Abstract
The initiation and termination of feeding are complex processes involving many signals and their integration in the central nervous system. Fluxes of metabolic fuels should logically be determinants of both the initiation and termination of feeding to meet energy needs of the organism, but the relationships of these fluxes to the regulatory centres in the central nervous system are presently undefined. Furthermore, it has become clear that the ingestion, digestion and metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and proteins provides a wide array of signals to the central nervous system and that these signals influence not only the quantity of food consumed but also the composition of the chosen foods. The purpose of this presentation is to highlight these influences and their role in food intake regulation and to provide examples of linkages between body fuel composition, central nervous system neurotransmitters and feeding behaviour.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, G. H., 1979, Control of protein and energy intake: Role of plasma amino acids and brain neurotransmitters. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 57:1043.
Anderson, G. H., 1988, Metabolic regulation of food intake, in: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 7th ed., M. E. Shils and V. R. Young, eds., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, Penn.
Anderson, G. H., and Johnston, J. L., 1983, Nutrient control of brain neurotransmitter synthesis and function. Can. J. Phvsiol. Pharmacol.. 61:271.
Anderson, G. H., Leprohon, C., Chambers, J. H., and Coscina, D. V., 1979, Intact regulation of protein intake during the development of hypothalamic or genetic obesity in rats. Phvsiol. Behav., 22:777.
Anderson, G. H., Li, E. T. S., and Glanville, N.T., 1984, Brain mechanisms and the quantitative and qualitative aspects of food intake. Brain Res. Bull., 12:167.
Anil, M. H., and Forbes, J. M., 1987, Neural control and neurosensory functions of the liver. Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 46:125.
Ashley, D. V. M., Coscina, D. V., and Anderson, G. H., 1979, Selective decrease in protein intake following drug induced brain serotonin depletion. Life Sci., 24:973.
Collier, G., Leshner, A. I., and Squibb, R. L., 1969, Dietary self-selection in active and non-active rats. Physiol. Behav., 4:79.
Campfield, L. A., Brandon, P., and Smith, F. J., 1985, On-line continuous measurement of blood glucose and meal pattern in free feeding rats: the role of glucose in meal initiation. Brain Res. Bull., 14:605.
Carlisle, H. J., and Stellar, E., 1969, Caloric regulation and food preference in normal, hyperphagic and aphagic rats. J. Comp. Phvsiol. Psvch.. 69:107.
Dyer, J. R., Greenwood, C. E., and McBurney, M. I., 1988, The effects of diet and duration of diabetes on hypermethionemia in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 66:95.
Durin, J. G. V. A., 1961, Appetite and the relationship between expenditure and intake of calories in man. J. Physiol., 156:294.
Fernstrom, J. D., 1987, Food-induced changes in brain serotonin synthesis: is there a relationship to appetite for specific macronutrients Appetite, 8:163.
Fernstrom, J. D., and Wurtman, R. J., 1971a, Brain serotonin content: physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels. Science, 173:183.
Fernstrom, J. D., and Wurtman, R. J., 1971b, Brain serotonin content: increase following the ingestion of carbohydrate diet. Science, 174:1023.
Friedman, M. I., Tordoff, M. G., and Ramirez, I., 1986, Integrated metabolic control of food intake. Brain Res. Bull., 17:855.
Glanville, N. T., and Anderson, G. H., 1984a, Altered methionine metabolism in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Diabetolocria, 27:468.
Glanville, N. T., and Anderson, G. H., 1984b, Dietary tyrosine supplementation enhances weight gain in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 62:781.
Glanville, N. T., and Anderson, G. H., 1985, The effect of insulin deficiency, dietary protein intake and plasma amino acid concentrations on brain amino acid levels in rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 63:487.
Glick, Z., and Mayer, J., 1968, Hyperphagia caused by cerebral ventricular infusion of phlorizin. Nature London, 219:1374.
Hrboticky, N., Leiter, L. A., and Anderson, G. H., 1985, Effects of L-tryptophan on short term food intake in lean men. Nutr. Res., 5:595.
Jeanningros, R., 1982, Vagal unitary responses to intestinal amino acid infusions in the anesthetized cat: a putative signal for protein induced satiety. Physiol. Behav., 28:9.
Johnson, D. S., Li, E. T. S., Coscina, D. V., and Anderson, G. H., 1979, Different diurnal rhythms of protein and nonprotein energy intake by rats. Physiol. Behav., 21:777.
Lat, J., 1967, Self-selection of dietary components, in: Handbook of Physiology, Vol. 1, Section 6, American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.
Le Magnen, J., 1983, Body energy balance and food intake: a neuroendocrine regulatory mechanism. Physiol. Rev., 63:314.
Le Magnen, J., and Devos, M., 1970, Metabolic correlates of the meal onset in the free food intake of rats. Physiol. Behav.. 5:805.
Leibowitz, S. F., and Shor-Posner, G., 1986, Brain serotonin and eating behavior. Appetite. 7 (Suppl):l.
Li, E. T. S., and Anderson, G. H., 1982, Meal composition influences subsequent food selection in the rat. Physiol. Behav.. 29:779.
Louis-Sylvestre, J., and Le Magnen, J., 1980, A fall in blood glucose level precedes meal onset in free feeding rats. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 4 (Suppl. 1):13.
Luo, S., and Li, E. T. S., 1990, Food intake and selection pattern of rats treated with dexfenfluramine, fluoxetine and RU 24969. Brain Res. Bull., 24:729.
Luo, S., Ransom, T., and Li, E. T. S., 1990, Selective increase in carbohydrate intake by rats treated with B-hydroxy-2-(Di-N-propylamino)-tetraline or buspirone. Life Sci, 46:1643.
Mayer, J., 1953, Glucostatic mechanism in regulation of food intake. N. Engl. J. Med.. 249:13.
Mayer, J., 1980, Physiology of hunger and satiety: regulation of food intake, in: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease R. S. Godhard and M. E. Shills. eds., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
Masiello, P., Balestreri, E., Bacciola, D., and Bergamini, E., 1987, Influence of experimental diabetes on brain levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and their precursor amino acids during tryptophan loading. Acta. Diabetol. lat., 24:43.
Mellinkoff, S. M., Franklin, M., Boyle, D., and Geipell, M., 1956, Relationship between serum amino acid concentration and fluctuation in appetite. J. Appl. Physiol., 8:535.
Morley, J. E., and Levine, A. S., 1983, The central control of appetite. Lancet, 1:398.
Morris, P., Li, E. T. S., MacMillan, M., and Anderson, G. H., 1986, Effect of tryptophan on food intake and selection in rats. Physiol. Behav.
Muller, E. E., Paneri, A., Cocchi, D., Frohman, L. A., and Mantegazza, P., 1973. Central glucoprivation: some physiological effects induced by the intraventricular administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Experientia, 29:874.
Musten, B., Peace, D., and Anderson, G. H., 1974, Food intake regulation in the weanling rat: self-selection of protein and energy. J. Nutr., 104:563.
Oomura, Y., 1976, Significance of glucose, insulin and free fatty acids in the hypothalamic feeding and satiety neurons, in: “Hunger: Basic Mechanism and Clinical Implications”, D. Novin, W. Wyrwicka, G. Bray, eds., Raven Press, New York.
Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B., 1918, The choice between adequate and inadequate diets, as made by rats, J. Biol. Chem., 35:19.
Pardridge, W. M., 1984, Transport of nutrients and hormones through the blood brain barrier, Federation Proc., 43:201.
Pardridge, W. M., and Oldendorf, W. H., 1975, Kenetic analysis of blood-brain barrier transport of amino acids, Biochim. Biophvs. Acta.. 401:128.
Pardridge, W. M., and Oldendorf, W. H., 1977, Transport of metabolic substrates through the blood-brain barrier, J. Neurochem., 28:5.
Parkinson, W., and Weingarten, H. P., 1989, A dissociative analysis of the ventromedial hypothalamic obesity syndrome. Am. J. Physiol.. in press.
Reuterving, C.-O., and Hagg, E., 1987, Circadian eating and drinking habits in alloxan diabetic rats, Diabetes and Metabolisme (Paris), 13:99.
Rezek, M., Havlicek, V, and Novin, D., 1975, Satiety and hunger induced by small and large duodenal loads of isotonic glucose, Am. J. Physiol., 299:545.
Richter, C. P., Holt, L. E., and Barelare, B., 1938, Nutritional requirements for normal growth and reproduction in rats studied by the self-selection method, Am. J. Physiol., 122:734.
Rogers, Q. R., and Leung, P. M. B., 1973, The influence of amino acids on the neuroregulation of food intake, Fed. Proc., 32:1709.
Schmitt, M., 1973, Circadian rhythmicity in responses of cells in the lateral hypothalamus, Am. J. Physiol., 225:1096.
Sellers, E. A., You, R. W., and Moffat, N. W., 1954, Regulation of food consumption by calorie value of the ration in rats exposed to cold. Am. J. Physiol.. 177:367.
Shimazu, T., 1981, Central nervous system regulation of liver and adipose tissue metabolism. Diabetolocria, 20 (Suppl) : 343 .
Shimomura, Y., Takahashi, M., Shimizu, H., Sato, N., Uehara, Y., Negishi, M., Inukai, T., Kobayashi, I., and Kobayashi, S., 1990, Abnormal feeding behavior and insulin replacement in STZ-induced diabetic rats, Physiol. Behav., 47:731.
Smith, G. P., and Gibbs, J., 1981, Brain-gut peptides and the control of food intake, in: “Neurosecretion and Brain Peptides” J. B. Martin, S. Reichlin and K. L. Bick, eds., Raven Press, New York.
Sokoloff, L., FitzGerald, G. G., and Kaufman, E. E., 1977, Cerebral nutrition and energy metabolism, in: “Nutrition and the Brain, Vol. 1”, R. W. Wurtman, J. J. Wurtman, eds., Raven Press, New York.
Stricker, E. M., Rowland, N., and Sailer, C. F., 1977, Homeostasis during hypoglycemia: central control of adrenal secretion and peripheral control of feeding. Science, 196:79.
Teff, K., and Young, S. M., 1988, Effects of carbohydrate and protein administration on rat tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine: differential effects on the brain, intestine, pineal, and pancreas. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 66:683.
Wayner, M. J., Ono, T., DeYoung, A., and Barone, F. C., 1975, Effects of essential amino acids on central neurons. Pharmac. Biochem. Behav., 3(Suppl.1):85.
Weingarten, H. P., Chang, P. K., and McDonald, T. J., 1985, Comparison of the metabolic and behavioral disturbances following paraventricular-and ventromedial-hypothalamic lesions. Br. Res. Bull., 14:551.
Woodger, T. L., Sirek, A., and Anderson, G. H., 1979, Diabetes, dietary tryptophan, and protein intake regulation in weanling rats. Am.J. Physiol., 236:R307.
Wurtman, J. J., Moses, P. L., and Wurtman, R. J., 1983, Prior carbohydrate consumption affects the amount of carbohydrate that rats choose to eat. J. Nutr., 113:70.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Anderson, G.H., Black, R.M. (1991). Energy and Macronutrient Intake Regulation: Independent or Interrelated Mechanisms?. In: Vranic, M., Efendic, S., Hollenberg, C.H. (eds) Fuel Homeostasis and the Nervous System. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 291. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5931-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5931-9_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5933-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5931-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive