Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Behavioral Effects

  • Chapter
Biological Effects and Health Implications of Radiofrequency Radiation

  • 170 Accesses

Abstract

As previously indicated, microwaves can produce sensations of warmth and sound in humans. In other species, they also can serve as cues, they may be avoided, and they can disrupt ongoing behavior. These actions appear to be due to heat produced by energy absorption. The rate of absorption depends on the microwave parameters and the electrical and geometric properties of the subject. At “low levels” of exposure, microwaves can produce changes in behavior without large, or even measurable, changes in body temperature. Thermoregulatory behavior may respond to those “low levels” of heat, and thereby affect other behavior occurring concurrently. There are no reliable data demonstrating that behavioral effects of microwaves depend on any mechanism other than reactions to heat (Stern, 1980).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adair, E. R. (1979) Microwave modification of thermoregulatory behavior: Threshold and suprathreshold effects. Bioelectromagnetics Symposium, Seattle, p. 331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adair, E. R., and B. W. Adams (1980) Microwaves modify thermoregulatory behavior in squirrel monkey. Bioelectromagnetics 1: 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baranski, S., and Z. Edelwejn (1968) Studies on the combined effects of microwaves and some drugs on bioelectric activity of rabbit CNS. Acta Physiol. Pol. 19: 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bligh, J., and K. G. Johnson (1973) Glossary of terms for thermal physiology. J. Appl. Physiol. 35: 941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle, H. J. (1970) Thermal reinforcement and temperature regulation. In: Animal Psychophysics: The Design and Conduct of Sensory Experiments, W. C. Stebbins (ed.). Prentice—Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 211–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbit, J. D. (1970) Behavioral regulation of body temperature. In: Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation, J. Hardy, A. P. Gagge, and J. A. J. Stolwijk (eds.). Thomas, Springfield, Ill., pp. 777–830.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbit, J. D. (1973) Thermal motivation. Neurosci. Res. Program Bull. 11 (4): 317.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Andrea, J. A., O. P. Gandhi, and J. L. Lords (1977) Behavioral and thermal effects of microwave radiation at resonant and nonresonant wave lengths. Radio Sci. 12 (6S): 251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Andrea, J. A., O. Cuellar, O. P. Gandhi, J. L. Lords, and H. C. Nielson (1978) Behavioral thermoregulation in the whiptail lizard (Cnemidophophorus tigris) under 2450 MHz CW microwaves. In: Proc. Biol. Eff. E.M. Waves. XIX Gen. Assembly. Int. Union Radio Sci., Helsinki, p. 88.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Andrea, J. A., O. P. Gandhi, J. L. Lords, C. H. Durney, C. C. Johnson, and L. Astle (1979) Physiological and behavioral effects of chronic exposure to 2450 MHz microwaves. J. Microwave Power 14: 351.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Lorge, J. (1976) Operant behavior and colonic temperature of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) during microwave irradiation. NAMRL-1222, Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Pensacola, Fla.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Lorge, J. (1977) Operant behavior and colonic temperature of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) during microwave irradiation. NAMRL-1236, Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Pensacola, Fla.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Lorge, J. (1978) Disruption of behavior in mammals of three different sizes exposed to microwaves: Extrapolation to larger mammals. In: Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems, S. S. Stuchly (ed.). IMPI, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 215–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Lorge, J. (1979) Operant behavior and rectal temperature of squirrel monkey during 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation. Radio Sci. 14: 217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diachenko, J. A., and W. C. Milroy (1975) The effects of high power pulsed and low level CW microwave radiation on an operant behavior in rats. Naval Surface Weapons Center, Dahlgren Laboratory, Dahlgren, Va.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelwejn, Z. (1968) An attempt to assess the functional state of the cerebral synapses in rabbits exposed to chronic irradiation with microwaves. Acta Physiol. Pol. 19: 897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, A. H., and S. R. Feld (1975) Avoidance by rats of illumination with low-power nonionizing electromagnetic energy. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 89: 183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gage, M. (1979) Behavior in rats after exposure to various power densities of 2450 MHz microwaves. Neurobehay. Toxicol. 1: 137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, W. D. (1975) Microwave dose—response relationships on two behavioral tasks. Ann N.Y. Acad. Sci. 247: 410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, W. D., and M. Waxier (1977) Interaction between microwave and neuroactive compounds. In: Biological Effects and Measurement of Radiofrequency/Microwaves, D. G. Hazzard (ed.). HEW Publ. (FDA) 77–8026, pp. 62–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillard, J. B., B. Servantie, G. Bertharion, A. M. Servantie, J. K. C. Obrenovitch, and J. C. Perrin (1977) Study of the microwave-induced perturbations of the behavior by the open-field test in the white rat. In: Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, Vol. II, C. C. Johnson and M. L. Shore (eds.). HEW Publ. (FDA) 77–8010, pp. 175–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove, A. M., D. M. Levinson, and D. R. Justesen (1979) Attempts to cue successful escape from a highly intense microwave field by photic stimulation. In: Bioelectromagnetics Symposium. Seattle, p. 454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hainsworth, F. R. (1967) Saliva spreading, activity, and body temperature regulation in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 212: 1288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, C. L. (1963) Interactions of food intake and temperature regulation in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. 56: 476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hjersen, D. L., S. R. Doctor, and R. L. Sheldon (1979) Shuttlebox side preference during pulsed microwave and conventional auditory cues. In: Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems, S. S. Stuchly (ed.). IMPI, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 194–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, E. L., N. W. King, and R D Phillips (1975) Behavioral effects of pulsed microwave radiation. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 247: 440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivanov, K. P. (1975) Temperature signalization and its processing in an organism. In: Mechanisms of Information Processing in Sensory Systems. Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Leningrad, p. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. B., D. E. Myers, A. W. Guy, and R. H. Lovely (1977) Discriminative control of appetitive behavior by pulsed microwave radiation in rats. In: Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, Vol. I, C. C. Johnson and M. L. Shore (eds.). HEW Publ. (FDA) 77–8010, pp. 238–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Justesen, D. R., and N. W. King (1970) Behavioral effects of low-level microwave irradiation in the closed space situation. In: Biological Effects and Health Implications of Microwave Radiation, S. F. Cleary (ed.). HEW Publ. BRH/DBE 70–2, p. 154.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, N. W. (1969) The Effects of Low Level Microwave Irradiation Upon Reflexive, Operant, and Discrimination Behaviors of the Rat. Dissertation, University of Kansas (University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, 69–21, 540 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • King, N. W., D. R. Justesen, and R. L. Clarke (1971) Behavioral sensitivity to microwave irradiation. Science 172: 398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korbel, S. F. (1970) Behavioral effects of low intensity UHF radiation. In: Biological Effects and Health Implications of Microwave Radiation, S. F. Cleary (ed.). HEW Publ. BRH/DBE 70–2, pp. 180–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebovitz, R. M. (1973) Caloric vestibular stimulation via UHF-microwave irradiation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 20: 119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J. C., A. W. Guy, and L. T. Caldwell (1977) Thermographic and behavioral studies of rats in the near field of 918-MHz radiations. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-25: 833.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lobanova, Y. A. (1960) Survival and development of animals at various intensities and duration of SHF action. Tr. Nii Gig. Prof. Tr. AMN SSR 1: 61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lotz, W. G., and S. M. Michaelson (1978) Temperature and corticosterone relationship in microwave exposed rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 44: 438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, D. S., W. G. Switzer, and E. L. Bronaugh (1977) Hyperactivity and disruption of operant behavior in rats after multiple exposures to microwave irradiation. Radio Sci. 12 (6S): 263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberti, B., G. H. Heebels, J. C. M. Hendricx, A. H. A. M. de Greef, and O. L. Wolthuis (1975) Preliminary investigations of the effects of low-level microwave radiation on spontaneous motor activity in rats. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 247: 417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, W. W., R. D. Mooney, and J. R. Martin (1974) Thermoregulatory behaviors of laboratory rodents. J. Comp. Physiol. Psycho!. 86: 693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanza, J. N., and J. de Lorge (1977) Fixed interval behavior of rats exposed to microwaves at low power densities. Radio Sci. 12 (6S): 273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satinoff, E., and R. Hendersen (1977) Thermoregulatory behavior. In: Handbook of Operant Behavior, W. K. Honig and J. E. R. Staddon (eds.). Prentice—Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 153–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Servantie, B., G. Bertharion, R. Joly, A. M. Servantie, J. Etienne, P. Dreyfus, and P. Escoubet (1974) Pharmacologie effects of a pulsed microwave field. In: Biological Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation. P. Czerski, K. Ostrowski, M. L. Shore, C. Silverman, M. J. Suess, and B. Waldeskog (eds.). Polish Medical Publishers, Warsaw, pp. 36–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, S. (1980) Behavioral effects of microwaves. Neurobehay. Toxicol. 2: 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, S., L. Margolin, B. Weiss, S. T. Lu, and S. M. Michaelson (1979) Microwaves: Effect on thermoregulatory behavior in rats. Science 206: 1198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolwijk, J. A. J. (1977) Responses to the thermal environment. Fed. Proc. 36: 1655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. R., and G. Maitland (1979) Microwave radiation and dextroamphetamine: Evidence of combined effects on behavior of rats. Radio Sci. 14: 253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. R., E. D. Finch, D. W. Fulk, and L. S. Burch (1975) Effects of low level microwave radiation on behavioral baselines. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 247: 425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. R., S. S. Yeandle, and L. S. Burch (1977) Modification of internal discriminative control of behavior by low levels of pulsed microwave radiation. In: Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, Vol. I, C. C. Johnson and M. L. Shore (eds.). HEW Publ. (FDA) 77–8010, pp. 201–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. R., L. S. Burch, and S. S. Yeandle (1979) Microwave radiation and chlordiazepoxide: Synergistic effects on fixed-interval behavior. Science 103: 1357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA

    Sol M. Michaelson

  2. University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    James C. Lin

Authors
  1. Sol M. Michaelson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James C. Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Michaelson, S.M., Lin, J.C. (1987). Behavioral Effects. In: Biological Effects and Health Implications of Radiofrequency Radiation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4614-3_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4614-3_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3202-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4614-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation