Skip to main content

Drug Treatment in Child Psychiatry

  • Chapter
Stimulants

Part of the book series: Handbook of Psychopharmacology ((SIBN,volume 11))

  • 341 Accesses

Abstract

There are now over 20 review articles in pediatric psychopharmacology and they appear to be increasing in the 1970s (Sprague and Werry, 1971; Di Mascio et al., 1970; Renshaw, 1975; Freeman, 1970; Blackwell and Currah, 1973; Conners, 1972; Campbell, 1975b,c; Eisenberg and Conners, 1971; Greenberg and Lourie, 1972; Eveloff, 1970; Kornetsky, 1975). They function to simplify the process of keeping up with the ever-expanding number of papers in the field and to organize the numerous findings of separate studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adamson, W. C., Nellis, B. P., Runge, G., Cleland, C., and Killian, E., 1958, Use of tranquilizers for mentally deficient patients, AMA J. Dis. Child. 96:159–164.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alderton, H. R., 1970, Imipramine in childhood enuresis: Further studies on the relationship of time of administration to effect, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 102:1179–1180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexandris, A., and Lundell, F. W., 1968, Effect of thioridazine, amphetamine and placebo on the hyperkinetic syndrome and cognitive area in mentally deficient children, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 98:92–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Kaisi, A. H., and McGuire, R. J., 1974, The effect of sulthiame on disturbed behaviour in mentally subnormal patients, Br. J. Psychiat. 124:45–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M. G., and Sprague, R. L., 1973, Effect of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine on learning and retention, in Progress Report of Grant MH 18909 from 1970–1973 (R Sprague, Principal Investigator) (March, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M. G., and Sprague, R. L., 1974, The state-dependent effects of methylphenidate and detroamphetamine, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 158:268–279.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, G., and Harris, J., 1964, The syndrome of stuttering, Clin. Develop. Med. 17:160–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, E. J., 1959, An experimental approach to the psychopathology of childhood: Sleep, Br. J. Med. Psychol. 32:19–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anton, A. H., and Greer, M., 1969, Dextroamphetamine, catecholamines, and behavior: The effect of dextroamphetamine in retarded children, Arch. Neurol. 21:248–252.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arieff, A. J., and Mier, M., 1966, Anticonvulsant and psychotropic action of Tegretol, Neurology 16:107–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayllon, T., Layman, D., and Kandel, H. J., 1975, A behavioral-educational alternative to drug control of hyperactive children, J. Appl. Behav. 8:137–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bair, H. V., and Herold, W., 1955, Efficacy of chlorpromazine in hyperactive mentally retarded children, AMA Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 74:363–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakwin, H., 1973, The genetics of enuresis, Clin. Develop. Med. 48/49:73–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakwin, H., and Bakwin, R. M., 1972, Behavior Disorders in Children, 4th ed., pp. 546–553. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balow, B., 1965, The long term effect of remedial reading instruction, Reading Teacher 18:581–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamberger, P., and Matthes, A., 1966, Effect of Valium on seizures and eeg in different forms of childhood epilepsy, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 20:103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ban, T. A., 1973, Haloperidol and the butyrophenones, Psychosomatics 14:286–297.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, P., and Fraser, I. A., 1968, A controlled trial of haloperidol in children, Br. J. Psychiat. 114:855–857.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, M. R., and Fetterman, J. L., 1938, Mentality of dispensary epileptic patients, AMA Arch. Nenrol. Psychiat. 40:903–910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, C., and Lampert, R., 1957, Effects of Metrazol on intellectual functioning in defectives, Psych. Rep. 3:551–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beech, H. R., and Fransella, F., 1968, Research and Experiment in Stuttering, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benady, D. R., 1970, Cyproheptadine hydrochloride (Periactin) and anorexia nervosa: A case reporter. J. Psychiat 117:681–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender, L., 1953, Childhood schizophrenia, Psychiat. Quart. 27:663–681.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, L., 1970, Children’s reactions to psychotomimetic drugs, in Psychotomimetic Drugs (D. H. Efron, ed.), pp. 265–271, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, M., Yule, W., and Rutter, M., 1975, Attainment and adjustment in two geographic areas II. The prevalence of specific reading retardation, Br. J. Psychiat. 126:510–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, C. A., Griffin, B. P., Miklaszewska, J. M., and Galbraith, A. W., 1966, Tegretol (Carbamazepine): A controlled trial of a new anti-convulsant, Br. J. Psychiat. 112:737–742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blacklidge, V. Y., and Ekblad, R. L., 1971, The effectiveness of methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin) on learning and behavior in public school educable mentally retarded children, Pediatrics 47:923–926.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, B., and Currah, J., 1973, The psychopharmacology of nocturnal enuresis, Clin. Develop. Med. 48/49:231–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blinder, B. J., Freeman, D. M., and Stunkard, A. J., 1970, Behavior therapy of anorexia nervosa: Effectiveness of activity as a reinforcer of weight gain, Am. J. Psychiat. 126:1093–1098.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonduelle, M., 1972, My study of Tegretol in the treatment of epilepsy, in Tegretol in Epilepsy (C. A. Winc, ed.), pp. 80–88, C. Nicholls and Company, Manchester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, C., 1951, Behavior disturbances in epileptic children, JAMA 146:436–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breger, E., 1961, Meprobamate in the management of enuresis, J. Pediat. 59:571–576.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breger, E., 1962, Hydroxyzine hydrochloride and methylphenidate hydrochloride in the management of enuresis, J. Pediat. 61:443–447.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brett, E. M., 1973, Epilepsy in childhood, Br. J. Hosp. Med. 9:177–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broughton, R. J., 1968, Sleep disorders: Disorders of arousal? Science 159:1070–1078.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D., Winsberg, B. G., Bailer, I., and Press, M., 1973, Imipramine therapy and seizures: Three children treated for hyperactive behavior disorders, Am. J. Psychiat. 130:210–212.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruun, R., Shapiro, A. K., Sweet, R., Shapiro, E., Solomon, G., and Wayne, H., 1975, A follow-up study of Tourette’s syndrome in seventy-seven patients. Paper read at the Annual Meeting of the Amer. Psychiatric Assoc, Anaheim, California (May 9, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, R. A., 1972, Ethosuximide: Toxicity, in Antiepileptic Drugs (D. M. Woodbury, J. K. Penry, and R. P. Schmidt, eds.), pp. 449–454, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burk, H. W., and Menolascino, F. J., 1968, Haloperidol in emotionally disturbed mentally retarded individuals, Am. J. Psychiat. 124:1589–1591.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., 1975a, Clinical trials of TRH (thyroid releasing hormones), Psychopharm. Bull. 11 (Jan.): 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., 1973, Biological interventions in psychoses of childhood, J. Aut. Child. Schiz. 3:347–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., 1975b, Psychopharmacology in childhood psychosis, Int. J. Mental Health 4:238–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., 1975c, Pharmacotherapy in early infantile autism, Biol. Psychiat. 10:399–423.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., Fish, B., Shapiro, T., and Floyd, A., 1970, Thiothixene in young disturbed children, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 23:70–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., et al., 1971a, Imipramine in preschool autistic and schizophrenic children, J. Aut. Child. Schiz. 1:267–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., et al., 1971b, Study of Molindone in disturbed preschool children, Curr. Therap. Res. 13:28–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., Fish, B., David, R., Shapiro, T., Collins, P., and Koh, C., 1972a, Response to triiodothyronine and dextroamphetamine: A study of preschool schizophrenic children, J. Aut. Child. Schiz. 2:343–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., et al., 1972b, Acute responses of schizophrenic children to a sedative and a “stimulating” neuroleptic: A pharmacologic yardstick, Curr. Therap. Res. 14:759–766.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., Fish, B., Korein, J., Shapiro, T., Collins, P., and Koh, C., 1972c, Lithium and chlorpromazine: A controlled crossover study of hyperactive severely disturbed young children, J. Aut. Child. Schiz. 2:234–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., et al., 1973, Liothyronine treatment in psychotic and non-psychotic children under 6 years, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 29:602–608.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, C. H., 1959, Prochlorperazine in emotionally disturbed, mentally defective children, South Med. J. 52:174–178.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapel, J. L., Brown, N., and Jenkins, R. L., 1964, Tourette’s disease: Symptomatic relief with Haloperidol, Am. J. Psychiat. 121:608–610.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, D. E., 1975, Effects of combining methylphenidate and a classroom token system in modifying hyperactive behavior, Am. J. Ment. Defic. 80:266–276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, D. E., and Sprague, R. L., 1973, Reduction of hyperactive behavior by conditioning procedures alone and combined with methylphenidate (Ritalin), Behav. Res. Therap. 11:331–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. W., 1975, Enuresis, Ped. Clin. N. Amer. 22:545–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, P. H., Corbett, J. A., Horne, D. J., and Mathews, A. M., 1967, Drug treatment of adolescent ticquers: A double-blind trial of Diazepam and Haioperidol, Br. J. Psychiat. 113:375–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., 1969, A teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children, Am. J. Psychiat. 126:884–888.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., 1972, Pharmacotherapy of psychopathology in children, in Psychopathological Disorders in Childhood (H. C. Quay and J. S. Werry, eds.), pp. 316–347, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., 1973, Rating scales to use in drug studies with children, Psychopharm. Bull., Spec. Issue: Pharmacotherapy of Children, pp. 24-84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., 1974, Drug and cognition studies in disturbed children, Psychopharm. Bull. 10 (April):60–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., 1975, Controlled trial of methylphenidate in preschool children with minimal brain dysfunction, Int. J. Mental Health 4:61–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., and Rothschild, G., 1968, Drugs and learning in children, in Learning Disorders Vol. III (J. Hellmuth, ed.), pp. 191–224, Spec. Child Publ., Seattle, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., Rothschild, G., Eisenberg, L., Schwartz, L. S., and Robinson, E., 1969, Dextroamphetamine sulfate in children with learning disorders: Effects on perception, learning and achievement, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 21:182–190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., Kramer, R., Rothschild, G. H., Schwartz, L., and Stone, A., 1971, Treatment of young delinquent boys with diphenylhydantoin sodium and methylphenidate: A controlled comparison, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 24:156–160.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., Taylor, E., Meo, G., Kurtz, M. A., and Fournier, M., 1972, Magnesium pemoline and dextroamphetamine: A controlled study in children with minimal brain dysfunction, Psychopharmacologia 26:321–336.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., Goyette, C., and Southwick, D., 1975, Food Additives and Hyperkinesis: Preliminary Report of a Double-Blind, Cross Over Experiment, unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, W. G., Dworkin, E. S., Shai, A., and Tobiessen, J. E., 1971, Effects of amphetamine therapy and prescriptive tutoring on the behavior and achievement of lower class hyperactive children, J. Learn. Disabil. 4:509–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cookson, I. B., and Wells, P. G., 1973, Haloperidol in the treatment of stutterers, Br. J. Psychiat. 123:491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coolidge, J. C., Brodie, R. D., and Feeney, B., 1964, A ten-year follow-up study of sixty-six school-phobic children, Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 34:675–684.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, J. A., Mathews, A. M., Connell, P. H., and Shapiro, D. A., 1969, Tics and Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: A follow-up study and critical review, Br. J. Psychiat. 115:1229–1241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordes, C. K., 1973, Chronic drug intoxication causing pseudoretardation in a young child, J. Am. Acad. Child. Psychiat. 12:215–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craft, M., 1975a, Tranquilizers in mental deficiency: Hydroxyzine, J. Mental. Sci. 103:855–857.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craft, M., 1957b, Tranquillizers in mental deficiency: Chlorpromazine, J. Mental Def. Res. 1:91–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craft, M., 1958, Tranquillizers in mental deficiency: Meprobamate, J. Mental Def. Res. 2:17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craft, M., 1959, Mental disorder in the defective: The use of tranquillizers, Am. J. Mental Def. 64:63–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creak, M., et al., 1961, Schizophrenic syndrome in childhood, Br. Med. J. 2:889–891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, A. H., 1966, A treatment regime for anorexia nervosa, Br. J. Psychiat. 112:505–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, A. H., and Kalucy, R., 1973, The effect of leucotomy on intractable adolescent weight phobia (primary anorexia nervosa), Postgrad. Med. J. 49:883–893.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, M. A., Pillai, V., and Rogers, W. J., 1968, Haloperidol in the treatment of children with severe behaviour disorders, Br. J. Psychiat. 114:845–854.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby, M. A., 1971, Antiepileptic and psychotropic effect of carbamazepine (Tegretol) in the treatment of psychomotor epilepsy, Epilepsia 12:325–334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dally, P. J., and Sargant, W., 1966, Treatment and outcome of anorexia nervosa, Br. Med. J. 2:793–795.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidorf, F. H., 1973, Thioridazine pigmentary retinopathy, Arch. Opthalmol. 90:251–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeJonge, G. A., 1973, Epidemiology in enuresis: A survey of the literature, Clin. Develop. Med. 48/49:39–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLeon, G., and Mandell, W., 1966, A comparison of conditioning and psychotherapy in the treatment of functional enuresis, J. Clin. Psych. 22:326–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Mascio, A., Soltys, J. J., and Shader, R. I., 1970, Psychotropic drug side effects in children, in Psychotropic Drug Side Effects (R. I. Shader, and A. Di Mascio, eds.), pp. 235–260, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, L., 1958, School phobia: Diagnosis, genesis, and clinical management, Ped. Clin. N. Am. 5:645–666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, L., 1966a, The management of the hyperkinetic child, Develop. Med. Child Nenrol. 8:593–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, L., 1966b, Reading retardation: Psychiatric and sociologic aspects, Pediatrics 37:352–365.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, L., 1967, Psychotic disorders: Clinical features, in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (A. M. Freedman and H. I. Kaplan, eds.), pp. 1433–1438, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, L., and Conners, C. K., 1971, Psychopharmacology in childhood, in Behavioral Science in Pediatric Medicine (N. B. Talbot, J. Kagan, and L. Eisenberg, eds.), pp. 397–424, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, L., Gilbert, A., Cytryn, L., and Molling, P. A., 1961, The effectiveness of psychotherapy alone and in conjunction with perphenazine or placebo in the treatment of neurotic and hyperkinetic children, Am. J. Psychiat. 117:1088–1093.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, D. M., 1973, Outpatient pediatric psychopharmacology, Psychopharm. Bull., Spec. Issue: Pharmacotherapy of Children, pp. 11-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, D. M., Polizos, P., and Margolis, R., 1972, The drug treatment of childhood psychosis, in Drugs, Development and Cerebral Function (W. L. Smith, ed.), Charles Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, D. M., Polizos, P., Waizer, J., and Hoffman, S. P., 1973, A double-blind comparison of Fluphenazine and Haloperidol in outpatient schizophrenic children, J. Aut. Child. Schiz. 3:128–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, D. M., Polizos, P., and Waizer, J., 1975, CNS consequences of psychotropic drug withdrawal in autistic children: A follow-up report, Psychopharm. Bull. 11 (Jan.):6–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, L. C., Lasagna, L., Conners, C. K., and Rodriguez, A., 1968, Correlation of dextroamphetamine excretion and drug response in hyperkinetic children, J. Nerv. Mental Dis. 146:136–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Essman, W. B., 1971, Drug effects and learning and memory processes, Adv. Pharmacol. Chemother. 9:241–330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eveloff, H. H., 1970, Pediatrie psychopharmacology, in Principles of Psychopharmacology (W. G. Clark and J. del Guidice, eds.), pp. 683–694, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feingold, B., 1974, Why Your Child is Hyperactive, Random House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finnerty, R. J., Soltys, J. J., and Cole, J. O., 1971, The use of D-amphetamine with hyperkinetic children, Psycopharmacologia 21:302–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish, B., 1960, Drug therapy in child psychiatry: Pharmacological aspects, Comp. Psychiat. 1:212–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish, B., 1971, The “one child one drug” myth of stimulants in hyperkinesis, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 25:193–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish, B., 1973, Summary report of the children’s psychopharmacology unit at NYU Medical Center, Psychopharm. Bull., Spec. Issue, Pharmacotherapy of Children, pp. 13-18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish, B., Shapiro, T., and Campbell, M., 1966, Long-term prognosis and the response of schizophrenic children to drug therapy: A controlled study of trifluperazine, Am. J. Psychiat. 123:32–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fish, B., Campbell, M., Shapiro, T., and Floyd, A., 1969, Schizophrenic children treated with methysergide (Sansert), Dis. Nerv. Syst. 30:534–540.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C., Kahn, E., Edwards, A., and Davis, D. M., 1973, A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors: The suppression of stage 4 night terrors with Diazepam, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 28:252–259.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forrester, R. M., Stein, A., and Susser, M. W., 1964, A trial of conditioning therapy in nocturnal enuresis, Dev. Med. Child Nenrol. 6:158–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe, W. I., and Redmond, A., 1974, Enuresis and spontaneous cure rate: A study of 1129 enuretics, Arch. Dis. Child. 49:259–263.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, J. C., and Anderson, J. E., 1936, Unpleasant dreams in childhood, Child Dev. 7:77–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederiks, J. A., 1970, Facial tics in children: The therapeutic effect of low-dosage Diazepam, Br. J. Clin. Pract. 24:17–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, H., and Peifer, C. A., 1956, Treatment of hyperkinetic emotionally disturbed children with prolonged administration of Chlorpromazine, Am. J. Psychiat. 113:22–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, A. M., Effron, A. S., and Bender, L., 1955, Pharmacotherapy in children with psychiatric illness, J. Nerv. Mental Dis. 122:479–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, A. M., Deutsch, M., and Deutsch, C. P., 1960, Effects of hydroxyzine hydrochloride on the reaction time performance of schizophrenic children, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 3:153–159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R. D., 1966, Drug effects on learning in children: A selective review of the past thirty years, J. Spec. Ed. 1:17–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R. D., 1970, Psychopharmacology and the retarded child, in Psychiatric Approaches to Mental Retardation (F. Menolascino, ed.), pp. 294–368, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frommer, E. A., 1967, Treatment of childhood depression with antidepressant drugs, Br. Med. J. 1:729–732.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gabourie, J., Becker, J. W., and Bateman, B., 1975, Oral dimethyl sulfoxide in mental retardation. Part I. Preliminary behavioral and psychometric data, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 243:449–459.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, W. I., 1971, Behavior Modification in Mental Retardation, Aldine-Atherton, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gestaut, H., Roger, J., and Lob, H., 1973, Medical treatment of epilepsy, in Anticonvulsant Drugs, Vol. 2 (J. Mercier, ed.), pp. 535–598, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giller, A., and Bernadou, M., 1975, Dimethyl sulfoxide therapy in nonmongoloid infantile oligophrenia, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 243:432–448.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gittelman-Klein, R., 1975, Pharmacotherapy and management of pathological separation anxiety, Int. J. Ment. Health 4:255–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gittelman-Klein, R., and Klein, D. F., 1971, Controlled Imipramine treatment of school phobia, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 25:204–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gittelman-Klein, R., and Klein, D., 1973, Methylphenidate effects in learning disability in children, Paper read at the 126th Annual Meeting of the Am. Psychiat. Assoc., Honolulu (May).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gittelman-Klein, R., Klein, D. F., Flexibrod, J., Abikoff, H., Katz, S., Gloisten, A., Kates, W., and Saraf, K., 1975, Methylphenidate vs. behavior therapy in hyperkinetic children, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Amer. Psychiat. Assoc., Anaheim, California (May).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, K., 1959, School phobia and related conditions, Pediatrics 23:371–383.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glick, B. S., Schulman, D., and Turecki, S., 1971, Diazepam (Valium) treatment in childhood sleep disorders, Dis. Nerv. Syst. 32:565–566.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfarb, W., 1970, Childhood psychosis, in Manual of Child Psychology, 3rd ed. (P. H. Mussen, ed.), pp. 765–803, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, R., 1966, The use of Mellaril as an adjunct in the treatment of stuttering, Excerpta Medica Int. Congr. Ser. No. 150 (Proc. IV World Congr. Psychiatry).

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, P., 1973, Depth of sleep and enuresis: A critical review, Clin. Dev. Med. 48/49:78–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, B. D., Rosenblum, S., and Callahan, R. J., 1958, Placebo-controlled study of reserpine in maladjusted retarded children, AMA J. Dis. Child. 96:690–695.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gram, L. F., and Rafaelsen, O. J., 1972, Lithium treatment of psychotic children and adolescents, Acta Psychiat. Scand. 48:253–260.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, Q. R., 1962, Psychopharmacology in childhood emotional and mental disorders, Pediatrics 61:626–637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, R. H., 1974, Sulthiame and behaviour, Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 16:821–823.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. R., Troupin, A. S., Halpern, L. M., Friel, P., and Kanarek, P., 1974, Sulthiame: Evaluation as an anticonvulsant, Epilepsia 15:329–349.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenbaum, G. C., 1970, An evaluation of niacinamide in the treatment of childhood schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiat. 127:89–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, L. M., and Lourie, R. S., 1972, Physiochemical treatment methods, in Manual of Child Psychopathology (B. B. Wolman, ed.), pp. 1010–1031, McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, L. M., Deem, M. A., and McMahon, S., 1972, Effects of dextroamphetamine, chlorpromazine, and hydroxyzine on behavior and performance in hyperactive children, Am. J. Psychiat. 129:532–539.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhill, L. L., Rieder, R. O., Wender, P. H., Buchsbaum, M., and Zahn, T. P., 1973, Lithium carbonate in the treatment of hyperactive children, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 28:636–640.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, A. W., 1970, Drug trials, in Mental Subnormality: Modern Trends in Research (B. W. Richards, ed.), pp. 164–202, Pitman Medical and Scientific Publ. Co., London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, M. D., 1973, Imipramine in the treatment of minimal brain dysfunction in children, Psychosomatics 14:283–285.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, M. D., and Wilson, W. C., 1974, Minimal Brain Dysfunction, Brunner/Mazel, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guey, J., Charles, C., Coquery, C., Roger, J., and Soulayrol, R., 1967, Study of psychological effects of ethosuximide (Zarontin) on 25 children suffering from petit mal epilepsy, Epilepsia 8:129–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackett, J. D., Hoffman, M., Macloed, A. S., and Surtees, R., 1958, A study of the effects of chlorpromazine as an aid to therapy for stuttering with a one year follow-up, Paper presented at the Amer. Speech and Hearing Assoc. Annual Convention in New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, M., 1960, Phenmetrazine in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis, Practitioner 185:343–346.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartlage, L. C., 1965, Effects of chlorpromazine on learning, Psych. Bull. 64:235–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healy, C. E., 1974, Possible remedy for stuttering, Pediatrics 53:587–588.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton-Ward, W. A., and Jancar, J., 1958, A controlled clinical trial of meprobamate in the management of difficult and destructive female mental defectives, J. Mental Sci. 104:454–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helper, M. M., Wilcott, R. C., and Garfield, S. L., 1963, Effects of chlorpromazine on learning and related processes in emotionally disturbed children, J. Consult. Psych. 27:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herjanic, B. M., and Penick, E. C., 1972, Adult outcome of disabled child readers, J. Spec. Ed. 6:397–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hersov, L. A., 1960, Refusal to go to school, J. Child Psych. Psychiat. 1:137–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewett, F. M., Taylor, F. D., and Artuso, A. A., 1969, The Santa Monica project: Evaluation of an engineered classroom design with emotionally disturbed children, Except. Child, 35:523–529.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holdsworth, L., and Whitmore, K., 1974, A study of children with epilepsy attending ordinary schools. 1. Their seizure patterns, progress, and behaviour in school, Develop. Med. Child. Neurol. 16:746–758.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, F. D., and Paden, L. Y., 1973, The effectiveness of environmental intervention programs, in Review of Child Development Research, Vol. III (B. M. Caldwell and H. N. Ricciuti, eds.), pp. 331–402, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huestis, R., Arnold, L. E., and Smeltzer, D., 1975, Caffeine versus methylphenidate and d-amphetamine in minimal brain dysfunction: A double blind comparison, Am. J. Psychiat. 132:868–870.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, H., and Stephenson, G. M., 1963, Chlorpromazine and trifluperazine in the treatment of behavioural abnormalities in the severely subnormal child, Br. J. Psychiat. 109:411–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutt, C., Jackson, P. M., and Level, M., 1966, Behavioural parameters and drug effects: A study of a hyperkinetic epileptic child, Epilepsia 7:250–259.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutt, S. J., and Hutt, C., 1964, Hyperactivity in a group of epileptic (and some non-epileptic) brain-damaged children, Epilepsia 5:334–351.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iivanainen, M., 1974, A study of the origins of mental retardation, Clin. Dev. Med. 51:39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, T. T., 1956, A characteristic form of overactive behaviour in brain damaged children, J. Mental Sci. 102:550–558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, S., 1974, The uses and relative hazard potential of psychoactive drugs, Bull. Menninger Clin. 38:14–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ison, M. G., 1957, The effect of “Thorazine” on Wechsler scores, Am. J. Mental Def. 62:543–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itil, T. M., and Myers, J. P., 1973, Epileptic and anti-epileptic properties of psychotropic drugs, in Anticonvulsant Drugs, Vol. 2 (J. Mercier, ed.), pp. 599–622, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itil, T. M., Rizzo, A. E., and Shapiro, D. M., 1967, Study of behavior and EEG correlation during treatment of disturbed children, Dis. Nerv. Syst. 28:731–736.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvik, M. E., 1969, Effects of drugs on memory, in Drugs and the Brain (P. Black, ed.), pp. 135–146, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jencks, C., 1972, Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, R. L., and Stable, G., 1971, Special characteristics of retarded children rated as severely hyperactive, Child Psychiat. Hum. Dev. 2:26–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A. M., 1957, School phobia workshop, 1955. 3. Discussion, Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 27:307–309.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, J. H., and Nursten, J. P., 1962, School refusal: A comprehensive view of school phobia and other failures of school attendance, Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 32:707–718.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, D. W., and Leigh, D., 1954, The natural history, treatment and prognosis of anorexia nervosa, based on a study of 38 patients, J. Mental Sci. 100:411–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, D., Guirguis, W., Frommer, E., Mitchell-Heggs, N., and Sargant, W., 1970, Treatment of phobic states with antidepressants; a retrospective study of 246 patients, Br. J. Psychiat. 116:387–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelman, D. H., 1965, Gilles de la Tourette’s disease in children, a review of the literature, J. Child Psych. Psychiat. 6:219–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, W. A., 1965, School phobia: Rapid treatment of fifty cases, J. Abn. Psych. 70:285–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, T. J., Badie, D., and Baldwin, R. W., 1968, The effectiveness of a new drug, Mesoridazine, and chlorpromazine with behavior problems in children, J. Nerv. Mental Dis. 147:316–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirman, B., 1975, Drug therapy in mental handicap, Br. J. Psychiat. 127:545–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. F., 1964, Delineation of two drug-responsive anxiety syndromes, Psychopharmacologia 5:397–408.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kneebone, G. M., 1968, The use of sulthiame (“Ospolot”) in the epileptic child with the hyperkinetic syndrome, Med. J. Aust. 2:1096–1097.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knights, R. M., and Hinton, G. G., 1969, The effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on the motor skills and behavior of children with learning problems, J. Nerv. Mental Dis. 148:643–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornetsky, C., 1975, Minimal brain dysfunction and drugs, in Perceptual and Learning Disabilities in Children Vol. 2 (W. M. Cruickshank and D. P. Hallahan, eds.), pp. 447–481, Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraft, I. A., Marcus, I. M., Wilson, W., Swander, D. V., Rumage, N. S., and Schulhofer, E., 1959, Methodological problems in studying the effect of tranquilizers in children with specific reference to Meprobamate, South. Med. J. 52:179–185.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krager, J. M., and Safer, D. J., 1974, Type and prevalence of medication used in the treatment of hyperactive children, New Eng. J. Med. 291:1118–1120.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kugel, R. B., and Parsons, M. H., 1967, Children of Deprivation: Changing the Course of Familial Retardation: U. S. Dept. of HEW, Children’s Bureau, Washington, D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapouse, R., and Monk, M. A., 1958, An epidemiologic study of behavior characteristics in children, Am. J. Public Health 48:1134–1144.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Veck, G. D., and Buckley, P., 1961, The use of psychopharmacologic agents in retarded children with behavior disorders, J. Chron. Dis. 13:174–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, A. A., Davison, G. C., and Polefka, D. A., 1965, Classical and operant factors in the treatment of a school phobia, J. Abn. Psych. 70:225–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Vann, L. J., 1962, Chlordiazopoxide, a tranquilizer with anticonvulsant properties, Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 86:123–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Vann, L. J., 1970, Clinical experience with Tarasan and Thioridazine in mentally retarded children: A comparative double blind study, Appl. Ther. 12 (May):30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Vann, L. J., 1971, Clinical comparison of haloperidol with chlorpromazine in mentally retarded children, Am. J. Mental Def. 75:719–723.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsley, D. B., and Henry, C. E., 1942, The effect of drugs on behavior and the electroencephalograms of children with behavior disorders, Psychosom. Med. 4:140–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipman, R. S., 1970, The use of psychopharmacological agents in residential facilities for the retarded, in Psychiatric Approaches to Mental Retardation (F. J. Menolascino, ed.), pp. 387–398, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsedge, M. S., Hajioff, J., Huggins, P., Napier, L., Pearce, J., Pike, D. J., and Rich, M., 1973, The management of severe agoraphobia: A comparison of Iproniazid and systematic desensitization, Psychopharmacologia 32:67–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, S., Kajdi, L., and Bridge, E. M., 1948, The use of benzedrine and dexedrine sulfate in the treatment of epilepsy, J. Pediat. 32:490–494.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, S., Pauli, L. L., and Berman, W., 1974, Carbamazepine (Tegretol) in epilepsy, Dis. Nerv. Syst. 35:103–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louttit, R. T., 1965, Chemical facilitation of intelligence among the mentally retarded, Am. J. Mental Def. 69:495–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, A. R., 1964, Gilles de la Tourette’s disease in children: Treatment with phenothiazine drugs, Am. J. Psychiat. 121:606–608.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, A. R., and Pasley, F. C., 1969, Psychoactive drugs in the treatment of emotionally disturbed children: Haloperidol and Diazepam, Comp. Psychiat. 10:376–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlane, J. W., Allen, L., and Honzik, M. P., 1954, A Developmental Study of the Behavior Problems of Normal Children between Twenty-One Months and Fourteen Years, Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mack, J., 1970, Nightmares and Human Conflict, Little, Brown, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLean, R. E., 1960, Imipramine hydrochloride (Tofranil) and enuresis, Am. J. Psychiat. 117:551.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matti, N., Viukari, A., and Tammisto, P., 1969, Central effects of diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) in epileptic oligophrenics during phenobarbital-primidone withdrawal, sodium bicarbonate, and ammonium chloride administration, Behav. Neuropsychiat. 1:13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxmen, J. S., Silberfarb, P. M., and Ferrell, R. B., 1974, Anorexia nervosa: Practical initial management in a general hospital, JAMA 229:801–803.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • May, P. R., 1968, Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Comparative Study of Five Treatment Methods, Science House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAndrew, J. B., Case, Q., and Treffert, D. A., 1972, Effects of prolonged phenothiazine intake on psychotic and other hospitalized children, J. Aut. Child. Schiz. 2:75–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConaghy, N., 1969, A controlled trial of imipramine, amphetamine, pad-and-bell conditioning and random awakening in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis, Med. J. Aust. 2:237–239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGaugh, J. L., 1969, Effects of analeptics on learning and memory in infrahumans, in Drugs and the Brain (P. Black, ed.), pp. 241–250, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKendry, J. B., and Stewart, D. A., 1974, Enuresis, Ped. Clin. N. Am. 21:1019–1028.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meadow, R., 1974, Drugs for bed-wetting, Arch. Dis. Child. 49:257–258.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, W., Johnson, N., and Stewart, M. A., 1971, Hyperactive children as teenagers: A follow-up study, J. Nerv. Mental Dis. 153:273–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menolascino, F. J., 1965, Emotional disturbance and mental retardation, Am. J. Mental Def. 70:248–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menolascino, F. J., 1969, Emotional disturbances in mentally retarded children, Am. J. Psychiat. 126:168–176.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millichap, J. G., 1969, Management of hyperkinetic behavior in children with epilepsy, in Treatment of Epilepsy and Other Paroxysmal Disorders (J. G. Millichap, ed.), Hoebner, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millichap, J. G., and Fowler, G. W., 1967, Treatment of “minimal brain dysfunction” syndromes, Ped. Clin. N. Am. 14:767–777.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millichap, J. G., Aymat, F., Sturgis, L. H., Larsen, K. W., and Egan, R. A., 1968, Hyperkinetic behavior and learning disorders III. Battery of neuropsychological tests in controlled test of methylphenidate, Am. J. Dis. Child. 116:235–244.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milman, D. H., 1974, Haloperidol in stuttering, Pediatrics 54:660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirsky, A. F., and Rosvold, H. E., 1960, The use of psychoactive drugs as a neuropsychological tool in studies of attention in man, in Drugs and Behavior (L. Uhr and J. G. Miller, eds.), pp. 375–392, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, A. C., Hargis, C. H., McCarry, F., and Powers, C., 1959, Effects of prochlorperazine therapy on educability in disturbed mentally retarded adolescents, Am. J. Mental Def. 64:57–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moffatt, W. R., Siddiqui, A. R., and MacKay, D. N., 1970, The use of sulthiame with disturbed mentally subnormal patients, Br. J. Psychiat. 117:673–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molitch, M., and Eccles, A. K., 1937, The effect of benzedrine sulfate on the intelligence scores of children, Am. J. Psychiat. 94:588–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molitch, M., and Sullivan, J. P., 1937, The effect of benzedrine sulfate on children taking the new Stanford Binet Achievement Test, Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 7:519–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, B. C., Thuline, H. C., and Capes, L., 1968, Mongoloid and nonmongoloid retardates: A behavioral comparison, Am. J. Mental Def. 73:433–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, H., and Russell, G., 1975, Value of family background and clinical features as predictors of long-term outcome in anorexia nervosa: Four-year follow-up study of 41 patients, Psych. Med. 5:355–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgar, R. E., and Aldrich, R. W., 1969, The use of psychedelic agents with autistic schizophrenic children, Behav. Neuropsychiat. 1 (Nov.):44–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mykelbust, H. R., and Boshes, B., 1969, Minimal Brain Damage in Children, U.S. Dept. of HEW, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nellhaus, G., 1974, Management of seizure disorders in infancy, childhood and adolescence, in Drugs and the Developing Brain (A. Vernadakis and N. Wiener, eds.), pp. 503–520, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nihira, K., 1973, Importance of environmental demands in the measurement of adaptive behavior, in Sociobehavioral Studies in Mental Retardation (G. Tarjan, R. K. Eyman and C. E. Meyers, eds.), pp. 101–116, Am. Assoc. Ment. Defic., Los Angeles, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, S. G., and O’Leary, K. D., 1976, Behavior modification in the school, in Handbook of Behavior Modification and Behavior Therapy (H. Leitenberg, ed.), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, K. D., Pelham, W. E., Rosenbaum, A., and Price, G. H., 1976, Behavioral treatment of hyperkinetic children: An experimental evaluation of its usefulness, Clin. Pediat. 15:510–515.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, J. D., 1971, The effects of chlorpromazine on performance of schizophrenic patients on two tests for brain damage and related measures, Dis. Abstr. Inter. 31:7B, 4343B (Jan.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Page, J. G., Janicki, R. S., Bernstein, J. E., Curran, C. F., and Michelli, F. A., 1974, Pemoline (Cylert) in the treatment of childhood hyperkinesis, J. Learn. Disabil. 7:498–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallister, P. D., and Stevens, R. R., 1957, Effects of Serpasil in small dosage on behavior, intelligence, and physiology, Am. J. Mental Def. 62:267–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parel, J. M., Black, N., Wharton, R. H., and Malitz, S., 1969, Inhibition of imipramine metabolism by methylphenidate, Fed. Proc. 28:418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauig, P. M., Deluca, M. A., and Osterheld, R. G., 1961, Thioridazine hydrochloride in the treatment of behavior disorders in epileptics, Am. J. Psychiat. 117:832–833.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paulson, G. W., and Buffaloe, W. J., 1964, Clinical note: Use of thioridazine hydrochloride in epilepsy, Dis. Nerv. Syst. 25:243.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paulson, G. W., Rizvi, C. A., and Crane, G. E., 1975, Tardive dyskinesia as a possible sequel of long-term therapy with phenothiazines, Clin. Pediat. 14:953–955.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pesikoff, R. B., 1973, Therapy for pavor nocturnus and somnambulism, Curr. Psychiat. Ther. 13:63–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pesikoff, R. B., and Davis, P. C., 1971, Treatment of pavor nocturnus and somnambulism in children, Am. J. Psychiat. 128:778–781.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, K. E., Andersen, O. O., Hansen, T., 1974, Mode of action and relative value of imipramine and similar drugs in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 7:187–194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petti, T. A., and Campbell, M., 1975, Imipramine and seizures, Am. J. Psychiat. 132:538–540.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pilkington, T. L., 1961, Comparative effects of Librium and Taractan on behavior disorders of mentally retarded children, Dis. Nerv. Syst. 22:573–575.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pilkington, T. L., 1962, A report on “Tofranil” in mental deficiency, Am. J. Mental Def. 66:729–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinkerton, P., 1975, Childhood Disorders—A Psychosomatic Approach, Columbia Univ. Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polizos, P., Engelhardt, D. M., Hoffman, S. P., and Waizer, J., 1973, Neurological consequences of psychotropic drug withdrawal in schizophrenic children, J. Aut. Child. Schiz. 3:247–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, M., 1970, Chlorpromazine and CNS changes in man, in Drugs and Cerebral Function (W. L. Smith, ed.), pp. 41–52, Charles Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poussaint, A. F., Ditman, K. S., and Greenfield, R., 1966, Amitryptiline in childhood enuresis, Clin. Pharm. Ther. 7:21–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pregelj, S., and Barkauskas, A., 1967, Thioridiazine in the treatment of mentally retarded children, Canad. Psychiat. Assoc. J. 12:213–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, P. O., and Rapoport, J. L., 1975, One-year follow-up of hyperactive boys treated with imipramine or methylphenidate, Am. J. Psychiat. 132:241–245.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, P. T., and Peachey, E. C., 1973, Haloperidol in the treatment of stutterers, Br. J. Psychiat. 123:247–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabiner, C. J., and Klein, D. F., 1969, Imipramine treatment of school phobia, Comp. Psychiat. 10:387–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, J. L., Quinn, P. O., Bradbard, G., Riddle, D., and Brooks, E., 1974, Imipramine and methylphenidate treatments of hyperactive boys, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 30:789–793.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rawitt, K. C., 1959, The usefulness of effectiveness of Equanil in children, Am. J. Psychiat. 115:1120–1121.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renshaw, D. C., 1975, Psychopharmacology in children, in Rational Psychopharmacology and the Right to Treatment (F. J. Ayd, ed.), pp. 131–150, Ayd Med. Communications Ltd., Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rettig, J. A., 1956, Chlorpromazine and mysoline in the control of convulsive epilepsy in mentally deficient patients, J. Nerv. Mental Dis. 124:607–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rie, H. E., 1975, Hyperactivity in children, Am. J. Dis. Child. 129:783–789.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritvo, E. R., Ornitz, E. M., Gottlieb, F., Poussaint, A. F., Maron, B. J., Ditman, K. S., and Blinn, K. A., 1969, Arousal and nonarousal enuretic events, Am. J. Psychiat. 126:77–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritvo, E. R., Yuwiler, A., Geller, E., Kales, A., Rashkis, S., Schicor, A., Plotkin, S., Axelrod, R., and Howard, C., 1971, Effects of L-dopa in autism, J. Aut. Child. Schiz. 1:190–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodin, E. A., Rim, C. S., and Rennick, P. M., 1974, The effects of carbamazepine on patients with psychomotor epilepsy: Results of a double-blind study, Epilepsia 15:547–561.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, A., Rodriguez, M., and Eisenberg, L., 1959, The outcome of school phobia: A follow-up study based on 41 cases, Am. J. Psychiat. 116;540–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberger, P. B., Wheelden, J. A., and Kalotkin, M., 1976, The effect of haloperidol on stuttering, Am. J. Psychiat. 133:331–334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudy, L. H., Himwich, H. E., and Rinaldi, F., 1958, A clinical evaluation of psychopharmacological agents in the management of disturbed mentally defective patients, Am. J. Mental Def. 62:855–860.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, G. F., 1970, Anorexia nervosa: Its identity as an illness and its treatment, Mod. Trends Psych. Med. 2:131–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., 1965, The influence of organic and emotional factors on the origins, nature and outcome of childhood psychosis, Dev. Med. Child Nenrol. 7:518–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. L., 1971, Psychiatry, in Mental Retardation: An Annual Review, Vol. III (J. Wortis, ed.), pp. 186–221, Grune and Stratton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Graham, P., and Yule, W., 1970a, A Neuropsychiatric Study in Childhood, Lippincott, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. L., Tizard, J., and Whitmore, K., 1970b, Education, Health and Behaviour, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Yule, W., and Graham, P., 1973, Enuresis and behaviour deviance: Some epidemiological considerations, Clin. Dev. Med. 48/49:137–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabot, L. M., Peck, R., and Raskin, J., 1969, The waiting room society: A study of families and children applying to a child psychiatric clinic, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 21:25–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Safer, D. J., and Allen, R. P., 1975a, Side effects from long-term use of stimulants in children, Int. J. Mental Health 4:105–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safer, D. J., and Allen, R. P., 1975b, Stimulant drug treatment of hyperactive adolescents, Dis. Nerv. Syst. 36:454–457.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Safer, D. J., and Allen, R. P., 1976, Hyperactive Children: Diagnosis and Management, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safer, D. J., Allen, R. P., Calabria, R., Rodriguez, A., and Graham, R., 1972, Laboratory Correlates of Methylphenidate in Hyperactive Children, unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safer, D. J., Allen, R. P., and Barr, E., 1975, Growth rebound after termination of stimulant drugs, J. Pediat. 86:113–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saletu, B., Simeon, J., Saletu, M., Itil, T. M., and Da Silva, J., 1974, Behavioral and visual evoked potential investigations during trihexyphenidyl and thiothixene treatment in psychotic boys, Biol. Psychiat. 8:177–189.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saletu, B., Saletu, M., Simeon, J., and Marasa, J., 1975a, Fluphenazine treatment in the psychotic child: Clinical-evoked potential correlations, Comp. Psychiat. 16:265–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saletu, B., Saletu, M., Simeon, J., Viamontes, G., and Itil, T. M., 1975b, Comparative symptomatological and evoked potential studies with d-amphetamine, thioridazine, and placebo in hyperkinetic children, Biol. Psychiat. 10:253–275.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, M. A., 1973, The concept of day-time treatment for primary nocturnal enuresis, Clin. Dev. Med. 48/49:189–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saraf, K. R., Klein, D. F., Gittelman-Klein, R., and Groff, S., 1974, Imipramine side effects in children, Psychopharmacologia 37:265–274.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sargant, W., and Blackburn, J. M., 1936, The effect of benzedrine on intelligence scores, Lancet 2:1385–1387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleifer, M., Weiss, G., Cohen, N., Elman, M., Cvejic, H., and Kruger, E., 1975, Hyperactivity in preschoolers and the effect of methylphenidate, Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 45:38–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnackenberg, R. C., 1973, Caffeine as a substitute for schedule II stimulants in hyperkinetic children, Am. J. Psychiat. 130:796–798.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serrano, A. C., and Forbis, O. L., 1973, Haloperidol for psychiatric disorders in childhood, Dis. Nerv. Syst. 34:226–231.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, D., Costello, A. J., and Hill, I. D., 1968, Control of enuresis with imipramine, Arch. Dis. Child. 43:665–671.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A. K., Shapiro, E., and Wayne, H., 1973, Treatment of Tourette’s syndrome with haloperidol, review of 34 cases, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 28:92–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, D. S., 1962, A controlled trial of trifluoperizine in the treatment of the mentally subnormal patient, J. Mental Sci. 108:220–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, J. G., and Martyn, M. M., 1970, Stuttering and its disappearance, J. Speech Hearing Res. 13:279–289.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, M., Oppenheim, B., and Mitchell, S., 1971, Childhood Behavior and Mental Health, Grune and Stratton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silberberg, N. E., Iverson, I., and Goins, J., 1973, Which remedial reading method looks best? J. Learn. Disabil. 6:547–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simeon, J., Utech, C., Simeon, S., and Itil, T. M., 1974a, Pediatric psychopharmacology outside the U.S.A., Dis. Nerv. Syst. 34 (July):37–47 (Section 2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Simeon, J., Saletu, B., Saletu, M., Itil, T. M., and Da Silva, J., 1974b, Thiothixene in childhood psychoses, in Thiothixene and the Thioxanthenes (I. S. Forest, C. J. Carr, and E. Usdin, eds.), pp. 55–70, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sleator, E. K., Von Neumann, A., and Sprague, R. L., 1974, Hyperactive children: A continuous long-term placebo-controlled follow-up, JAMA 229:316–317.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, W. L., Philippus, M. J., and Guard, H. L., 1968, Psychometric study of children with learning problems and 14-6 positive spike eeg patterns, treated with ethosuximide (Zarontin) and placebo, Arch. Dis. Child. 43:616–619.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, S., and Meyerhoff, J., 1973, How amphetamine acts in minimal brain dysfunction, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 205:310–320.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Somerfeld-Ziskind, E., and Ziskind, E., 1940, Effect of phenobarbital on the mentality of epileptic patients, AMA Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 43:70–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, D. A., 1970, Ronyl (Pemoline) in overactive mentally subnormal children, Br. J. Psychiat. 117:239–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperling, M., 1971, Sleep disturbances in children, in Modern Perspectives in International Child Psychiatry (J. G. Howells, ed.), pp. 418–454, Brunner/Mazel, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, R. L., and Werry, J. S., 1971, Methodology of psychopharmacological studies with the retarded, in International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, Vol. V (N. R. Ellis, ed.), pp. 147–219, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, R. L., Barnes, K. R., and Werry, J. S., 1970, Methylphenidate and thioridazine: Learning, reaction time, activity and classroom behavior in disturbed children, Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 40:615–628.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sprogis, G. R., Lezdins, V., White, S. D., Ming, C., Lanning, M., Drake, M. E., and Wycoff, G., 1957, Comparative study of thorazine and serpasil in the mental defective, Am. J. Ment. Def. 61:737–742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L., 1975, Drug treatment of children with behavior problems, in Review of Child Development Research, Vol. IV (F. Horwitz, ed.), pp. 347–407, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stack, J. J., 1972, Chemotherapy in childhood depression, in Depressive States in Childhood and Adolescence (A. Annell, ed.), pp. 460–466, Halstead Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Still, C., and Hans, C., 1973, Vesta variant of Tourette’s disease, South. Med. J. 66:1222–1225.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stores, G., 1975, Behavioural effects of anti-epileptic drugs, Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 17:647–658.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sunderland, J., Tait, H., and Eadie, M., 1974, The Epilepsies: Modern Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd Ed., pp. 83–91, Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, W. J., Swift, E. W., and Arellano, M., 1975, Haloperidol as a treatment for adult stuttering, Comp. Psychiat. 16:61–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapia, F., 1969, Haldol in the treatment of children with tics and stutterers—and an incidental finding, Psychiat. Quart. 43:647–649.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarjan, G., Wright, S. W., Eyman, R. K., and Keeran, C. V., 1973, Natural history of mental retardation: Some aspects of epidemiology, Am. J. Mental Def. 77:369–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tec, L., 1968, The treatment of enuresis with imipramine, Am. J. Psychiat. 125:266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tec, L., 1971, Anorexia nervosa—follow-up on a special method of treatment, Am. J. Psychiat. 127:1702.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tec, L., 1974a, Nandrolone in anorexia nervosa, JAMA 228:1423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tec, L., 1974b, Imipramine for nightmares, JAMA 228:978.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theander, S., 1970, Anorexia nervosa: A psychiatric investigation of 94 female patients, Acta Psychiat. Scand. Suppl. 214:5–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timberlake, W. H., Belmont, E. H., and Ogonik, J., 1957, The effect of reserpine in 200 mentally retarded children, Am. J. Mental Def. 62:61–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tizard, J., 1970, The role of social institutions in the causation, prevention and alleviation of mental retardation, in Socio-Cultural Aspects of Mental Retardation (H. C. Haywood, ed.), pp. 281–340, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troupin, A. S., Green, J. R., and Halpern, L. M., 1975, Carbamazepine (Tegretol) as an anti convulsant: A controlled double-blind comparison with diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin), Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 60:13–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. K., 1973, Conditioning treatment of nocturnal enuresis: present status, Clin. Dev. Med. 48/49:195–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyrer, P., Candy, J., and Kelly, D., 1973, Phenelzine in phobic anxiety: A controlled trial, Psych. Med. 3:120–1204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ucer, E., and Kreger, K. C., 1969, A double-blind study comparing haloperidol with thioridazine in emotionally disturbed, mentally retarded children, Curr. Ther. Res. 11:278–283.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Riper, C. G., 1971, The Nature of Stuttering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viukari, N., M., 1969, Diphenylhydantoin as an anticonvulsant: Evaluation of treatment in forty mentally subnormal epileptics, J. Mental Def. Res. 13:212–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waizer, J., Polizos, P., Hoffman, S. P., Engelhardt, D. M., and Margolis, R. A., 1972, A single-blind evaluation of thiothixene with outpatient schizophrenic children, J. Aut. Child. Schiz. 2:378–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waizer, J., Hoffman, S. P., Polizos, P., and Engelhardt, D. M., 1974, Outpatient treatment of hyperactive school children with imipramine, Am. J. Psychiat. 131:587–591.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldfogel, S., Coolidge, J. C., and Hahn, P. B., 1957, The development, meaning and management of school phobia, Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 27:754–780.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldfogel, S., Tessman, E., and Hahn, P. B., 1959, A program for early intervention in school phobia, Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 29:324–332.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, I. R., and Forsythe, W. I., 1969, The treatment of enuresis: A controlled clinical trial of propantheline, propantheline-and-phenobarbitone and a placebo, Br. J. Clin. Pract. 23:207–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wapner, I., Thurston, D. L., and Holowach, J., 1962, Phenobarbital: Its effect on learning in epileptic children, JAMA 182:937.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, W. A., and Harwell, J. L., 1965, Diazepam (Valium) in myoclonic seizures, Am. J. Dis. Child. 109:123–127.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, G., Werry, J., Minde, K., Douglas, V., and Sykes, D., 1968, Studies on the hyperactive child. V. The effects of dextroamphetamine and chlorpromazine on behaviour and intellectual functioning, J. Child Psych. Psychiat. 9:145–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, G., Minde, K., Werry, J. S., Douglas, V., and Nemeth, E., 1971a, Studies on the hyperactive child. VIII. Five-year follow-up, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 24:409–414.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, G., Minde, K., Douglas, V., Werry, J., and Sykes, D., 1971b, Comparison of the effects of chlorpromazine, dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate on the behaviour and intellectual functioning of hyperactive children, Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 104:20–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, G., Kruger, E., Danielson, U., and Elman, M., 1975, Effect of long-term treatment of hyperactive children with methylphenidate, Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 112:159–165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, P. G., 1974, Haloperidol in the Treatment of Stutter, Med. J. Aust. 2:613.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, P. G., and Malcolm, M. T., 1971, Controlled Trial of the Treatment of 36 Stutterers, Br. J. Psychiat. 119:603–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S., 1972a, Psychosomatic disorders, in Psychopathological Disorders of Childhood (H. C. Quay and J. S. Werry, eds.), pp. 122–172, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S., 1972b, Childhood Psychosis, in Psychopathological Disorders of Childhood (H. C. Quay and J. S. Werry, eds.), pp. 173–233, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S., and Aman, M. G., 1975, Methylphenidate and haloperidol in children: Effects on attention, memory, and activity, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 32:790–795.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S., and Bull, D., 1975, Anorexia nervosa: A case study using behavior therapy, J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiat. 14:646–651.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S., and Cohrssen, J., 1965, Enuresis—An etiologic and therapeutic study, J. Pediat. 67:423–431.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S., and Wollersheim, J. P., 1967, Behavior therapy with children: A broad overview, J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiat. 6:346–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S., Weiss, G., Douglas, V., and Martin, J., 1966, Studies on the hyperactive child III. The effect of chlorpromazine upon behavior and learning ability, J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiat. 5:292–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S., Dowrick, P. W., Lampen, E. L., and Vamos, M. J., 1975, Imipramine in enuresis—Psychological and physiological effects, J. Child Psych. Psychiat. 16:289–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, P. L., and Clark, L. D., 1970, Effect of lithium carbonate, placebo, and thioridazine on hyperactive children, Am. J. Psychiat. 127:824–825.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winsberg, B. G., Press, M., Bialer, I., and Kupietz, S., 1974, Dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in the treatment of hyperactive/aggressive children, Pediatrics 53:236–241.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfensberger, W., and Menolascino, F., 1968, Basic considerations in evaluating ability of drugs to stimulate cognitive development in retardates Am. J. Mental Def. 73:414–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, G. H., and Cock, R. J., 1971, Long-term effects of haloperidol on severely emotionally disturbed children, Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiat. 5:296–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, G. L., 1969, Language Learning and Communication Disorders in Children, pp. 172–189, Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, F. T., and Burgemeister, B. B., 1958, Action of methylphenidylacetate (Ritalin) and reserpine in behavior disorders in children and adults, Am. J. Psychiat. 115:323–328.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zrull, J. P., Westman, J. C., Arthur, B., and Rice, D. L., 1964, A comparison of diazepam, D-amphetamine, and placebo in the treatment of the hyperkinetic syndrome in children, Am. J. Psychiat. 121:388–389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Safer, D.J. (1978). Drug Treatment in Child Psychiatry. In: Iversen, L.L., Iversen, S.D., Snyder, S.H. (eds) Stimulants. Handbook of Psychopharmacology, vol 11. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0510-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0510-2_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0512-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0510-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics