Abstract
This text explains some of the basics of intermediate optical systems in confocal microscopes. Most of the considerations are very simple and based on geometrical optics. Therefore, the author does not present unnecessary mathematics. The simple calculations that are part of the text should be sufficient to understand which calculations are relevant for the design of confocal microscopes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agard, D., and Sedat J., 1983 Three-dimensional architecture of a polytene nucleus, Nature 302:676–681.
Bacallao, R., and Stelzer, E.H.K., 1989, Preservation of biological specimens for observation in a confocal fluorescence microscope and operational principles of confocal fluorescence microscopy, Methods Cell Bio. 31:437–452.
Brakenhoff, G.J., Blom, P., and Barends, P., 1979, Confocal scanning light microscopy with high aperture immersion lenses, J. Microsc. 117:219–232.
Carlsson, K., and Liljeborg, A., 1989, A confocal laser microscope scanner for digital recording of optical serial sections, J. Microsc. 153:171–180.
Denk, W., Strickler, J. H., and Webb, W. W., 1990, Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, Science 248:73–76.
Draaijer, A., and Houpt, P.M., 1988, A standard video-rate confocal laser-scanning reflection and fluorescence microscope, Scanning 10:139–145.
Fay, F.S., Carrington, W., and Fogarty, K.E., 1989, Three-dimensional molecular distribution in single cells analysed using the digital imaging microscope, J. Microsc. 153:133–149.
Goldstein, S., 1989, A video rate confocal laser beam scanning light microscope using an image dissector, J. Microsc. 153:Rp1–Rp2.
Goodman, J.W., 1968, Introduction to Fourier Optics, McGraw-Hill, San Francisco.
Hiraoka, Y., Sedat, J.W., and Agard, D.A., 1987, The use of a charge-coupled device for quantitative optical microscopy of biological structures, Science 238:36–41.
Marsman, H.J.B., Stricker, R., Wijnaendts-van-Resandt, R.W., Brakenhoff, G.J., and Blom, P., 1983, Mechanical scan system for microscopic applications, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 54:1047–1052.
Melles Griot Optics Guide 5 (Referred to as MG5 in text), 1990. The catalogue from Melles Griot is very informative and contains numerous excellent comments on optical elements and performance characteristics.
Minsky, M., 1961, U.S. Patent #3013467, Microscopy Apparatus.
Minsky, M., 1988, Memoir on inventing the confocal scanning microscope, Scanning 10:128–138.
Pawley, J.B., Amos, W.B., Dixon, A., and Brelje, T.C., 1993, Simultaneous, non-interfering, collection of optimal fluorescent and backscattered light signals on the MRC-500/600, Proc. Microsc. Soc. America, 51:156–157.
Petráň, M., Hadravsky, M., Egger, M.D., and Galambos, R., 1968, Tandem-scanning reflected-light microscope, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58:661–664.
Schröder, G., 1992, Naumann/Schröder: Bauelemente der Optik—Taschenbuch der technischen Optik, Carl Hanser, München.
Stelzer, E.H.K., and Wijnaendts-van-Resandt, R.W., 1985, Applications of fluorescence microscopy in three dimensionsmicrotomoscopy, SPIE 602:63–70.
Stelzer, E.H.K., Stricker, R., Pick, R., Storz, C., and Hänninen, P., 1988, Confocal fluorescence microscopes for biological research, SPIE 1028:146–151.
Stelzer, E. H. K., Hell, S., Lindek, S., Stricker, R., Pick, R., Storz, C., Ritter, G., and Salmon, N., 1994, Nonlinear absorption extends confocal fluorescence microscopy into the ultra-violet regime and confines the illumination volume., Opt. Commun. 104:223–228.
Streibl, N., 1984, Depth transfer by an imaging system, Optica Acta 31:1233–1241.
van der Voort, H.T.M., and Brakenhoff, G.J., 1988, Modelling of 3-D confocal imaging at high numerical apertur in fluorescence, SPIE 1028:39–44.
Wilke, V., 1985, Optical scanning microscopy—the laser scan microscope, Scanning 7:88–96.
Wilson, T., and Carlini, A.R., 1987, Size of the detector in confocal imaging systems, Optik 72:109–114.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stelzer, E.H.K. (1995). The Intermediate Optical System of Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopes. In: Pawley, J.B. (eds) Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5348-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5348-6_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5350-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5348-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive