Abstract
It is within the family that most people first experience being the victim of physical aggression in the form of being “spanked,” “smacked,” or slapped by a parent. Moreover, because parents who hit children almost always do so for the morally correct purpose of stopping misbehavior, corporal punishment teaches that physical aggression is a morally correct way to stop what is perceived as someone else’s misbehavior. In addition, millions of children throughout the world grow in household in which they witness parents physically and psychologically attacking each other. This experience, like the experience of being hit by parents, is associated with an increased probability of subsequent physical violence both within and outside the family. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the evidence on which each of the above statements is based and to present data on trends in physical aggression within the family and the implications for societal violence.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Gelles RJ, Straus MA., 1979, Determinants of violence in the family: Towards a theoretical integration. In: Burr WR, Hill R, Nye FI, Reiss IL, editors. Contemporary theories about the family. New York: Free Press, Chapter 21.
Straus MA, Hotaling GT., 1980, Culture, social organization, and irony in the study of family violence. In: Straus MA, Hotaling GT, editors. The Social Causes of Husband-Wife Violence. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 3–22.
Straus MA., 1990, The Conflict Tactics Scales and its critics: An evaluation and new data on validity and reliability. In: Straus MA, Gelles RJ, editors. Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8, 145 families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publications, 49–73.
Straus MA, Hamby SL, Boney-McCoy S, Sugarman DB., 1996, The revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues 17 (3): 283–316.
Straus MA, Hamby SL., 1997, Measuring physical and psychological maltreatment of children with the Conflict Tactics Scales. In: Kaufman Kantor G, Jasinski J, editors. Out of the darkness: Contemporary research perspectives on family violence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Straus MA, Hamby SL, Finkelhor D, Moore DW, Runyan D., 1998, Identification of child maltreatment with the parent-child Conflict Tactics Scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse and Neglect 22249–270.
Straus MA, Geiles RJ., 1990, Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8.145 families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Straus MA., 1999, Child report and adult recall versions of the revised Conflict Tactics Scales: Durham, NH: Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire.
Suitor JJ, Pillemer K, Straus MA., 1990, Marital violence in a life course perspective. In: Straus MA, Gelles RJ, editors. Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8, 145 families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 305–319.
O’Leary KD, Arias I, Rosenbaum A, Barling J., 1985, Premarital physical aggression. unpublished-State University of New York.
Sugarman DB, Hotaling GT., 1989, Dating violence: Prevalence, context, and risk markers. In: Pirog-Good AA, Stets JE, editors. Violence in dating relationships: Emerging social issues. New York: Praeger, 3–31.
Feld SL, Straus MA., 1990, Escalation and desistance from wife assault in marriage. In: Straus MA, Gelles RJ, editors. Physical violence in Americanfamilies: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8, 145 families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 489–505.
Straus MA., 2000, Beating the Devil out of Them: Corporal Punishment in American Families And Its Effects on Children, 2nd Edition. 2nd ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Straus MA, Stewart JH., 1999, Corporal punishment by American parents: National data on prevalence, chronicity, severity, and duration, in relation to child, and family characteristics. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 2 (2): 55–70.
Giles-Sims J, Straus MA, Sugarman DB., 1995, Child, maternal and family characteristics associated with spanking. Family Relations 44 (2): 170–176.
Holden GW, Coleman SM, Schmidt KL., 1995, Why 3-year-old children get spanked: Parent and child determinants as reported by college-educated mothers. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 41: 431–452.
Straus MA, Mathur AK., 1996, Social change and change in approval of corporal punishment by parents from 1968 to 1994. In: Frehsee D, Horn W, Bussmann K-D, editors. Family violence against children: A challenge for society. New York: Walter deGruyter, 91–105.
Holden GW, Geffner R, Jouriles EN., 1998, Children exposed to marital violence: Theory, research, and applied issues. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Straus MA., 1992, Children as witness to marital violence: A risk factor for life long problems among a nationally representative sample of American men and women. In: Schwartz DF, editor. Children and Violence: Report of the Twenty Third Ross Roundmble on Critical Approaches to Common Pediatric Problems. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, 98–109.
DuRant RH, Getts A, Cadenhead C, Emans SJ., 1995, Exposure to violence and victimization and depression, hopelessness, and purpose in life among adolescents living in and around public housing. Journal of Deviant Behavior in Pediatrics 16: 233–237.
Gelles RJ, Straus MA., 1988, Intimate violence. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Bamett OW, Miller-Perrin CL, Perrin RD., 1997, Family violence across the lifespan: An introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Sears RR, Maccoby EC, Levin L., 1957, Patterns of child rearing. New York, New York: Harper and Row.
Strassberg Z, Dodge KA, Petit GS, Bates JE., 1994, Spanking in the home and children’s subsequent aggression toward kindergarten peers. Development and Psychopathy 6: 445–461.
Straus MA, Yodanis CL., 1996, Corporal punishment in adolescence and physical assaults on spouses later in life: What accounts for the link? Journal of Marriage and the Family 58 (4): 825–841.
MacMillan HL, Boyle MB, Wong MY-Y, Duku EK, Fleming JE, Walsh CA., 1999, Slapping, spanking and lifetime psychiatric disorder in a community sample of Ontario residents. Canadian Medical Association Journal 7 (161): 805–809.
McCord, J., 1997, “On discipline”. Psychological Inquiry 8: 215–217.
Straus MA, Sugarman DB, Giles-Sims J., 1997, Spanking by parents and subsequent antisocial behavior of children. Archives of pediatric and adolescent medicine 151 (August): 761–767.
Gunnoe ML, Mariner CL., 1997, Toward a developmental-contextual model of the effects of parental spanking on children’s aggression. Archives in Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 151 (August): 768–775.
Brezina T., 1999, Teenage violence toward parents as an adaptation to family strain: Evidence from a national survey of male adolescents. Youth & Society 30 (4): 416–444.
Simons RL, Lin K-11, Gordon LC., 1998, Socialization in the Family of origin and male dating violence: A protective study. Journal of Marriage and the Family 60 (2): 467–478.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidance for Effective Discipline (RE9740), 1998, Pediatrics 101 (4): 723–728.
Straus MA., 1995, Trends in cultural norms and rates of partner violence: An update to 1992. In: Stith S, Straus MA, editors. Understanding partner violence: Prevalence, causes, consequences, and solutions. Minneapolis, MN: National Council on Family Relations, 30–33.
Greenfeld LA, Rand MR, Craven D, Klaus PA, Perkins CA, Ringel C, et al., 1998, Violence by intimates: Analysis of data on crimes by current or former spouses, boyfriends, and girlfriends. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.
Straus MA, Gelles RJ., 1986, Societal change and change in family violence from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two national surveys. Journal of Marriage and the Family 48: 465–479.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Straus, M.A. (2001). Physical aggression in the family. In: Martinez, M. (eds) Prevention and Control of Aggression and the Impact on its Victims. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6238-9_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6238-9_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3366-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-6238-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive