outcome study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 305–313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, K. A. (1991). Body dysmorphic disorder: The distress of imagined ugliness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1138–1149.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, K. A., McElroy, S. L., Keck, P. E., Pope, H. G., & Hudson, J. I. (1993). Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 302–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pliner, P., Chaiken, S., & Flett, G. L. (1990). Gender differences in concern with body weight and physical appearance over the life span. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 263–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polivy, J., & Herman, P. (1983). Breaking the diet habit. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polivy, J., & Herman, P. (1992). Undieting: A program to help people stop dieting. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 11, 261–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruzinsky, T. (1990). Psychopathology of body experience: Expanded perspectives. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 170–189). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruzinsky, T. (1992). Social and psychological challenges for individuals with facial disfigurement. In R. E. Bochat (Ed.), Special faces: Understanding facial disfigurement (pp. 15–24). New York: National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruzinsky, T., & Cash, T. F. (1990a). Integrative themes in body-image development, deviance, and change. In Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 337–349). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruzinsky, T., & Cash, T. F. (1990b). Medical interventions for the enhancement of adolescents’ physical appearance: Implications for social competence. In T. P. Gullotta, G. R. Adams & Montemayor (Eds.), Developing social competency in adolescence (pp. 220–242). New York: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruzinsky, T., & Edgerton, M. (1990). Body-image change in cosmetic plastic surgery. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 190–236). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radke-Sharpe, N., Whitney-Saltiel, D., & Rodin, J. (1990). Fat distribution as a risk factor for weight and eating concerns. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9, 27–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieves, L., & Cash, T. F. (1995). Reported social developmental factors associated with women’s body-image attitudes. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodin, J., Silberstein, L., & Striegel-Moore, R. (1984). Women and weight: A normative discontent. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 32, 267–307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, G. M., & Ross, A. O. (1968). Relationship of body image to self-concept. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, J. C. (1990). Body-image disturbances in eating disorders. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 190–214). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, J. C. (1992). Body image disorder: Definition, development, and contribution to eating disorders. In J. H. Crowther, D. L. Tennenbaum, S. E. Hobfoll, & M. A. P. Stephens (Eds.), The etiology of bulimia: The individual and family context (pp. 157–177). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, J. C. (1995). The nature of body dysmorphic disorder and treatment with cognitive behavior therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 2, 143–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, J. C., Cado, S., Silberg, N. T., Srebnik, D., Wendt, S. (1990). Cognitive-behavior therapy with and without size perception training for women with body image disturbance. Behavior Therapy, 21, 481–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, J. C., & Cash, T. F. (1995). Learning to have a better body image. Weight Control Digest, 5, 409–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, J. C. Orosan, P., & Reiter, J. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral body-image therapy for negative body images in obese women. Behavior Therapy, 26, 25–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, J. C, & Reiter, J. (1992). Body dysmorphic disorder examination. Unpublished manuscript, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, J. C., Reiter, J., & Orosan, P. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral body-image therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 263–269.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, J. C., Saltzberg, E., & Srebnik, D. (1989). Cognitive-behavior therapy for negative body image. Behavior Therapy, 20, 393–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, J. C., Srebnik, D., Saltzberg, E., & Wendt, S. (1991). Development of a body image avoidance questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 3, 32–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, R. T. (1982). Koro (Shook Yang): A culture-bound psychogenic syndrome. In C. T. H. Friedmann & R. A. Fauget (Eds.), Extraordinary disorders of human behavior (pp. 155–172). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rucker, C. E., & Cash, T. F. (1992). Body images, body-size perceptions, and eating behaviors among African-American and white college women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 12, 291–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sank, L. I., & Shaffer, C. S. (1984). A therapist’s manual for cognitive behavior therapy in groups. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlundt, D. G., & Johnson, W. G. (1990). Eating disorders: Assessment and treatment. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulman, A. H., & Kaplowitz, C. (1977). Mirror-image responses during the first two years of life. Developmental Psychobiology, 10, 133–142.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scogin, F., Bynum, J., Stephens, G., & Calhoon, S. (1990). Efficacy of self-administered treatment programs: Meta-analytic review. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 42–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, J., Joseph, N., Donovan, J., & Gosnell, M. (1987, July). The littlest dieters. Newsweek, 48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Kessler, J. W. (1991). A three-component model of children’s teasing: Aggression, humor, and ambiguity. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 459–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shontz, F. C. (1990). Body image and physical disability. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 149–169). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silberstein, L. R., Striegel-Moore, R. H., Timko, C., & Rodin, J. (1988). Behavioral and psychological implications of body dissatisfaction: Do men and women differ? Sex Roles, 19, 219–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, B., Perdue, L., Peterson, B., & Kelly, E. (1986). The role of the mass media in promoting a thin standard of bodily attractiveness for women. Sex Roles, 14, 519–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solyom, L., DiNicola, F. F., Phil, M., Sookman, D., & Luchins, D. (1985). Is there an obsessive psychosis? Aetiological and prognostic factors of an atypical form of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 372–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stake, J., & Lauer, M. S. (1987). The consequences of being overweight: A controlled study of gender differences. Sex Roles, 17, 31–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. J., & Hollander, E. (1992). Dermatology and conditions related to obsessive-compulsive disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 26, 237–242.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steketee, G., & White, K. (1990). When once is not enough: Help for obsessive-compulsives. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Striegel-Moore, R. H., Silberstein, L. R., Frensch, P., & Rodin, J. (1989). A prospective study of disordered eating among college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 499–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stunkard, A. J., & Burt, V. (1967). Obesity and body image: II. Age at onset of disturbances in the body image. American Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 1443–1447.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stunkard, A. J., & Mendelson, M. (1967). Obesity and body image: I. Characteristics of disturbances in the body image of some obese persons. American Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 1296–1300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szymanski, M. L., & Cash, T. F. (1995). Body-image disturbances and self-discrepancy therapy: Expansion of the Body-Image Ideals Questionnaire. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 134–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. K. (1990). Body-image disturbance: Assessment and treatment. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. K. (1992). Body image: Extent of disturbance, associated features, theoretical models, assessment methodologies, intervention strategies, and a proposal for a new DSM-IV category—Body Image Disorder. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (vol. 28, pp. 3–54). Sycamore, IL: Sycamore Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. K., Fabian, L. J., Moulton, D. O., Dunn, M. F., & Altabe, M. N. (1991). The Physical Appearance Related Teasing Scale (PARTS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 56, 513–521.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. K., Penner, L. A., & Altabe, M. N. (1990). Procedures, problems, and progress in the assessment of body images. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 21–48). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. K., & Psaltis, K. (1988). Multiple aspects and correlates of body figure ratings: A replication and extension of Fallon and Rozin (1985). International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 813–818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiggeman, M., & Rothblum, E. D. (1988). Gender differences in social consequences of perceived overweight in the United States and Australia. Sex Roles, 18, 75–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, L. A. (1982). Relationship between perceived somatotype and body cathexis of college males. Psychological Reports, 50, 983–989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitiello, B., & de Leon, J. (1990). Dysmorphophobia misdiagnosed as obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychosomatics, 31, 220–222.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wadden, T. A., Stunkard, A. J., & Liebschutz, J. (1988). Three-year follow-up of the treatment of obesity by very low calorie diet, behavior therapy, and their combination. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 925–928.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, B. W., & Rosen, P. M. (1988). Self-mutilation: Theory, research and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, D. A. (1990). Assessment of eating disorders: Obesity, anorexia, and bulimia nervosa. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, D. A., Davis, C. J., Bennett, S. M., Goreczny, A. J., & Gleaves, D. H. (1989). Development of a simple procedure for assessing body image disturbances. Behavioral Assessment, 11, 433–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. T., & Fairburn, C. G. (1993). Cognitive treatments for eating disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 261–269.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. T., & Pike, K. M. (1993). Eating disorders. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders (2nd ed., pp. 278–317). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. T., Rossiter, E., Kleinfield, E. I., & Lindholm, L. (1986). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of bulimia nervosa: A controlled evaluation. Behavior Research and Therapy, 24, 277–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. T., & Smith, D. (1989). Assessment of bulimia nervosa: An evaluation of the Eating Disorders Examination. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 173–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolchik, S. A., Weiss, L., & Katzman, M. K. (1986). An empirically validated, short term psycho-educational group treatment program for bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5, 21–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, E. M., & Crowther, J. H. (1992). An evaluation of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral group intervention for the treatment of bulimia nervosa in women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 11, 3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooley, S. C., & Kearney-Cooke, A. (1986). Intensive treatment of bulimia and body-image disturbance. In K. D. Brownell & J. P. Foreyt (Eds.), Handbook of eating disorders: Physiology, psychology, and treatment of obesity, anorexia, and bulimia (pp. 476–502). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, USA

    Thomas F. Cash

  2. Virginia Consortium for Professional Psychology, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, USA

    Jill R. Grant

Authors
  1. Thomas F. Cash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jill R. Grant
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Psychological Studies, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 33314, USA

    Vincent B. Van Hasselt  & Michel Hersen  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cash, T.F., Grant, J.R. (1996). Cognitive—Behavioral Treatment of Body-Image Disturbances. In: Van Hasselt, V.B., Hersen, M. (eds) Sourcebook of Psychological Treatment Manuals for Adult Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1528-3_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1528-3_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1530-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1528-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation