Abstract
Infertility offers an ideal opportunity to examine people’s cognitive adaptation in the face of threat. First, it is a major life event that is an impediment to a developmental milestone, the transition to parenthood (Belsky, Spanier, & Rovine, 1983; Hobbs & Cole, 1976). The magnitude of this threat is captured in the following spontaneous descriptions offered by our research participants:
I think it’s the worst experience of my life. The only other tragedy I can compare it to in my life was when my father died, out of the blue...
Devastating, frustrating, painful, rageful. As many negative adjectives I could think of to describe it. It’s not an experience I would wish on anyone.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358–372.
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49–74.
Affleck, G., Tennen, H., & Gershman, K. (1985a). Cognitive adaptations to high risk infants: The search for meaning, mastery, and protection from future harm. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 89, 653–656.
Affleck, G., Allen, D. A., Tennen, H., McGrade, B. J., & Ratzan, S. (1985b). Causal and control cognitions in parent coping with a chronically ill child. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 3, 369–379.
Affleck, G., Tennen, H., Croog, S., & Levine, S. (1987a). Causal attribution, perceived benefits, and morbidity after a heart attack: An 8-year study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 29–35.
Affleck, G., Tennen, H., Pfeiffer, C., & Fifield, J. (1987b). Appraisals of control and predictability in adapting to a chronic disease. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 273–279.
Affleck, G., Tennen, H., Rowe, D., Walker, L., & Higgins, P. (in press). Mother’s interpersonal relationships and adaptation to hospital and home care of high risk infants. In R. Anatonak & J. Mulick (Eds.), Transitions in Mental Retardation, Vol. V. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.
Averill, J. (1973). Personal control over aversive stimuli and its relationship to stress. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 286–303.
Belsky, J., Spanier, G. B., & Rovine, M. (1983). Stability and change in marriage across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 567–576.
Bruning, J. L., & Kintz, B. L. (1968). Computational handbook of statistics. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
Bulman, R., & Wortman, C. (1977). Attributions of blame and coping in the “real world”: Severe accident victims react to their lot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 351–363.
Burger, J. M. (1989). Negative reactions to increases in perceived personal control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 246–256.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validity by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105.
Daniluk, J. C. (1988). Infertility: Intrapersonal and interpersonal impact. Fertility and Sterility, 49, 982–990.
Daniluk, J. C., Leader, A., & Taylor, P. J. (1987). Psychological and relationship changes of couples undergoing an infertility investigation: Some implications for counsellors. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15, 29–36.
Derogatis, L. R. (1977). SCL-90: Administration, scoring and procedures manual for the revised version. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.
Edelmann, R. J., & Connolly, K.J. (1986). Psychological aspects of infertility. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 59, 209–219.
Fincham, F. D. (1985). Attribution process in distressed and non-distressed couples: 2. Responsibility for marital problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 183–190.
Folkman, S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 839–852.
Groves, R. M., & Kahn, R. (1979). Comparing telephone and personal interview surveys. New York: Academic Press.
Hobbs, D. F., & Cole, S. P. (1976). Transition to parenthood: A decade replication. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 723–731.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1979). Characterological versus behavioral self-blame: Inquires into depression and rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1798–1809.
Kenny, D. A. (1988). The analysis of data from two-person relationships. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of interpersonal relations (pp. 51–62). London: Wiley.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Williams, D. A. (1987). Self-blame, compliance, and distress among burn patients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 187–193.
Klinger, E. (1975). Consequences of, commitment to, and disengagement from incentives. Psychological Review, 82, 1–25.
Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1–11.
Kübler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. New York: Macmillan.
Langer, E., & Rodin, J. (1976). The effect of choice and enhanced personal responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 191–198.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
Link, P. W., & Darling, C. A. (1986). Couples undergoing treatment for infertility: Dimensions of life satisfaction. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 12, 46–59.
Litt, M. D. (March, 1989). Attributions of causality and control in adaptation in in-vitro fertilization. Presented at the tenth annual meeting of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, San Francisco.
Major, B., Mueller, P., & Hildebrandt, K. (1985). Attributions, expectations, and coping with abortion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 585–599.
Mazor, M. D., & Simons, H. F. (Eds.). (1984). Infertility: Medical, emotional and social considerations. New York: Human Sciences Press.
McEwan, K. L., Costello, C. G., & Taylor, P. J. (1987). Adjustment to infertility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 108–116.
Menning, B. E. (1977). Infertility: A guide for the childless couple. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Menning, B. E. (1980). The emotional needs of infertile couples. Fertility and Sterility, 34, 313–319.
Meyer, C. B., & Taylor, S. E. (1986). Adjustment to rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1226–1234.
Miller, S. (1980). Why having control reduces stress: If I can stop the roller coaster, I don’t want to get off. In J. Garber & M. Seligman (Eds.), Human helplessness: Theory and applications (pp. 71–95). New York: Academic Press.
Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 5–37.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1987). Dispositional optimism and physical well-being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55, 169–210.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Shontz, F. C. (1975). The psychological aspects of physical illness and disability. New York: Mac-millan.
Shur, M. (1953). The ego and anxiety. In R. M. Lowenstein (Ed.), Drives, affects, and behavior (pp. 279–375). New York: International Unversities Press.
Silver, R. L., & Wortman, C. B. (1980). Coping with undesirable life events. In J. Garber & M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.), Human helplessness: Theory and applications (pp. 279–375). New York: Academic Press.
Stangel, J. J. (1979). Fertility and conception. New York: Paddington Press.
Sudman, S., & Bradburn, N. M. (1974). Response effects in surveys: A review and synthesis. Chicago: Aldine.
Suls, J., & Mullen, B. (1981). Life events, perceived control and illness: The role of uncertainty. Journal of Human Stress, 7, 30–34.
Taylor, S. E., Lichtman, R. R., & Wood, J. V. (1984). Attributions, beliefs about control, and adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 489–502.
Tennen, H., & Affleck, G. (1987). The costs and benefits of optimistic explanations and dispositional optimism. Journal of Personality, 55, 377–393.
Tennen, H., & Affleck, G. (1990). Blaming others for threatening events. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 209–232.
Tennen, H., Affleck, G., & Gershman, K. (1986). Self-blame among parents of infants with perinatal complication: The role of self-protective motives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 690–696.
Tennen, H., Affleck, G., & Herzberger, S. (1985). SCL-90-R. In D. J. Keyser & R. C. Sweetland (Eds.), Test critiques (Vol. 3, pp. 583–594). Kansas City, MO: Test Corporation of America.
Tennen, H., Allen, D. A., Affleck, G., McGrade, B. J., & Ratzan, S. (1984). Causal attributions and coping with insulin-dependent diabetes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 5, 131–142.
Thompson, I. E. (1984). The medical workup: Female and combined problems. In M. D. Mazor & H. F. Simons (Eds.), Infertility: Medical, emotional, and social considerations (pp. 3–12). New York: Human Sciences Press.
Thompson, S. C. (1981). Will it hurt less if I can control it? A complex answer to a simple question. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 89–101.
Thompson, S. C. (1985). Finding positive meaning in a stressful event and coping. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 6, 279–295.
Timko, C., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1985). Attributions, vulnerability, and psychological adjustment: The case of breast cancer. Health Psychology, 4, 521–544.
Weiner, B. (1985). “Spontaneous” causal thinking. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 74–84.
Whitley, B. E., & Frieze, I. H. (1986). Measuring causal attributions for success and failure: A meta-analysis of the effects of question-wording style. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 7, 35–51.
Wortman, C. B., & Silver, R. C. (1987). Coping with irrevocable loss. In G. R. VandenBos & B. K. Bryant (Eds.), Cataclysms, crises, and catastrophies: Psychology in action (pp. 189–235). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Zetzel, E. (1965). Depression and the capacity to bear it. In M. Shur (Ed.), Drives, affects, and behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 243–274). New York: International Universities Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tennen, H., Affleck, G., Mendola, R. (1991). Causal Explanations for Infertility. In: Stanton, A.L., Dunkel-Schetter, C. (eds) Infertility. The Springer Series on Stress and Coping. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0753-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0753-0_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0755-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0753-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive