Abstract
Both marijuana and the hallucinogens produce a change in the level of consciousness, and both are capable of inducing hallucinations. However, in the usual doses taken, the predominant effect of cannabis is to alter the “feeling state” with less intensity and without frank hallucinations. The drugs discussed in this chapter produce more intense changes and often yield abnormal sensory inputs of a predominantly visual nature (illusions or hallucinations), even at low doses.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Jaffe, J. H. Drug addiction and drug abuse. In A. G. Gilman, L. S. Goodman, T. W. Rall, und F. Murad (Eds.), The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics ( 7th ed. ). New York, Macmillan, 1985, pp. 532–581.
Leonard, H. L., und Rapoport, J. L. Treatment of anorexia nervosa patient with fluoxetine. American Journal of Psychiatry 144: 1239–1240, 1987.
Hollister, L. E. Clinical aspects of use of phenylalkylamine and indolealkylamine hallucinogens. Psychopharmacology 22: 977–979, 1986.
Dorrance, D. L., Janiger, O., und Teplitz, R. L. Effect of peyote on human chromosomes: Cytogenetic study of the Huichol Indians of Northern Mexico. Journal of the American Medical Association 234: 299–302, 1975.
Dobkin de Rios, M. Man, culture and hallucinogens: An overview. In V. Rubin (Ed.), Cannabis and Culture. The Hague: Mouton, 1975, pp. 76–92.
Hofmann, F. G., und Hofmann, A. D. A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
White, F. J., und Appel, J. B. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and lisuride: Differentiation of their neuropharmacological actions. Science 216: 535–537, 1982.
Jacobs, B. L., und Trulson, M. E. Mechanisms of action of LSD. American Scientist 67: 396–404, 1979.
Weaver, K. E. C. LSD and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 41:631, 1984.
Jacobs, B. L. Effects of classical hallucinogenic drugs are mediated by an action at postsynaptic serotonergic sites. Paper presented at the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Annual Meeting, Maui, Hawaii, December 10, 1985.
Vardy, M. M., und Kay, S. R. LSD psychosis or LSD-induced schizophrenia? Archives of General Psychiatry 40: 877–883, 1983.
Segal, D. S., und Schuckit, M. A. Animal models of stimulant-induced psychosis. In I. Creese (Ed.), Stimulants: Neurochemical, Behavioral and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Raven Press, 1982, pp. 131–168.
Cohen, S. The hallucinogens. Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Newsletter 13, July 1984.
Diagnosis and management of reactions to drug abuse. Medical Letter 19:13–16,1977.
Ungerleider, J. T., und Frank, I. M. Emergency treatment of adverse reactions to hallucinogenic drugs. In P. G. Bourne (Ed.). A Treatment Manual for Acute Drug Abuse Emergencies. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govemment Printing Office, 1974, pp. 73–76.
Davis, M., Kehne, J. H., Commissaris, R. L., und Geyer, M. A. Effects of hallucinogens on unconditioned behaviors in animals. In B. L. Jacobs (Ed.), Hallucinogens: Neurochemical, Behavioral and Clinical Perspectives. New York, Raven Press, 1984, pp. 35–75.
Schlemmer, R. F., Nawara, C., Heinze, W. J., et al Influence of environmental context on tolerance to LSD-induced behavior in primates. Biological Psychiatry 21: 314–317, 1986.
Cohen, S. (Ed.). Pharmacology of drugs of abuse. Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Newsletter 5: 1–4, 1976.
Brown, J. K., und Malone, M. H. Some U.S. street drug identification programs. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 13: 670–675, 1973.
Bowers, M. B., Jr. Psychoses precipitated by psychotomimetic drugs: A follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry 34: 832–835, 1977.
Editorial: Epidemiology of drug usage. Lancet 1: 147–148, 1985.
Smart, R. G., Adlaf, E. M., und Goodstadt, M. S. Alcohol and other drug use among Ontario students: An update. Canadian Journal of Public Health 77: 57–58, 1986.
Editorial: National survey finds continuing decline in use of illicit drugs by high school seniors. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 36: 1011, 1985.
Blackford, L. Student Drug Surveys-San Mateo County, California, 1968–1975. San Mateo, California: San Mateo County Department of Public Health and Welfare, 1975.
Shapira, J., und Cherubin, C. E. Drug Abuse: A Guide for the Clinician. New York: American Elsevier, 1975.
Taylor, R. L., Maurer, J. I., und Tinklenberg, J. R. Management of “bad trips” in an evolving drug scene. Journal of the American Medical Association 213: 422–425, 1970.
Frosch, W. A., Robbins, E. S., und Stern, M. Untoward reactions to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) resulting in hospitalization. New England Journal of Medicine 273:1235–1239, 1965.
Levy, R. M. Diazepam for LSD intoxication. Lancet 1: 1297, 1971.
Goodwin, D. W., und Guze, S. B. Psychiatric Diagnosis ( 4th ed. ). New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Cohen, S. (Ed.). Flashbacks. Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Newsletter 6: 1–3, 1977.
Yager, J., Crumpton, E., und Rubenstein, R. Flashbacks among soldiers discharged as unfit who abused more than one drug. American Journal of Psychiatry 140: 857–861, 1983.
Forrest, J. A. H., und Tarala, R. A. 60 hospital admissions due to reactions to lysergide (LSD). Lancet 2: 1310–1313, 1973.
Winek, C. L., Collom, W. D., und Bricker, J. D. A death due to 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine. Clinical Toxicology 18: 261–266, 1981.
Shoichet, R. Emergency treatment of acute adverse reactions to hallucinogenic drugs. In P. G. Bourne (Ed.). A Treatment Manual for Acute Drug Abuse Emergencies. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974, pp. 80–82.
Abruzzi, W. Drug-induced psychosis. International Journal of the Addictions 12:183–193, 1977.
Friedman, S. A., und Hirsh, S. E. Extreme hyperthermia after LSD ingestion. Journal of the American Medical Association 217:1549–1550, 1971.
Lake, C. R., Stirba, A. L., Kinneman, R. E. et al. Mania associated with LSD ingestion. American Journal of Psychiatry 138: 1508–1509, 1981.
Liskow, B. LSD and prolonged psychotic reactions. American Journal of Psychiatry 128:1154, 1972.
Glass, G. S., und Bowers, M. B. Chronic psychosis associated with long-term psychotomimetic drug abuse. Archives of General Psychiatry 23: 97–102, 1970.
Ungerleider, J. T. LSD and the courts. American Journal of Psychiatry 126 (8):1179,1970.
Goldstein, J. A. Niacin and acute psychedelic psychosis. Biological Psychiatry 19: 272–273, 1984.
Grant, I., Mohns, L., Miller, M., und Reitan, R. M. A neuropsychological study of polydrug users. Archives of General Psychiatry 33: 973–978, 1976.
Abraham, H. D. A chronic impairment of colour vision in users of LSD. British Journal of Psychiatry 140: 518–520, 1982.
Culver, C. M., und King, F. W. Neuropsychological assessment of undergraduate marihuana and LSD users. Archives of General Psychiatry 31: 707–711, 1974.
Smith, C. G., und Asch, R. H. Drug abuse and reproduction. Fertility and Sterility 48: 355–373, 1987.
Emanuel, I., und Ansell, J. S. LSD, intrauterine amputations, and amniotic-band syndrome. Lancet 2: 158–159, 1971.
Bloom, A. D. Peyote (mescaline) and human chromosomes. Journal of the American Medical Association 234: 313, 1975.
Ricuarte, G., Bryan, G., und Strauss, L. Hallucinogenic amphetamine selectively destroys brain serotonin nerve terminals. Science 229: 986–988, 1985.
Bowen, J. S., Davis, G. B., Kearney, T. E., und Bardin, J. Diffuse vascular spasm associated with 4bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine ingestion. Journal of the American Medical Association 249:1477–1479, 1983.
Dietz, W. H., Jr., und Stuart, M. J. Nutmeg and prostaglandins. New England Journal of Medicine 294: 503, 1976.
Schulze, R. G. Nutmeg as a hallucinogen. New England Journal of Medicine 295: 174, 1976.
Faguet, R. A., und Rowland, K. F. “Spice cabinet” intoxication. American Journal of Psychiatry 135: 860–861, 1973.
Fink, P. J., Goldman, M. J., und Lyons, I. Morning glory seed psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 15: 209–213, 1966.
Domino, E. F. The hallucinogens. In R. W. Richter (Ed.). Medical Aspects of Drug Abuse. New York: Harper und Row, 1975, pp. 210–217.
Molyneux, R. J. Loco intoxication: Indolizidine alkaloids of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus). Science 216: 190–191, 1982.
Lane, G. A. Nitrous oxide is fetotoxic. Science 210: 889–890, 1980.
Block, S. H. The grocery store high. American Journal of Psychiatry 135: 126, 1978.
Gillman, M. A. Safety of nitrous oxide. Lancet 2: 1397, 1982.
Goode, E., und Troiden, R. R. Amyl nitrite use among homosexual men. American Journal of Psychiatry 136: 1067–1069, 1979.
McManus, T. F. Amyl nitrite. Lancet 1: 503, 1982.
Lange, W. R., Haertzen, C. A., Hickey, I. E., et al Nitrite inhalants: Patterns of abuse in Baltimore and Washington, D.C. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 14: 29–39, 1988.
Mirvish, S. S., und Haverkos, H. W. Butyl nitrite in the induction of Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS. New England Journal of Medicine 317: 1603, 1987.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schuckit, M.A. (1989). Hallucinogens and Related Drugs. In: Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Critical Issues in Psychiatry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0767-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0767-0_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0769-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0767-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive