Abstract
The blood vessels of the lung are unique in many respects. The pulmonary circulation accommodates the entire right-ventricular output, and its vasculature is particularly adapted to its primary function, gas exchange. The normal lung vessels are wide and thin walled, reflecting the high flow and low resistance within the pulmonary circulation. They are also vulnerable.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Reeves JT, Groves BM. Approach to the patient with pulmonary hypertension. In: EK Weir, JT Reeves, eds. Pulmonary hypertension. Mount Kisco, New York: Futura, 1984: 1–44.
Wagenvoort CA, Mooi WJ. Biopsy pathology of the pulmonary vasculature. London: Chapman * Hall, 1989.
Staub NC. Pulmonary edema. Physiol Rev 1974; 54: 678–811.
Hall JG, Morris B, Woolley G. Intrinsic rhythmic propulsion of lymph in the unanesthesized sheep. J Physiol 1965; 180: 336–349.
Staub NC. The pathophysiology of pulmonary edema. Hum Pathol 1970; 1: 419–432.
Hultgren HN. High altitude pulmonary edema. In: Staub, NC, ed. Lung water and solute exchange. Lung biology in health and disease, Vol. 7. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1978: 437–469.
Bartsch P, Maggiorini M, Ritter M, Noti C, Vock P, Oelz O. Prevention of high-altitude pulmonary edema by nifedipine. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1284–1289.
Sandritter W, Thomas C. Makropathologie. Lehrbuch and Atlas für Studierende and Ärzte. Stuttgart: Schattauer Verlag, 1977: 4.
Plank L, James J, Wagenvoort CA. Caliber and elastin content of the pulmonary trunk. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1980; 104: 238–241.
Heath D, Wood EH, DuShane JW, Edwards JE. The structure of the pulmonary trunk at different ages and in cases of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary stenosis. J Pathol Bacteriol 1959; 77: 443–456.
Heath D, Wood EH, DuShane JW, Edwards JE. The relation of age and blood pressure to atheroma in the pulmonary arteries and thoracic aorta in congenital heart disease. Lab Invest 1960; 9: 259–272.
Bartter T, Irwin RS, Nash G. Aneurysms of the pulmonary arteries. Chest 1988; 94: 1065–1075.
Shull WK, Kapadia SB, Zuberbuhler JR. Aneurysm of the main pulmonary artery. Association with patent ductus arteriosus and ostium secundum defect. Am J Dis Child 1970; 119: 507–509.
Goh TH. Mycotic aneurysm of the pulmonary artery; a report of 2 cases. Br Heart J 1974; 36: 387–390.
Butto F, Lucas RV, Edwards JE. Pulmonary arterial aneurysm. A pathologic study of five cases. Chest 1987; 91: 237–241.
Barbour DJ, Roberts WC. Aneurysm of the pulmonary trunk unassociated with intracardiac or great vessel left-to-right shunting. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 192–194.
Epstein S, Naji AF. Pulmonary artery aneurysm with dissection after Blalock operation for tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 1960; 5: 560–563.
Lakhani ZM, McGarry KM, Taylor RF, Fortune RL, Juglutt BI. Two-dimensional echocardiographic detection of left pulmonary artery aneurysm following Potts’ anastomosis. Chest 1983; 84: 782–783.
Charlton RW, Du Plessis LA. Multiple pulmonary artery aneurysms. Thorax 1961; 16: 364–371.
Dennison AR, Watkins RM, Gunning AJ. Simultaneous aortic and pulmonary artery aneurysms due to giant cell arteritis. Thorax 1985; 40: 156–157.
Symbas PN, Scott HW. Traumatic aneurysm of the pulmonary artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1963; 45: 645–649.
Nguien GK, Dowling GP. Dissecting aneurysm of the pulmonary trunk. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989; 113: 1178–1179.
Sardesai SH, Marshall RJ, Farrow R, Mourant AJ. Dissecting aneurysm of the pulmonary artery in a case of unoperated patient ductus arteriosus. Eur Heart J 1990; 11: 670–673.
Rosenson RS, Sutton MSJ. Dissecting aneurysm of the pulmonary trunk in mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1986; 58: 1140–1141.
Steurer J, Jenni R, Medici TC, Vollrath T, Hess OM, Siegenthaler W. Dissecting aneurysm of the pulmonary artery with pulmonary hypertension. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1219–1221.
Hayes WL, Farha SJ, Brown RL. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the pulmonary artery. Am J Cardiol 1974; 34: 615–617.
Bleisch VR, Kraus FT. Polypoid sarcoma of the pulmonary trunk: analysis of the literature and report of a case with leptomeric organelles and ultrastructural features of rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 1980; 46: 314–324.
Baker PB, Goodwin RA. Pulmonary artery sarcomas: A review and report of a case. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985; 109: 35–39.
Thomas WA, Davies JNP, O’Neal RM, Dimakulangan AA. Incidence of myocardial infarction correlated with venous and pulmonary thrombosis and embolism. A geographic study based on autopsies in Uganda, East Africa and St. Louis, U.S.A. Am J Cardiol 1960; 5: 41–47.
Woo KS, Tse LKK, Tse CY, Metreweli C, Valiance-Owen J. The prevalence and patterns of pulmonary thromboembolism in the Chinese in Hong Kong. Int J Cardiol 1988; 20: 373–380.
Lilienfeld DE, Chan E, Ehland J, Godbold JH, Landrigan PJ, Marsh G. Mortality from pulmonary embo-lism in the United States: 1962 to 1984. Chest 1990; 98: 1067–1072.
Fleming HA, Bailey SM. Massive pulmonary embolism in healthy people. Br Med J 1966; 1: 1322–1327.
Goldhaber SZ, Savage DD, Garrison RJ, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary embolism. The Framingham Study. Am J Med 1983; 74: 1023–1028.
Moser KM. Venous thromboembolism. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 235–249.
Gillum RF. Pulmonary embolism and thrombophlebitis in the United. States, 1970–1985. Am Heart J 1987; 114: 1262–1264.
Goldhaber SZ, Hennekens CH, Evans DA, Newton EC, Godleski JJ. Factors associated with correct antemortem diagnosis of major pulmonary embolism. Am J Med 1982; 73: 822–826.
Gross JS, Neufeld RR, Libow LS, Gerber I, Rodstein M. Autopsy study of the elderly institutionalized patient. Review of 234 autopsies. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 173–176.
Rubinstein I, Murray D, Hoffstein V. Fatal pulmonary emboli in hospitalized patients. An autopsy study. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 1425–1426.
Morrell T, Dunnill MS. The post-mortem incidence of pulmonary embolism in a hospital population. Br J Surg 1968; 55: 347–352.
Freiman DG, Suyemoto J, Wessler S. Frequency of pulmonary thromboembolism in man. N Engl J Med 1965; 272: 1278–1280.
Messer JV. Thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. In: EK Weir, JT Reeves, eds. Pulmonary hypertension. Mount Kisco, New York: Futura, 1984: 169–249.
Karwinski B, Svendsen E. Comparison of clinical and postmortem diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. J Clin Pathol 1989; 42: 135–139.
PIOPED Investigators. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism: Results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA 1990; 263: 2753–2796.
Fowler EF, Bollinger JA. Pulmonary embolism. Surgery (St. Louis) 1954; 36: 650–63.
Knisely WH, Wallace JM, Mahaley MS, Satterwhite WM. Evidence, including in vivo observations, suggesting mechanical blockage rather than reflex vasospasm as the cause of death in pulmonary embolization. Am Heart J 1957; 54: 483–497.
Pryce DM, Heard B. The distribution of experimental pulmonary emboli in the rabbit. J Pathol Bacteriol 1956; 71: 15–25.
Havig O, Grumer OPN. Pulmonary bone marrow embolism. A histological study of a non-selected autopsy material. Arch Pathol Microbiol Scand 1973; 81: 276–280.
McCarty PJ, Shmookler BM, Pierce LE. Fatal bone marrow pulmonary emboli in multiple myeloma. Ann Intern Med 1977; 86: 317–318.
Pyun KS, Katzenstein RE. Widespread bone marrow embolism with myocardial involvement. Arch Pathol 1970; 89: 378–381.
Wagenvoort CA, Heath D, Edwards JE. The pathologyof the pulmonary vasculature. Springfield: Thomas, 1964: 302–304.
Rappaport H, Raum M, Horrell JB. Bone marrow embolism. Am J Pathol 1951; 27: 407–432.
Yanoff M. Incidence of bone marrow embolism due to closed-chest cardiac massage. N Engl J Med 1963; 269: 74. 837–839.
Garvey J W, Zak FG. Pulmonary bone marrow emboli in patients receiving external cardiac massage. JAMA 1964; 187: 59–60.
Evans EA, Wellington JS. Emboli associated with car-diopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1964; 48: 323–330.
Deland FH, Bennett WA. Death due to bone-marrow and tumor embolization in the absence of fracture. Arch Pathol 1957; 63: 13–16.
Shelley WM, Curtis EM. Bone marrow and fat embo-lism in sickle cell anemia and sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1958; 103: 8–26.
Diggs LW. Sickle cell crises. Am J Clin Pathol 1965; 79. 44: 1–19.
Sharnoff JG, Kim ES. Evaluation of pulmonary megakaryocytes. Arch Pathol 1958; 66: 176–182.
Aabo K, Hansen KB. Megakaryocytes in pulmonary blood vessels. Incidence at autopsy, clinicopathological relations especially to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1978; 86A: 285291.
Bettendorf U, Meyer-Breiting E. Massive megakaryozytenembolie der Lungen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1974; 99: 1918–1922.
Abrahams C, Catchatourian R. Bone fragment emboli in the lungs of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Am J Clin Pathol 1983; 79: 360–363.
Nosanchuk JS, Littler ER. Skin embolus to lung. Arch Pathol 1969; 87: 542–543.
Andrew JH. Pulmonary skin embolism: A case report. Pathology 1976; 8: 185–187.
Straus R. Pulmonary emboli caused by liver tissue. Arch Pathol 1942; 33: 69–71.
Dunnill MS. The pathology of pulmonary embolism. Br J Surg 1968; 55: 790–794.
McMillan JB. Emboli of cerebral tissue in the lungs following severe head injury. Am J Pathol 1956; 32: 405–415.
Tackett LB. Brain tissue pulmonary emboli. Arch Pathol 1964; 78: 292–294.
Levine SB. Embolism of cerebral tissue to lungs. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1973; 96: 183–185.
Oppenheimer EH. Massive pulmonary embolization by cerebral cortical tissue. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1954; 94: 86–93.
Potter EL, Young RL. Heterotopic brain tissue in the lungs of two anencephalic monsters. Arch Pathol 1942; 34: 1009–1015.
Campo E, Bombi JA. Central nervous system heterotopia in the lung of a fetus with cranial malformation. Virchows Arch A 1981; 391: 117–122.
Valdes-Dapena MA, Arey JB. Pulmonary emboli of cerebral origin in the newborn. Arch Pathol 1967; 84: 643–646.
Bohm N, Keller KM, Kloke WD. Pulmonary and systemic cerebellar tissue embolism due to birth injury. Virchows Arch A 1982; 398: 229–235.
Attwood HD, Park WW. Embolism to the lungs by trophoblast. J Obstet Gynecol 1961; 68: 611–617.
Tanimura A, Natsuyama H, Kawano M, Tanimura Y, Tanaka T, Kitazono M. Primary choriocarcinoma of the lung. Hum Pathol 1985; 16: 1281–1284.
Arnold HA, Bainborough AR. Subacute cor pulmonale following trophoblastic pulmonary emboli. Can Med Assoc J 1957; 76: 478–482.
Roffman BY, Simons M. Syncytial trophoblastic embolism associated with placenta increta and preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969; 104: 1218–1219.
Schmid KO. Mola hydatidosa intravasalis et destruens uteri et pulmonum. Beitr Pathol Anat 1960; 123: 453–472.
Park WW. The occurrence of decidual tissue within the lung: Report of a case. J Pathol Bacteriol 1954; 67: 563–570.
Pope TL Jr, Paling MR, Anderson WA, Nunley WC, Jr. Acute bilateral diffuse pulmonary shadowing after evacuation of hydatid mole. South Med J 1989; 82: 377379.
Sevitt S. The significance and classification of fat embolism. Lancet 1960;ii:825–828.
Scully RE. Fat embolism in Korean battle casualties: Its incidence, clinical significance and pathologic aspects. Am J Pathol 1956; 32: 379–404.
Whiteley HJ. The relation between tissue injury and the manifestations of pulmonary fat embolism. J Pathol Bacteriol 1954; 67: 521–530.
Chan KM, Tham KT, Chiu HS, Chow YN, Leung PC. Posttraumatic fat embolism. Its clinical and subclinical presentations. J Trauma 1984; 24: 45–49.
Gurd AR, Wilson RI. The fat embolism syndrome. J Bone Jt Surg 1974; 56B: 408–415.
Ten Duis HJ, Nijsten MWN, Klasen HJ, Binnendijk B. Fat embolism in patients with an isolated fracture of the femoral shaft. J Trauma 1988; 28: 383–390.
Chastre J, Fagon JY, Soler P, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage for rapid diagnosis of the fat embolism syndrome, in trauma patients. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 583–588.
Mehta S, Rubenstone AI. Pulmonary bile thromboemboli. Am J Clin Pathol 1967; 47: 491–496.
Altemus LR, Lee RE. Carcinomatosis of the lung with pulmonary hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1967; 119: 32–38.
Kupari M, Laitinen L, Hekali P, Luomanmaki K. Cor pulmonale due to tumor cell embolization. Report of a case and a brief review of the literature. Acta Med Scand 1981; 210: 507–510.
Schriner RW, Ryu RH, Edwards WD. Microscopic pulmonary tumor embolism causing subacute cor pulmonale: A difficult antemortem diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1991; 66: 143–148.
Morgan AD. The pathology of subacute cor pulmonale in diffuse carcinomatosis of the lungs. J Pathol Bacteriol 1949; 61: 75–84.
Roglan A, Artigas A, Sole J. Severe pulmonary artery hypertension. Clinico-pathological conference. Intensive Care Med 1988; 14: 510–518.
Demarchi-Aiello V, Mansur AJ, Lopes EA, Bellotti G, Pileggi F. Severe pulmonary hypertension due to carcinomatous lymphangitis of the lungs associated with unsuspected gastric cancer. Am Heart J 1988; 116: 197198.
Dvorak H. Thrombosis and cancer. Hum Pathol 1987; 18: 275–284.
Heath D, Mackinnon J. Pulmonary hypertension due to myxoma of the right atrium. Am Heart J 1964; 68: 227–235.
Boerema B. Appearance and regression of pulmonary arterial lesions after repeated intravenous injection of gas. J Pathol Bacteriol 1965; 89: 741–744.
Balk AG, Mooi WJ, Dingemans KP, Wagenvoort CA. Development and regression of pulmonary arterial lesions after experimental air embolism. A light and electronmicroscopic study. Virchows Arch A 1985; 406: 203–212.
Perkett EA, Brigham KL, Meyrick B. Continuous air embolization into sheep causes sustained pulmonary hypertension and increased vasoreactivity. Am J Pathol 1988; 132: 444–454.
Stephenson WL, Workman RB, Aldrete JS, Karp RB. Bullet emboli to the pulmonary artery. A report of 2 patients and review of the literature. Ann Thorac Surg 1976; 21: 333–336.
Moulinier A. Un cas d’embolies pulmonaires par plombs de chasse. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1960; 53: 1415–1417.
Saylam A, Yurdakul Y, Bertan V, Aytac A. Foreign body in the right pulmonary artery. An unusual complication of Pudenz shunt. J Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 16: 538–540.
Dimmick JE, Bove KE, McAdams AJ, Bensing G. Fiber embolization: A hazard of cardiac surgery and catheterization. N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 685–687.
Mittleman RE, Marraccini JV. Pulmonary teflon granulomas following periurethral teflon injection for urinary incontinence. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1983; 107: 611–612.
Truemner KM, White S, Vanlandingham H. Fatal embolization of pulmonary capillaries. Report of case associated with routine barium enema. JAMA 1960; 173: 1089–1092.
Lamb D, Roberts G. Starch and talc emboli in drug addicts’ lungs. J Clin Pathol 1972; 25: 876–881.
Siegel H. Human pulmonary pathology associated with narcotic and other addictive drugs. Hum Pathol 1972; 3: 55–66.
Arnett EN, Battlo WE, Russo JV, Roberts WC. Intravenous injection of talc containing drugs intended for oral use. A cause of pulmonary granulomatosis and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Med 1976; 60: 711–718.
Tomashefski JF, Hirsch CS. The pulmonary vascular lesions of intravenous drug abuse. Hum Pathol 1980; 11: 133–145.
Zeltner TB, Nussbauer U, Rudin O, Zimmermann A. Unusual vascular lesions after intravenous injections of microcrystalline cellulose. A complication of pentazocine tablet use. Virchows Arch A 1982; 395: 207–216.
Crougch ED, Churg A. Progressive massive fibrosis of the lung secondary to intravenous injection of talc. A pathologic and mineralogic analysis. Am J Clin Pathol 1983; 80: 520–526.
Cooper CB, Bai TR, Heyderman E, Corrin B. Cellulose granulomas in the lungs of a cocaine sniffer. Br Med J 1983; 286: 2021–2022.
Beaver PC, Fallon M, Smith GH. Pulmonary nodule caused by a living Brugia malayi-like filaria in an artery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1971; 20: 661–666.
Beaver PC, Cran IR. Wuchereria like filaria in an artery associated with pulmonary infarction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1974; 23: 869–876.
Larrieu AJ, Wiener I, Gomez LG, Williams EH. Human pulmonary dirofilariasis presenting as a solitary pulmonary nodule. Chest 1979; 75: 511–512.
Kochar AS. Human pulmonary dirofiliariasis. Report of three cases and brief review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol 1985; 84: 19–23.
Goodman ML, Gore I. Pulmonary infarct secondary to dirofilaria larvae. Arch Intern Med 1964; 113: 702–705.
Harrison EG, Thompson JH. Dirofilariasis of human lung. Am J Clin Pathol 1965; 43: 224–234.
Baar HS, Galindo J. Ossifying pulmonary granulomatosis due to larvae of ascaris. J Clin Pathol 1965; 18: 737–742.
Stermer E, Bassan H, Oliven A, Grishkau A, Boss Y. Massive thrombosis as a result of triple infestation of the pulmonary arterial circulation by Ascaris, Candida and mucor. Hum Pathol 1984; 15: 996–998.
Spencer H. Pathology of the lung, 4th Ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1985; 382–389.
Wagenvoort CA. Lung biopsy specimens in the evaluation of pulmonary vascular disease. Chest 1980; 77: 614–625.
Wagenvoort CA. Lung biopsies in the differential diagnosis of thromboembolic versus primary pulmonary hypertension. Prog Respir Res 1980; 13: 16–21.
Rosenow EC, Osmundson PJ, Brown ML. Pulmonary embolism. Mayo Clinic Proc 1981; 56: 161–178.
Wagenvoort CA, Wagenvoort N. Pathology of pulmonary hypertension. New York: Wiley, 177.
Wagenvoort CA, Mooi WJ. Controversies and potential errors in the histological evaluation of pulmonary vascular diseases. In: CA Wagenvoort, H Denolin, eds. Pulmonary circulation, advances and controversies. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989: 7–26.
Hatano S, Strasser T, eds. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Report of committee. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1975.
Wagenvoort CA. The terminology of primary pulmonary hypertension. In: CA Wagenvoort, H Denolin, eds. Pulmonary circulation, advances and controversies. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989: 191–197.
Wagenvoort CA. Open lung biopsies in congenital heart disease for evaluation of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease. Predictive value with regard to corrective operability. Histopathology 1985; 9: 417–436.
Haworth SG. Pulmonary vascular disease in ventricular septal defect: Structural and functional correlations in lung biopsies from 85 patients, with outcome of intra-cardiac repair. J Pathol 1987; 152: 157–168.
Downing SE, Vidone RA, Brandt HM, Liebow AA. The pathogenesis of vascular lesions in experimental hyper-kinetic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Pathol 1963; 43: 739–756.
Saldana ME, Harley RA, Liebow AA, Carrington CB. Experimental extreme pulmonary hypertension and vascular disease in relation to polycythemia. Am J Pathol 1968; 52: 935–981.
Wagenvoort CA, DuShane JW, Edwards JE. Hypertensive pulmonary arterial lesions as a late result of anastomosis of systemic and pulmonary circulations. Proc Mayo Clinic 1960; 35: 186–191.
Newfeld EA, Waldman JD, Paul MH, et al. Pulmonary vascular disease after systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt operations. Am J Cardiol 1977; 39: 715–720.
Molden D, Abraham JL. Pulmonary hypertension. Its association with hepatic cirrhosis and iron accumulation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1982; 106: 328–331.
Cohen MD, Rubin LJ, Taylor WE, Cuthbert JA. Primary pulmonary hypertension: An unusual case associated with extrahepatic portal hypertension. Hepatology 1983; 3: 588–592.
Edwards BS, Weir EK, Edwards WD, Ludwig J, Dykoski RK, Edwards JE. Coexistent pulmonary and portal hypertension: morphologic and clinical features. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 10: 1233–1238.
Groves BM, Brundage BH, Elliott CG, et al. Pulmonary hypertension associated with hepatic cirrhosis. In: AP Fishman. The pulmonary circulation: Normal and abnormal. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990: 359–369.
McDonnell PJ, Toye PA, Hutchins GM. Primary pulmonary hypertension and cirrhosis: Are they related? Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 127: 437–441.
Matsubara O, Nakamura T, Uehara T, Kasuga T. Histometrical investigation of the pulmonary artery in severe hepatic disease. J Pathol 1984; 143: 31–37.
Felt RW, Kozak BE, Rosch J, Duell BP, Barker AF. Hepatogenic pulmonary angiodysplasia treated with coil-spring embolization. Chest 1987; 91: 920–922.
Mantz FA, Craige E. Portal axis thrombosis with spontaneous portacaval shunt and resultant cor pulmonale. Arch Pathol 1951; 52: 91–97.
Naeye RL. “Primary” pulmonary hypertension with coexisting portal hypertension. A retrospective study of six cases. Circulation 1960;22:376–384.
Lat KS, McFadzean AJS, Yeung R. Microembolic pul monary hypertension in pyogenic cholangitis. Br Med J 1968; 1: 22–24.
Naeye RL. Advanced pulmonary vascular changes in schistosomal cor pulmonale. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1961; 10: 191–199.
Al-Naaman YD, Shamma AH, Damluji SF, El-Sayed HM. Angiologic manifestations of cardiopulmonary schistosomiasis “Bilharziasis.” Angiology 1967;17: 40–45.
Gurtner HP. Chronische pulmonale Hypertonie vaskulären Ursprungs, plexogene pulmonale Arteriopathie and der Appetitzügler Aminorex: Nachlese zu einer Epidemie. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1985; 115: 782–789, 818–827.
Gurtner HP. Aminorex pulmonary hypertension. In: AP Fishman, ed. The pulmonary circulation: Normal and abnormal. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990: 397–411.
Wagenvoort CA, Wagenvoort N. Primary pulmonary hypertension: A pathologic study of the lung vessels in 156 clinically diagnosed cases. Circulation 1970; 42: 1163–1184.
Esterly JA, Glagov S, Ferguson DJ. Morphogenesis of intimal obliterative hyperplasia of small arteries in experimental pulmonary hypertension. An ultrastructural study of the role of smooth muscle cells. Am J Pathol 1968; 52: 325–348.
Balk AG, Mooi WJ, Dingemans KP, Wagenvoort CA. Development and regression of pulmonary arterial lesions after experimental air embolism. A light and electronmicroscopic study. Virchows Arch A 1985; 406: 203–212.
Smith P, Heath D, Yacoub M, et al. The ultrastructure of plexogenic arteriopathy. J Pathol 1990; 160: 111–121.
Heath D, Edwards JE. The pathology of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease. A description of six grades of structural changes in the pulmonary arteries with special reference to congenital cardiac septal defects. Circulation 1958; 18: 533–547.
Yaginuma G, Mohri H, Takahashi T. Distribution of arterial lesions and collateral pathways in the pulmonary hypertension of congenital heart disease: A computer-aided reconstruction study. Thorax 1990; 45: 586–590.
Wagenvoort CA, Keutel J, Mooi WJ, Wagenvoort N. Longitudinal smooth muscle in pulmonary arteries. Occurrence in congenital heart disease. Virchows Arch A 1984; 404: 265–274.
Wagenvoort CA, Wagenvoort N, Draulans-Noe Y. Reversibility of plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy following banding of the pulmonary artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984; 87: 876–886.
Del Nido PJ, Williams WG, Villamater J, et al. Changes in pericardial surface pressure during pulmonary hypertensive crises after cardiac surgery. Circulation 1987; 76 (Suppl.): 93–101.
Wagenvoort CA. Open lung biopsies in congenital heart disease for evaluation of pulmonary vascular disease. Predictive value with regard to corrective operability. Histopathology 1985; 9: 417–436.
Clapp S, Perry BL, Farooki ZQ, et al. Down’s syndrome, complete atrioventricular canal and pulmonary vascu-lar obstructive disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 100: 115–121.
Harris P, Heath D. The human pulmonary circulation. 3d Ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1986.
Jordan SC, Hicken P, Watson DA, Heath D, Whitaker W. Pathology of the lungs in mitral stenosis in relation to respiratory function and pulmonary haemodynamics. Br HeartJ 1966; 28: 101–107.
Wagenvoort CA, Wagenvoort N. Smooth muscle content of pulmonary arterial media in pulmonary venous hypertension compared with other forms of pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1982; 81: 581–585.
Wagenvoort CA. Pathology of congestive pulmonary hypertension. Prog Respir Res 1975; 9: 195–202.
Olsen EGJ. Perivascular fibrosis in lungs in mitral valve disease. A possible mechanism of production. Br J Dis Chest 1966; 60: 129–136.
Heath D, Edwards JE. Histological changes in the lung in diseases associated with pulmonary venous hypertension. Br J Dis Chest 1959; 53: 8–18.
Wagenvoort CA. Morphologic changes in intrapulmonary veins. Hum Pathol 1970; 1: 205–213.
Tryka AF, Godleski JJ, Schoen FJ, Vandevanter H. Pulmonary vascular disease and hypertension after valve surgery for mitral stenosis. Hum Pathol 1985; 16: 65–71.
Ohno K, Nakahara K, Hirose H, Kawashima Y. Effects of valvular surgery on overall and regional lung function in patients with mitral stenosis. Chest 1987; 92: 224–228.
Heath D, Segel N, Bishop J. Pulmonary venoocclusive disease. Circulation 1966; 34: 242–248.
Cohn RC, Wong R, Spohn WA, Komer M. Death due to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in a child with pulmonary venoocclusive disease. Chest 1991; 100: 1456–1458.
Wagenvoort CA. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Entity or syndrome ? Chest 1976; 69: 82–86.
Wagenvoort CA, Wagenvoort N, Takahashi T. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Involvement of pulmonary arteries and review of the literature. Hum Pathol 1985; 16: 1033–1041.
Hasleton PS, IronsideJW, Whittaker JS, Kelly W, Ward C. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. A report of four cases. Histopathology 1986; 10: 933–944.
Sofer S, Weinhouse E, Tal A, Wanderman KL, Margulis G, Leiberman A, Gueron M. Cor pulmonale due to adenoidal or tonsillar hypertrophy or both in children. Non-invasive diagnosis and follow-up. Chest 1988; 93: 119–122.
Weir EK, Ticker A, Reeves JT, Will DH, Grover RF. The genetic factor influencing pulmonary hypertension in cattle at high altitude. Cardiovasc Res 1974; 8: 745–749.
Grover RF. Chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. In: Fishman AP, ed. The pulmonary circulation: Nor-mal and abnormal. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990: 283–299.
Cutaia M, Rounds S. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Physiological significance, mechanism, and clinical relevance. Chest 1990; 97: 706–718.
Fishman AP. The enigma of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. In: Fishman AP, ed. The pulmonary circulation: Normal and abnormal. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990: 109–129.
Arias-Stella J, Saldana M. The terminal portion of the pulmonary arterial tree in people native to high altitudes. Circulation 1963; 28: 915–925.
Heath D, Williams DR. Man at high altitude. 2d Ed. Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone, 1981.
Dingemans KP, Wagenvoort CA. Pulmonary arteries and veins in experimental hypoxia. Am J Pathol 1978; 93: 353–368.
Wagenvoort CA, Wagenvoort N. Pulmonary venous changes in chronic hypoxia. Virchows Arch A 1976; 372: 51–56.
Edwards WD, Edwards JE. Clinical primary pulmonary hypertension. Three pathologic types. Circulation 1977; 56: 884–888.
Bjornsson J, Edwards WD. Primary pulmonary hypertension: A histopathologic study of 80 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1985; 60: 16–26.
Palevsky HI, Schloo BL, Pietra GG, et al. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Vascular structure, morphometry, and responsiveness to vasodilator agents. Circulation 1989; 80: 1207–1221.
Pietra GG, Edwards WD, Kay JM, et al. Histopathology of primary pulmonary hypertension. A qualitative and quantitative study of pulmonary blood vessels from 58 patients in the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, primary pulmonary hypertension registry. Circulation 1989; 80: 1198–1206.
Wagenvoort CA, Mulder PGH. Thrombotic lesions in primary plexogenic arteriopathy. Similar pathogenesis or complication? Chest 1993; 103: 844–849.
Wagenvoort CA. Medial defects of lung vessels. A new cause for pulmonary hypertension. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 722–726.
Wagenvoort CA, Beetstra A, Spijker J. Capillary haemangiomatosis of the lungs. Histopathology 1978; 2: 401–406.
Wagenvoort CA, Misalignment of lung vessels: A syndrome causing persistent neonatal pulmonary hypertension. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 727–730.
Wagenvoort CA, Nauta J, Van der Schaar PJ, Weeda HWH, Wagenvoort N. Vascular changes in pulmonic stenosis and tetralogy of Fallot studied in lung biopsies. Circulation 1967; 36: 924–932.
Rich AR. A hitherto unrecognized tendency to the development of widespread pulmonary vascular obstruction in patients with congenital pulmonary steno-sis (tetralogy of Fallot). Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1948; 82: 389–401.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wagenvoort, C.A., Mooi, W.J. (1994). Vascular Diseases. In: Dail, D.H., Hammar, S.P. (eds) Pulmonary Pathology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3935-0_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3935-0_29
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-3937-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3935-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive