Abstract
The propagation of electromagnetic waves in biological materials is governed by the dielectric constant, conductivity, source configuration, and the geometrical factors that describe the tissue structure. These parameters also determine the quantity of energy a given biological body extracts from the propagating wave. When the radius of curvature of the body surface is large compared to the wavelength and beam width of the impinging radiation, planar tissue models may be used to estimate the absorbed energy and its distribution inside the body. Otherwise, the absorbed energy will be dictated by the size of the body, the curvature of its surface, the ratio of body size to wavelength, and the source characteristics.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allen, S. J., and W. D. Hurt (1979) Calorimetric measurements of microwave energy absorption by mice after simultaneous exposure of 18 animals Radio Sci. 14: 1S.
Asano, A., and G. Yamamoto (1975) Light scattering by spheroidal particles. Appl. Opt. 14: 29.
Barber, P. (1977a) Electromagnetic power absorption in prolate spheroidal models of man and animals at resonance. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-24: 513.
Barber, P. W. (1977b) Resonance electromagnetic absorption by nonspherical dielectric objects. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-25: 373.
Barber, P. W., and C. Yeh (1975) Scattering of electromagnetic waves by arbitrary shaped dielectric bodies. Appl. Opt. 14: 2864.
Borup, D. T., and O. P. Gandhi (1984) Fast-Fourier transform method for calculation of SAR distributions in finely discretized inhomogeneous models of biological bodies. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-32: 355.
Chatterjee, I., M. J. Hagman, and O. P. Gandhi (1980) Electromagnetic energy deposition in an inhomogeneous block model for near-field irradiation conditions. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-28: 1452.
Chen, K. M. (1980) Interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological bodies. In: Research Topics in Electromagnetic Theory, J. A. Kong (ed.). Wiley, New York, p. 290.
Chen, K. M., and B. S. Guru (1977) Internal EM field and absorbed power density in human torsos induced by 1–500 MHz EM waves. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-25: 746.
Chou, C. K., A. W. Guy, L. E. Borneman, L. L. Kunz, and P. Kramar (1983) Chronic exposure of rabbits to 0.5 and 5 mW/cm2 2450-MHz CW microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 4: 63.
Conover, D. L., W. E. Murray, Jr., E. D. Foley, J. M. Lary, and W. H. Parr (1980) Measurement of electric and magnetic field strengths from industrial radio frequency (6–38 MHz) plastic sealers. Proc. IEEE 68: 17.
Deford, J. F., O. P. Gandhi, and M. J. Hagman (1983) Moment-method solutions and SAR calculations for inhomogeneous models of man with large number of cells. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-31: 848.
de Lorge, J. O. (1984) Operant behavior and colonic temperature of Macaca mulatta exposed to RF fields at and above resonance frequencies. Biolectromagnetics 5: 233.
Dumey, C. H. (1980) Electromagnetic dosimetry for models of humans and animals: A review of theoretical and numerical techniques. Proc. IEEE 68: 22.
Durney, C. H., C. C. Johnson, and H. Massoudi (1975) Long wave-length analysis of plane wave irradiation of a prolate spheroidal model of man. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-23: 246.
Dumey, C. H., C. C. Johnson, P. W. Barber, H. Massoudi, M. F. Iskander, J. L. Lords, D. K. Ryser, S. J. Allen, and J. C. Mitchell (1978) Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook, 2nd ed. Rep. SAM-TR-28–22/32, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Texas.
Durney, C. H., M. F. Iskander, H. Massoudi, and C. C. Johnson (1979) An empirical formula for broadband SAR calculations of prolate spheroidal models of humans and animals. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-27: 758.
Durney, C. H., M. F. Iskander, H. Massoudi, S. J. Allen, and J. C. Mitchell (1980) Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook, 3rd ed. Brooks AFB, Texas.
Gandhi, O. P. (1975) Frequency and orientation effects on whole animal absorption of electromagnetic waves. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-22: 536.
Gandhi, O. P. (1980) State of the knowledge for electromagnetic absorbed dose in man and animals. Proc. IEEE 68: 24.
Gandhi, O. P. (1982) Electromagnetic absorption in inhomogeneous model of man for realistic exposure conditions. Bioelectromagnetics 3: 81.
Gandhi, O. P., E. L. Hunt, and J. A. D’Andrea (1977) Deposition of EM energy in animals and in models of man with and without grounding and reflector effects. Radio Sci. 12: 39S.
Gandhi, O. P., M. J. Hagman, and J. A. D’Andrea (1979) Part-body and multi-body effects on absorption of radio frequency electromagnetic energy by animals and by models of man. Radio Sci. 14: 15S.
Guru, B. S., and K. M. Chen (1976) Experimental and theoretical studies in electromagnetic field induced inside finite biological bodies. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-24: 433.
Guy, A. W. (1974) Quantitation of induced electromagnetic field patterns in tissue and associated biological effects. In: Biological Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation, P. Czerski (ed.). Polish Medical Publishers, Warsaw, pp. 203–216.
Guy, A. W., and C. K. Chou (1976) System for quantitative chronic exposure of a population of rodents to UHF fields. In: Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, Vol. II, C. C. Johnson and M. L. Shore (eds.). HEW Publ. (FDA) 77–8011, pp. 389–410.
Guy, A. W., and C. K. Chou (1978) Microwave and RF dosimetry. In: The Physical Basis of Electromagnetic Interaction with Biological Systems, L. S. Taylor, and A. Y. Cheung (eds.). HEW Publ. (FDA) 78–8055, pp. 165–216.
Guy, A. W., J. C. Lin, and C. K. Chou (1975) Electrophysiologic effects of electromagnetic fields on animals. In: Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Nonionizing Radiation, S. M. Michaelson, M. W. Miller, R. Magin, and E. L. Carstensen (eds.). Plenum Press, New York, p. 167.
Guy, A. W., M. D. Webb, and C. C. Sorensen (1976) Determination of power absorption in man exposed to HF electromagnetic fields by thermographic measurements on scale models. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-23: 361.
Guy, A. W., J. Wallace, and J. A. McDougall (1979) Circularly polarized 2450-MHz waveguide system for chronic exposure of small animals to microwaves. Radio Sci. 14: 63S.
Hagman, M. J. (1978) Numerical Studies of Absorption of Electromagnetic Energy by Man. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Utah.
Hagman, M. J., O. P. Gandhi, and C. H. Durney (1979a) Numerical calculation of electromagnetic energy deposition for a realistic model of man. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-27:804.
Hagman, M. J., O. P. Gandhi, J. A. D’Andrea, and I. Chatterjee (1979b) Head resonance: Numerical solutions and experimental results. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MIT-27: 809.
Harrington, R. F. (1968) Field Computation by Moment Methods. McGraw—Hill, New York.
Harrington, R. F., and J. R. Mautz (1972) Green’s function for surfaces of revolution. Radio Sci. 7 :603.
Hill, D. A. (1982) Human whole-body RF absorption studies using a TEM cell exposure system. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-30: 1847.
Ho, H. S., and A. W. Guy (1975) Development of dosimetry for RF and microwave radiation. Health Phys. 29: 317.
Huang, A. T., M. E. Engle, J. A. Elder, J. B. Kinn, and T. R. Ward (1977) The effects of microwave radiation (2450 MHz) on the morphology and chromosomes of lymphocytes. Radio Sci. 12: 173S.
Johnson, C. C., and A. W. Guy (1972) Nonionizing electromagnetic wave effects in biological materials and systems. Proc. IEEE 60: 692.
Johnson, C. C:, C. H. Durney, and H. Massoudi (1975) Long-wavelength electromagnetic power absorption in prolate spheroidal models of man and animals. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-23:739.
Joines, W. T., and R. J. Spiegel (1975) Resonance absorption of microwaves by the human skull. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-21: 46.
Karimullah, K., K. M. Chen, and D. P. Nyquist (1980) Electromagnetic coupling between a thin-wire antenna and a neighboring biological body. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MIT-28: 1218.
Kinn, J. B. (1977) Whole-body dosimetry of microwave radiation in small animals: The effect of body mass and exposure geometry. Radio Sci. 12: 61S.
Kritikos, H. N., and H. P. Schwan (1972) Hot spot generated in conduction spheres by EM waves and biological implications. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-19: 53.
Kritikos, H. N., and H. P. Schwan (1975) The distribution of heating potential inside lossy spheres. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-22: 457.
Lakhtakia, A., M. F. Iskander, and C. H. Durney (1983) An iterative extended boundary condition method for solving the absorption characteristics of lossy dielectric objects of large aspect ratios. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MIT-32: 640.
Leicher-Preka, A., and H. S. Ho (1976) Dependence of total and distributed absorbed microwave energy upon size and orientation of rat phantoms in waveguide. In: Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, Vol. II, C. C. Johnson and M. L. Shore (eds.). HEW Publ. (FDA) 77–8011, pp. 158–168.
Lin, J. C. (1975) Microwave properties of fresh mammalian brain tissues at body temperature. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-22: 74.
Lin, J. C. (1976) Interaction of two cross-polarized electromagnetic waves with mammalian cranial structures. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-23: 371.
Lin, J. C. (1978) Microwave biophysics. In: Microwave Bioeffects and Radiation Safety, M. A. Stuchly (ed.). IMPI, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 15–54.
Lin, J. C. (1980) Whole-body exposure in the near zone of HF electromagnetic fields. Int. Electromagnetic Waves and Biology Symposium, Jouy en Josas, France.
Lin, J. C. (1986) Computer methods for field intensity predictions. In: Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, C. Polk and E. Postow (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, pp. 273–314.
Lin, J. C., and C. L. Wu (1976) Scattering of microwaves by dielectric materials used in laboratory animal restrainers. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-24: 219.
Lin, J. C., A. W. Guy, and C. C. Johnson (1973a) Power deposition in a spherical model of man exposed to 1–20 MHz electromagnetic fields. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MIT-21: 791.
Lin, J. C., A. W. Guy, and G. H. Kraft (1973b) Microwave selective brain heating. J. Microwave Power 8: 275.
Lin, J. C., H. M. Grove, and J. C. Sharp (1975) Comparative measurement of dielectric properites of fresh mammalian tissues. Proc. Conference Proc. Electromagnetic Meas., p. 246.
Lin, J. C., H. J. Bassen, and C. L. Wu (1977) Perturbation effects of animal restraining materials on microwave exposure. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-24: 80.
Liversay, D. E., and K. M. Chen (1974) Electromagnetic fields induced inside arbitrary shaped biological bodies. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-22: 1273.
Marshall, S. V., and R. F. Brown (1983) Experimental determination of whole body average SAR of mice exposed to 200–400 MHz CW. Bioelectromagnetics 4: 267.
Massoudi, H., C. H. Durney, and C. C. Johnson (1977) Long wavelength electromagnetic power absorption in ellipsoidal models of man and animals. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-25: 41.
Massoudi, H., C. H. Durney, P. W. Barber, and M. F. Iskander (1982) Post resonance EM absorption by man and animals. Bioelectromagnetics 3: 333.
Mautz, J. R., and R. F. Harrington (1969) Radiation and scattering from bodies of revolution. Appl. Sci. Res. 20: 405.
Olsen, R. G. (1979) Preliminary studies: Far-field microwave dosimetric measurements in a full-sized model of man. J. Microwave Power 14: 383.
Olsen, R. G. (1982) Far-field dosimetric measurements in a full-sized man model at 2 GHz. Bioelectromagnetics 3: 433.
Olsen, R. G., T. A. Griner, and G. D. Prettyman (1980) Far-field microwave dosimetry in a rhesus monkey model. Bioelectromagnetics 1: 149.
Olsen, R. G., J. O. de Lorge, J. R. Forstall, and C. S. Ezell (1984) A circular waveguide irradiation system for nonhuman primates: Design and dosimetry. Bioelectromagnetics 5: 79.
Phillips, R. D., E. L. Hunt, and N. W. King (1975) Field measurements, absorbed dose, and biological dosimetry of microwaves. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 247: 499.
Poggio, A. J., and E. K. Miller (1973) Integral equation solution of three-dimensional scattering problems. In: Computer Techniques for Electromagnetics, R. Mittra (ed.). Pergamon Press, New York, p. 159.
Pogorzelski, R. J., and T. K. Wu (1977) Computations of scattering from inhomogeneous penetrable elliptic cylinders by means of invariant imbedding. URSI Symp. Electromagnetic Wave Theory, Stanford, p. 323.
Rowlandson, G. I., and P. W. Barber (1979) Absorption of high frequency RF energy by biological models: Calculations based on geometrical optics. Radio Sci. 14: 43S.
Rukspollmuang, S., and K. M. Chen (1979) Heating of spherical vs. realistic models of human and infrahuman heads by electromagnetic waves. Radio Sci. 14: 51.
Schelkunoff, S. A. (1951) Field equivalence theorems. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 4:43. Schwan, H. P. (1957) Electrical properties of tissues and cell suspensions. Adv. Biol. Med. Phys. 4: 147.
Schwan, H. P. (1958) Survey of microwave absorption characteristics of body tissues. In: Proceedings of the Second Annual Tri-service Conference on Biological Effects of Microwave Energy, E. G. Pattishall and F. W. Banghart (eds.). University of Virginia, Charlottesville, p. 126.
Schwan, H. P. (1968) Microwave biophysics. In: Microwave Power Engineering, E. C. Okress (ed.). Academic Press, New York, p. 213.
Schwan, H. P., and K. R. Foster (1980) RF-field interaction with biological systems: Electrical properties and biophysical mechanisms. Proc. IEEE 68: 104.
Schwan, H. P., and K. Li (1956) Hazards due to total body irradiation by radar. Proc. IRE 44: 1572.
Schwan, H. P., and G. M. Piersol (1954) The absorption of electromagnetic energy in body tissues, a review and critical analysis. Part I. Biophysical aspects. Am. J. Phys. Med. 33: 371.
Segal, A. S. (1981) The Design and Characterization of a Crawford Cell Animal Exposure Facility for Dosimetric Measurements Between 225 and 500 MHz. M.S., E.E. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana—Champaign.
Shapiro, A. R., R. F. Lutomirski, and H. T. Yura (1971) Induced fields and heating within a cranial structure irradiated by an electromagnetic plane wave. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-19: 187.
Stratton, J. A. (1941) Electromagnetic Theory. McGraw—Hill, New York.
Taflove, A. (1980) Application of the finite-difference time domain method to sinusoidal steady-state electromagnetic-penetration problems. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 22:191
Taflove, A., and M. E. Brodwin (1975a) Numerical solution of steady-state EM scattering problems using the time dependent Maxwell’s equation. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-23: 623.
Taflove, A., and M. E. Brodwin (1975b) Computation of the electromagnetic fields and induced temperatures within a model of the microwave-irradiated human eye. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-23: 888.
Taflove, A., and J. C. Lin (1981) Finite difference time domain computation of microwave absorption in models of biological bodies. Abstracts of Bioelectromagnetics Society Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., p. 62.
Taflove, A., and K. Umashankar (1982) A hybrid moment method/finite difference time domain approach to electromagnetic coupling and aperture penetration into complex geometries. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 30: 617.
Waterman, P. C. (1965) Matrix formulation of electromagnetic scattering. Proc. IEEE 53: 805.
Weil, C. M. (1975) Absorption characteristics of multi-layered sphere models exposed to UHF/microwave radiation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-22: 468.
Wu, C. L., and J. C. Lin (1977) Absorption and scattering of EM waves by prolate spheroidal models of biological structures. IEEE AP-S Int. Symp., Stanford, Calif., p. 142.
Wu, T. K. (1979) Electromagnetic fields and power deposition in body of revolution models of man. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MIT-27: 279.
Wu, T. K., and L. L. Tsai (1977a) Scattering from arbitrary-shaped lossy dielectric bodies of revolution. Radio Sci. 12: 709.
Wu, T. K., and L. L. Tsai (1977b) Electromagnetic fields induced inside arbitrary cylinders of biological tissue. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-25: 61.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Michaelson, S.M., Lin, J.C. (1987). Propagation and Absorption in Tissue Media. In: Biological Effects and Health Implications of Radiofrequency Radiation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4614-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4614-3_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3202-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4614-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive