Abstract
When an animal interacts with its environment we commonly observe a variety of action patterns that are in turn combined into higher order functional configurations such as feeding, fighting, mating, grooming, and temperature regulation. How do we describe and classify these individual actions and their rules of connection in time? By what means do we separate intrinsic from extrinsic causal factors but also capture the intimacy of their relations at various levels of behavioral expression? At a still more refined level, how do we evaluate the boundaries that separate different classes of action from one another without losing sight of the fact that activation of any given action may also influence the expression of another? These and related questions have long been a major interest of ethologists.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adamec, R. E., Stark-Adamec, C., and Livingston, E. K. The development of predatory aggression and defense in the domestic cat (Felis catus). III. Effects on development of hunger between 180 and 365 days of age. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 1980, 30, 435–447.
Andrew, R. J. Some remarks on behavior in conflict situations, with special reference to Emberzia spp. British Journal of Animal Behaviour, 1956, 4, 41–45.
Anokhin, P. K. Contribution to general discussion on inborn and reflex behaviour. In J. F. Delafresnaye (Ed.), Brain Mechanisms and Learning. London: Oxford, 1961.
Antelman, S. M., and Szechtman, H. Tail pinch induces eating in sated rats which appears to depend on nigrostriatal dopamine. Science, 1975, 189, 731–733.
Baerends, G. P., Brouwer, R., and Waterbolk, H. T. Ethological studies on Lebistes reticulatus (Oeters): I. An analysis of the male courtship pattern. Behaviour, 1955, 8, 249–334.
Baillie, P., and Morrison, S. D. The nature of the suppression of food intake by lateral hypothalamic lesions in rats. Journal of Physiology, 1963, 165, 227–245.
Barlow, G. W. Modal action patterns. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), How Animals Communicate. University of Indiana Press, 1977.
Barnes, W. J. P. Nervous control of locomotion in crustacea. In P. N. R. Usherwood and D. R. Newth (Eds.), Simple Nervous Systems. London: Arnolds, 1975.
Barnett, S. A. A Study in Behavior. London: Methuen, 1963.
Bateson, P. P. G., and Hinde, R. A. (Eds.). Growing Points in Ethology. Cambridge University Press, 1976.
Beach, F. A., and Levinson, G. Effects of androgen on the glans penis and mating behavior of castrated male rats. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 1950, 114, 159–168.
Beagley, W. K. Grooming in the rat as an aftereffect of lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1976, 90, 790–798.
Bekoff, A., and Trainer, W. The development of interlimb coordination during swimming in postnatal rats. Journal of Experimental Biology, 1979, 83, 1–11.
Bellman, K. The Conflict Behavior of the Lizard, Sceloporus Occidentalis, And Its Implication for the Organization of Motor Behavior. Doctoral thesis, University of California at San Diego, 1979.
Bentley, D., and Konishi, M. Neural control of behavior. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 1978, 1, 35–59.
Berntson, G. G., and Micco, D. J. Organization of brainstem behavioral systems. Brain Research Bulletin, 1976, 7, 471–483.
Bohm, D. Some remarks on the notion of order. In C. H. Waddington (Ed.), Towards A Theoretical Biology, Volume 2: Sketches. Chicago: Aldine, 1969.
Bolles, R. C. Grooming behavior in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1960, 53, 306–310.
Brett, L. P., and Levine, S. Schedule-induced polydipsia suppresses pituitary-adrenal activity in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1979, 93, 946–956.
Broadbent, D. E. Decision and Stress. New York: Academic Press, 1971.
Bronowski, J. The logic of nature. The Political Quarterly, 1955, 25, 258–266.
Brown, G. S. Laws of Form. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1969.
Bunge, M. From neuron to behavior and mentation: an exercise in levelmanship. In H. M. Pinsker and W. D. Willis, Jr. (Eds.), Information Processing in the Nervous System. New York: Raven Press, 1980.
Burrows, M., and Horridge, G. A. The organization of inputs to motoneurons of the locust metathoracic leg. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1974, 269, 49–94.
Cahmi, J. M., and Hinkle, M. Attentiveness to sensory stimuli: Central control in locusts. Science, 1972, 175, 550–553.
Cane, V. Some ways of describing behavior. In W. H. Thorpe and O. L. Zangwill (Eds.), Current Problems in Animal Behaviour. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1961.
Carpenter, D. O., and Rudomin, P. The organization of primary afferent depolarization in the isolated spinal cord of the frog. Journal of Physiology, 1973, 229, 471–493.
Chapin, J. K., and Woodward, D. J. Modulation of sensory responsiveness of single somatosensory cortical cells during movement and arousal behaviors. Experimental Neurology, 1981, 72, 164–178.
Cohen, J. A., and Price, E. O. Grooming in the Norway rat: Displacement activity or “boundaryshift”? Behavioral and Neural Biology, 1979, 26, 177–189.
Colgan, P. W. (Ed.). Quantitative Ethology. New York: Wiley, 1978.
Cools, A. R., Wiegant, V. M., and Gispen, W. H. Distinct dopaminergic systems in ACTH-induced grooming. European Journal of Pharmacology, 1978, 50, 265–268.
Craig, W. Appetites and aversions as constituents of instincts. Biological Bulletin, 1918, 34, 91–107.
Darwin, C. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and the Animals. London: John Murray, 1872.
Datei, W. E., and Seward, J. P. On the persistence of an ear-scratching response in the rat. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 1952, 47, 58–61.
Davidson, E. H. Gene Activity in Early Development (2nd ed.), New York: Academic Press, 1976.
Davis, W. J. Organizational concepts in the central motor networks of invertebrates. In R. M. Herman, S. Grillner, P. S. G. Stein, and D. G. Stuart (Eds.), Neural Control of Locomotion. New York: Plenum Press, 1976.
Dawkins, R. Hierarchical organization: a candidate principle for ethology. In P. P. G. Bateson and R. A. Hinde (Eds.), Growing Points in Ethology, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
Delius, J. D. A stochastic analysis of the maintenance behaviour of skylarks. Behaviour, 1969, 33, 137–178.
Delius, J. D., Craig, B., and Chaudoir, C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, glucose and displacement activity in pigeons. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1976, 40, 183–193.
Deutsch, J. A. The Structural Basis of Behaviour. London: Cambridge University Press, 1960.
Doty, R. W. The concept of neural centers. In J. C. Fentress (Ed.), Simpler Networks and Behavior. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 1976.
Dunn, A. J., Green, E. J., and Isaacson, R. L. Intracerebral adrenocorticotropic hormone mediates novelty-induced grooming in the rat. Science, 1979, 203, 281–283.
Durelli, L., Schmidt, E. M., Mcintosh, J. S., and Bak, M. J. Single-unit chronic recordings from the sensorimotor cortex of unrestrained cats during locomotion. Experimental Neurology, 1978, 62, 580–594.
Edelman, G. M. Group selection and phasic reentrant signaling: A theory of higher brain function. In G. M. Edelman (Ed.), The Mindful Brain. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1978.
Eigen, M. Molecular self-organization and the early stages of evolution. Quarterly Review of Biophysics, 1971, 4, 140–212.
Eisenberg, J. F. The behavior of heteromyid rodents. University of California Publications in Zoology, 1963, 69, 1–114.
Evoy, W. H. Modulation of proprioceptive information in crustacea. In R. M. Herman, S. Grillner, P. S. G. Stein, and D. G. Stuart (Eds.), Neural Control of Locomotion. New York: Plenum Press, 1976.
Ewer, R. F. The behavior of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1967, 24, 6–79.
Fentress, J. C. Aspects of Arousal and Control in the Behaviour of Voles. Doctoral thesis, Cambridge University, 1965.
Fentress, J. C. Observations on the behavioral development of a hand-reared male timber wolf. American Zoologist, 1967, 7, 339–351.
Fentress, J. C. Interrupted ongoing behaviour in voles (Microtus agrestis and Clethrionomys britannicus): I. Response as a function of preceding activity and the context of an apparently “irrelevant” motor pattern. Animal Behaviour, 1968a, 16, 135–153.
Fentress, J. C. Interrupted ongoing behaviour in voles (Microtus agrestis and Clethrionomys britannicus): II. Extended analysis of intervening motivational variables underlying fleeing and grooming activities. Animal Behaviour, 1968b, 16, 154–167.
Fentress, J. C. Development and patterning of movement sequences in inbred mice. In J. A. Kiger (Ed.), The Biology of Behavior. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1972.
Fentress, J. G. Specific and nonspecific factors in the causation of behavior. In P. P. G. Bateson and P. H. Klopfer (Eds.), Perspectives in Ethology, New York: Plenum Press, 1973a.
Fentress, J. C. Development of grooming in mice with amputated forelimbs. Science, 1973b, 179, 704–705.
Fentress, J. C. Dynamic boundaries of patterned behaviour: Interaction and self-organization. In P. P. G. Bateson, and R. A. Hinde (Eds.), Growing Points in Ethology. London: Cambridge University Press, 1976a.
Fentress, J. C. (Ed.), Simpler Networks and Behavior. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 1976b.
Fentress, J. C. Behavioral networks and the simpler systems approach. In J. C. Fentress (Ed.), Simpler Networks and Behavior. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 1976c.
Fentress, J. C. System and mechanism in behavioral biology. In J. C. Fentress (Ed.), Simpler Networks and Behavior. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 1976d.
Fentress, J. C. The tonic hypothesis and the patterning of behavior. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1977a, 290, 370–395.
Fentress, J. C. Constructing the potentialities of phenotype. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1977b, 290, 220–225.
Fentress, J. C. Mus musicus. The developmental orchestration of selected movement patterns in mice. In M. Bekoff and G. Burghardt (Eds.), The Development of Behaviour: Comparative and Evolutionary Aspects. New York: Garland Publishing, 1978a.
Fentress, J. C. Conflict and context in sexual behavior. In J. Hutchison (Ed.), Biological Determinants of Sexual Behavior. New York: Wiley, 1978b.
Fentress, J. C. How can behavior be studied from a neuroethological perspective? In H. M. Pinsker and W. D. Willis, Jr. (Eds.), Information Processing in the Nervous System. New York: Raven Press, 1980.
Fentress, J. C. Order in ontogeny: Relational dynamics. In K. Immelman, G. Barlow, M. Main, and L. Petrinovich (Eds.), Behavioral Development. London: Cambridge University Press, 1981a.
Fentress, J. C. Sensory-motor development. In R. N. Aslin, J. R. Alberts, and M. R. Peterson (Eds.), The Development of Perception: Psychobiological Perspectives (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press, 1981b.
Fentress, J. C. A view of ontogeny. In J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman (Eds.), Recent Advances in the Study of Mammalian Behavior. Washington, D.C.: Special publication No. 7, The American Society of Mammalogists, in press.
Fentress, J. C, and Stilwell, F. P. Grammar of a movement sequence in inbred mice. Nature (London), 1973, 224, 52–53.
Field, L. H. Sensory and reflex physiology underlying cheliped flexion behavior in hermit crabs. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1974a, 92, 397–414.
Field, L. H. Neuromuscular correlates of rhythmical cheliped flexion behavior in hermit crabs. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1974b, 92, 415–441.
Forrester, R. C, and Broom, D. J. Ongoing behavior and startle responses of chicks. Behaviour, 1980, 73, 51–63.
Forssberg, H., Grillner, S., and Rossignol, S. Phasic gain control of reflexes from the dorsum of the paw during spinal locomotion. Brain Research, 1977, 132, 121–139.
Fourtner, C. R. Central nervous control of cockroach walking. In R. M. Herman, S. Grillner, P. S. G. Stein, and D. G. Stuart (Eds.), Neural Control of Locomotion. New York: Plenum Press, 1976.
Gallistel, C. R. The Organization of Action: A New Synthesis. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1980.
Gelfand, I. M., Garfinkel, V. S., Tsetlin, M. L., and Shik, M. L. Some problems in the analysis of movements. In I. M. Gelfand, V. S. Garfinkel, S. V. Fomin, and M. L. Tsetlin (Eds.), Models of the Structural-Functional Organization of Certain Biological Systems, Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1971.
Golani, I. Homeostatic motor processes in mammalian interactions: A choreography of display. In P. P. G. Bateson and P. H. Klofper (Eds.), Perspectives in Ethology, (Vol. 2). New York: Plenum Press, 1976.
Golani, I., Wolgin, D., and Teitelbaum, P. A proposed natural geometry of recovery from akinesia in the lateral hypothalamic rat. Brain Research, 1979, 164, 237–267.
Grill, H. A., and Norgren, R. Neurological tests and behavioral deficits in chronic thalamic and chronic decerebrate rats. Brain Research, 1978, 143, 299–312.
Grossman, S. The biology of motivation. Annual Review of Psychology, 1979, 20, 209–242.
Hall, W. G. Feeding and behavioral activation in infant rats. Science, 1979, 205, 206–208.
Havkin, G. Z. Form and Strategy in Combative Social Behaviour in Wolf Pups. Doctoral thesis, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1981.
Heiligenberg, W. A probabilistic approach to the motivation of behavior. In J. C. Fentress (Ed.), Simpler Networks and Behavior. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 1976.
Hinde, R. A. Energy models of motivation. Symposium for the Society of Experimental Biology, 1960, 14, 199–213.
Hinde, R. A. Animal Behavior. A Synthesis of Ethology and Comparative Physiology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970.
Hinde, R. A. Biological Bases of Human Social Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974.
Hinde, R. A., and Steel, E. A. Effect of exogenous hormones on the tactile sensitivity of the canary brood patch. Journal of Endocrinology, 1964, 30, 355–359.
Hinde, R. A., and Tinbergen, N. The comparative study of species-specific behavior. In A. Roe and G. G. Simpson (Eds.), Behavior and Evolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958.
Holton, G. The Scientific Imagination: Case Studies. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Hopkins, D. A. The Neural Basis of Grooming Behavior in the Rat. Doctoral dissertation, McMaster University, 1970.
Hutchison, J. B. Hypothalamic regulation of male sexual responsiveness to androgen. In J. B. Hutchison (Ed.), Biological Determinants of Sexual Behavior. New York: Wiley, 1978.
Iersel, J. J. A. van. An analysis of the parental behaviour of the male three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). Behaviour Supplement, 1953, 3, 1–159.
Iersel, J. J. A. van, and Bol, A.C. A. Preening of two tern species. A study on displacement activities. Behaviour, 1958, 13, 1–88.
Jacobson, M. Developmental Neurobiology (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press, 1978.
Jolies, J., Rompa-Barendreght, J., and Gispen, W. H. ACTH-induced accessive grooming in the rat: The influence of environmental and motivational factors. Hormones and Behavior, 1979, 12, 60–72.
Kahneman, D. Attention and Effort. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
Katchalsky, A. L., Rowland, V., and Blumenthal, R. In A. K. Katchalsky, V. Rowland, and R. Blumenthal (Eds.), Dynamic Patterns of Brain Cell Assemblies. Neuroscience Research Program Bulletin. Vol. 12, No. 1. Boston, Massachusetts, 1974.
Kennedy, D. Neural elements in relation to network function. In J. C. Fentress (Ed.), Simpler Networks and Behavior. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 1976.
Kennedy, D., Calabrese, R. L., and Wine, J. J. Presynaptic inhibition: Primary afferent depolarization in crayfish neurons. Science, 1974, 186, 451–454.
Krasne, F. B., and Bryan, J. S. Habituation: regulation through presynaptic inhibition. Science, 1973, 182, 590–592.
Krebs, J. R. and Davies, N. B. (Eds.), Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 1978. (Published in London, England by Blackwell Scientific Publications).
Larimer, J. L. Command interneurons and locomotor behavior in crustaceans. In R. M. Herman, S. Grillner, P. S. G. Stein, and D. G. Stuart (Eds.), Neural Control of Locomotion. New York: Plenum Press, 1976.
Levitt, D. R., and Teitelbaum, P. Somnolence, akinesia, and sensory activation of motivated behavior in the lateral hypothalamic syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1975, 72, 2819–2823.
Liberman, A. M. An ethological approach to language through the study of speech perception. In M. von Cranach, K. Foppa, W. Lepenies, and D. Ploog (Eds.), Human Ethology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Lieberman, P. The phylogeny of language. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), How Animals Communicate. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977.
Lind, H. The activation of an instinct caused by a “transitional action.” Behaviour, 1959, 14, 123–135.
Llinás, R., and Walton, K. Neuronal systems in the cerebellum. In J. C. Fentress (Ed.), Simpler Networks and Behavior. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 1976.
Lorenz, K. Z. Über die Bildung des Instinktbegriffes. Naturwisschaften, 1937, 25, 289–300,
Lorenz, K. Z. Über die Bildung des Instinktbegriffes. Naturwisschaften, 1937, 25, 307–318,
Lorenz, K. Z. Über die Bildung des Instinktbegriffes. Naturwisschaften, 1937, 25, 324–331.
Lorenz, K. Z. The comparative method in studying innate behavior patterns. Symposium for the Society of Experimental Biology, 1950, 4, 221–268.
Luria, A. R. Basic Problems of Neurolinguistics. The Hague: Mouton, 1976.
MacDonnell, M. F., and Flynn, J. P. Control of sensory fields by stimulation of the hypothalamus. Science, 1966, 152, 1406–1408.
Machlis, L. An analysis of the temporal patterning of pecking in chicks. Behaviour, 1977, 63, 1–70.
Marler, P., and Hamilton, W. J. Mechanisms of Animal Behavior. New York: Wiley, 1966.
Marler, P., and Vandenbergh, J. G. (Eds.), Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology, Volume 3: Behavior and Communication. New York: Plenum Press, 1979.
Marshall, J. F., Richardson, J. S., and Teitelbaum, P. Nigrostriatal bundle damage and the lateral hypothalamic syndrome. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1974, 87, 808–830.
Mayr, E. Populations, Species, and Evolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970.
McFarland, D. J. Time-sharing as a behavioral phenomenon. In D. S. Lehrman, J. S. Rosenblatt, R. A. Hinde, and E. Shaw (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Behavior (Vol. 5). New York: Academic Press, 1974.
McFarland, D. J. Form and function in the temporal organization of behavior. In P. P. G. Bateson and R. A. Hinde (Eds.), Growing Points in Ethology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
Meinhardt, H. The random character of bifurcations and the reproducible processes of embryonic development. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1979, 316, 188–202.
Miles, F. A., and Evarts, E. V. Concepts of motor organization. Annual Review of Psychology, 1979, 30, 327–362.
Milner, P. M. Motivation and reinforcement. II. Theory. In L. L. Iversen, S. D. Iversen, and S. H. Snyder (Eds.), Handbook of Psychopharmacology, New York: Plenum Press, 1977.
Mogenson, G. J., and Phillips, A. G. Motivation: A psychological construct in search of a physiological substrate. In J. M. Sprague and A. N. Epstein (Eds.), Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology (Vol. 6). New York: Academic Press, 1976.
Moran, G. A. The Structure of Movement in Supplanting Interactions in the Wolf. Doctoral thesis, Dalhousie Univeristy, 1977.
Moran, G. A., and Fentress, J. C. A search for order in wolf social behavior. In E. Klinghammer (Ed.), The Behavior and Ecology of Wolves. New York: Garland Publishing, 1979.
Moran, G. A., Fentress, J. C., and Golani, I. A description of relational patterns during ‘ritualized fighting’ in wolves. Animal Behaviour, 1981, 29, 1146–1165.
Murphey, R. K., and Palka, J. Efferent control of cricket giant fibres. Nature, 1974, 248, 249–251.
Nau, P. A. A Descriptive Analysis of the Behavior of Rats in a Complex Novel Environment. Doctoral thesis, Dalhousie University, 1980.
Nelson, K. The temporal patterning of courtship behaviour in the glandulocaudine fishes (Ostariophysi. Characidae). Behaviour, 1964, 24, 90–146.
Nicolis, G., and Prigogine, I. Self Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems. New York: Wiley, 1977.
Oppenheim, R. W. The neuroembryological study of behavior: progress, problems and perspectives. In R. K. Hunt (Ed.), Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Volume 17, Models of Neural Development. New York: Academic Press, in press.
Pattee, H. H. The problem of biological hierarchy. In C. H. Waddington (Ed.), Toward a Theoretical Biology (Vol. 3). Chicago: Aldine, 1970.
Pearson, K. The control of walking. Scientific American, 1976, 235, 72–86.
Polit, A., and Bizzi, E. Characteristics of motor programs underlying arm movements in monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1979, 42, 183–194.
Posner, M. I. Chronometric Explorations of Mind. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978.
Richmond, G., and Sachs, B. D. Grooming in Norway rats: The development and adult expression of a complex motor pattern. Behaviour, 1980, 75, 82–96.
Rowell, C. H. F. Displacement grooming in the chaffinch. Animal Behaviour, 1961, 9, 38–63.
Rowland, W. J. The effects of dummy size and color on behavioral interaction in the jewel ciclid, Hermichromis bimaculatus Bill. Behaviour, 1975, 53, 109–125.
Russell, I. J. The role of the lateral-line efferent system in Xenopus lavis. Journal of Experimental Biology, 1971, 54, 621–641.
Sachs, B. D., and Barfield, R. J. Functional analysis of masculine copulatory behavior in the rat. In J. S. Rosenblatt, R. A. Hinde, E. Shaw, and C. Beer (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Behavior (Vol. 7). New York: Academic Press, 1976.
Schleidt, W. M. How “fixed” is the fixed action pattern? Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1974, 36, 184–211.
Sevenster, P. A causal analysis of a displacement activity (Fanning in Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). Behaviour Supplement, 1961, 9, 1–170.
Sevenster-Bol, A. C. A. On the causation of drive reduction after a consummatory act. Archives Néerlandaises de Zoologie, 1962, 15, 175–236.
Sherrington, C. S. Integrative Action of the Nervous System. London: Cambridge University Press, 1906.
Slater, P. J. B. Describing sequences of behavior. In P. P. G. Bateson and P. H. Klopfer (Eds.), Perspectives in Ethology. New York: Plenum Press, 1973.
Stein, P. S. G. Motor systems, with specific reference to the control of locomotion. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 1978, 7, 61–81.
Stricker, E. M., and Zigmond, M. J. Recovery of function after damage to central catecholamine-containing neurons: A neurochemical model for the lateral hypothalamic syndrome. In J. M. Sprague and A. N. Epstein (Eds.), Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology. New York: Academic Press, 1976.
Studdert-Kennedy, M. Speech perception. In N. J. Lass (Ed.), Contemporary Issues in Experimental Phonetics, New York: Academic Press, 1976.
Swenson, R. M., and Randall, W. Grooming behavior in cats with pontile lesions and cats with tectal lesions. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology, 1977, 91, 313–326.
Swindale, N. V. A model for the formation of ocular dominance stripes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 1980, 208, 243–264.
Teitelbaum, P. Levels of integration of the operant. In W. K. Honig and J. E. R. Staddon (Eds.), Handbook of Operant Behavior. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1977.
Thelen, E. Kicking, rocking, and waving: Contextual analysis of rhythmical stereotypies in normal human infants. Animal Behaviour, 1981, 29, 3–11.
Thompson, R. F. Foundations of Physiological Psychology. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Thorpe, W. H. Learning and Instinct in Animals (2nd ed.). London: Methuen, 1963.
Tinbergen, N. The Study of Instinct. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1951.
Tinbergen, N. Derived activities: Their causation, biological significance, origin and emancipation during evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology, 1952, 27, 1–32.
Tinbergen, N. On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1963, 20, 410–433.
Toates, F. M. Animal Behaviour—A Systems Approach. New York: Wiley, 1980.
Turvey, M. T. Preliminaries to a theory of action with reference to vision. In R. Shaw and J. Bransford (Eds.), Perception, Action, and Comprehension Towards an Ecological Psychology. Pontiac, Md.: Erlbaum, 1977.
Uttal, W. R. The Psychobiology of Mind. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978.
Vanderwolf, C.H., Bland, B. H. and Whishaw, I. Q. Diencephalic, hippocampus, and neocortical mechanisms in voluntary movement. In J. Maser (Ed.), Efferent Organization and the Integration of Behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1973.
Vanderwolf, C. H., Kolb, B., and Cooley, R. K. Behavior of the rat after removal of the neocortex and hippocampal formation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1978, 92, 156–175.
Wheeler, W. M. “Natural history”, “oecology” or “ethology”. Science, 1902, 15, 971–976.
Wiegant, V. M., and Gispen, W. H. ACTH-induced excessive grooming in the rat: latent activity of ACTH4_10. Behavioral Biology, 1977, 19, 554–558.
Wiegant, V. M., Cools, A. R., and Gispen, W. H. ACTH-induced excessive grooming involves brain dopamine. European Journal of Pharmacology, 1977, 41, 343–345.
Willshaw, D. J., and van der Malsburg, C. How patterned neural connections can be set up by self-organization. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 1976, 194, 431–445.
Wilson, E. O. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.
Wilz, V. J. The disinhibition interpretation of the “displacement” activities during courtship in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Animal Behaviour, 1970, 18, 682–687.
Wine, J. J., and Krasne, F. B. The organization of escape behavior in the crayfish. Journal of Experimental Biology, 1972, 56, 1–18.
Wolgin, D. L. Motivation, activation, and behavioral integration. In R. L. Isaacson and N. E. Spear (Eds.), The Expression of Knowledge. New York: Plenum Press, 1982.
Wolgin, D. L., and Teitelbaum, P. Role of activation and sensory stimuli in recovery from lateral hypothalamic damage in the cat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1978, 92, 474–500.
Woods, J. W. Behavior of chronic decerebrate rats. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1964, 27, 635–644.
Woolridge, M. W. A Quantitative Analysis of Short-Term Rhythmical Behaviour in Rodents. Doctoral thesis, Wolfson College, Oxford, England, 1975.
Yashon, J. The Effects of an Artificial Displacement Behavior on Shock-Induced Ulcerogenesis. Master’s thesis, Tel-Aviv University, 1978.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fentress, J.C. (1983). Ethological Models of Hierarchy and Patterning of Species-Specific Behavior. In: Satinoff, E., Teitelbaum, P. (eds) Motivation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4286-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4286-1_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4288-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4286-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive