Skip to main content

Thematic Apperception Test and Related Methods

  • Chapter
Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders

Abstract

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was introduced to the psychological world in 1935 by Morgan and Murray. Its conception and birth, as with those of mythological heroes, were cloaked in mystery (Holt, 1949). Conditions surrounding its infancy are clearer, because it was reared at the Harvard Psychological Clinic, in the little yellow house on Plympton Street, with press congenial environment and press nurturance. Doting parents and dedicated disciples clearly saw the newborn infant’s power to cast light on the darkest recesses of personality dynamics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackerly, L. Sexual fantasies of elderly people. Thesis for the B.S. degree, State University of New York College at Purchase, 1973. Cited in Bellak (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G. W. The trend in motivational theory. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1953, 23, 107–119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altobello, N. Hope and despair in old age. Thesis for the B.A. degree, State University of New York College at Purchase, 1973. Cited in Bellak (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Araoz, D. L. The Thematic Apperception Test in marital therapy. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 1972, 5, 41–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkins, M. Color as a variable in a picture-story test for younger children. Senior Honors Thesis, University of Massachusetts, 1962. Cited in Yudin and Resnikoff (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. W. Studies in projective measurement of achievement motivation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. W. Towards experimental analysis of human motivation in terms of motives, expectancies and incentives. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action and society Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1958, pp. 288–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auld, F., Eron, L. D. & Laffal, J. Application of Guttman’s scaling method to the TAT. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1955, 15, 422–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barron, F. Creativity and personal freedom Princeton. Van Nostrand, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, A., Trosman, H., & Ross, D. The use of projective techniques in the investigation of emotional aspects of medical disorders. II. Other projective techniques and suggestions for experimental design. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1953, 17, 51–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellak, L. The concept of projection. Psychiatry, 1944, 7, 353–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellak, L. A guide to the interpretation of the Thematic Apperception Test New York: Psychological Corporation, 1947.(a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellak, L. TAT blank: For recording and analyzing Thematic Apperception Test stories New York: Psychological Corporation, 1947.(b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellak, L. The Thematic Apperception Test, The Children’s Apperception Test and the Senior Apperception Technique in clinical use (3rd ed.). New York: Grune Stratton, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellak, L., & Bellak, S. S. Manual of instruction for the Children’s Apperception Test New York: C.P.S. Co., 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellak, L., Ekstein, R., & Braverman, S. A preliminary study of norms for the Thematic Apperception Test. American Psychologist, 1947, 2, 271 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellak, L., Pasquarelli, B., & Braverman, S. The use of the Thematic Apperception Test in psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 1949, 110, 51–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bendig, A. W. Comparative validity of objective and projective measures of need achievement in predicting students’ achievement in introductory psychology. Journal of General Psychology, 1959, 60,237–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bettelheim, B. Self-interpretation of fantasy: The Thematic Apperception Test as an educational and therapeutic device. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1947, 17, 80–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biersdorf, K. R., & Marcuse, F. L. Responses of children to human and animal pictures. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1953, 17, 455–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bijou, S. W., & Kenny, D. T. The ambiguity values of TAT cards. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1951, 15, 203–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birney, R. C. The reliability of the achievement motive. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1959, 58,266–267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brackbill, G. A. Some effects of color on thematic fantasy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1951, 15, 412–418.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J. S., & Postman, L. An approach to social perception. In W. Dennis (Ed.), Current trends in social psychology. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1948, pp. 71–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budoff, M. The relative utility of animal and human figures in a picture-story test for young children. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1960, 24, 347–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. Responses of institutionalized mentally retarded children to human and to animal pictures. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1961, 65, 620–622.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrd, E., & Witherspoon, R. L. Responses of preschool children to the Children’s Apperception Test. Child Development, 1954, 25, 35–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 1959, 56, 81–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campus, N. Transsituational consistency as a dimension of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1974, 29, 593–600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campus, N. A measure of needs to assess the stimulus characteristics of TAT cards. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1976, 40, 248–258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cann, A. The effects of the attitudes of whites toward blacks on thematic apperception of racial stimuli. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Child, I. L., Frank, K. F., & Storm, T. Self-ratings and TAT: Their relations to each other and to childhood background. Journal of Personality, 1956, 25, 96–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury, U. An Indian adaptation of the Children’s Apperception Test Delhi, India: Manasayan, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. M. A method of administering and evaluating the Thematic Apperception Test. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 1944, 30, 3–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Combs, A. The use of personal experience in Thematic Apperception Test story plots. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1946, 2, 357–363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, R. A. Identification and ego defensiveness in thematic apperception. Journal of Projective Techniques. 1953, 17, 312–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dana, R. H. An application of objective TAT scoring. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1956, 20, 159163.(a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana, R. H. Selection of abbreviated TAT sets. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1956, 12, 36–40.(b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana, R. H. Review of Thematic Apperception Test. In D. K. Buros (Ed.), The seventh mental measurements yearbook (Vol. 1). Highland Park, N.J.: Gryphon Press, 1972, pp. 457–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deabler, H. L. The psychotherapeutic use of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1947, 3, 246–252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Sousa, T. A comparison of the responses of adjusted and maladjusted children on a Thematic Apperception Test. Unpublished master’s thesis, Loyola University, Chicago, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollin, A. P. The effect of order of presentation on perception of TAT pictures. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagle, C. An investigation of individual consistencies in the manifestations of primary process. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagle, C., & Holt, R. R. Manual for scoring primary process manifestations in thematic material. Appendix C in R. R. Holt, Manual for the scoring of primary process manifestations in Rorschach responses Research Center for Mental Health, New York University, 1970, Mimeo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earle, M. Rakau children: From six to thirteen years. Wellington, New Zealand. Victoria University Publications in Psychology, No. 11, 1958 (Monographs on Maori Social Life and Personality, No. 4). Cited in Bellak (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eron, L. D. Frequencies of themes and identification in stories of patients and nonhospitalized college students. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1948, 12, 387–395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eron, L. D. A normative study of the Thematic Apperception Test. Psychological Monographs, 1950, 64, No. 9. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eron, L. D. Responses of women to the Thematic Apperception Test. Psychological Monographs, 1950, 64, No. 9. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eron, L. D. & Ritter, A. M. A comparison of two methods of administration of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1951, 15, 55–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eron, L. D. Review of Thematic Apperception Test. In D. K. Buros, The seventh mental measurement yearbook (Vol. I). New Jersey: Gryphon Press, 1972, pp. 181–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairweather, G., Simon, R. Gebhard, M. Weingarten, E. Holland, J. Sanders, R. Stone, G. & Reahl, J. Relative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic programs: A multicriteria comparison of four programs for three different patient groups. Psychological Monographs, 1960, 74, No. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feld, S., & Smith, C. P. An evaluation of the method of content analysis. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1958, pp. 234–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, B. J., Pasewark, R. A., & Fleisher, S. Responses of an aged population on the Gerontological and Thematic Apperception Tests. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1974, 38, 234–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, E. A descriptive analysis of responses in the Thematic Apperception Test. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, I. Objectifying the subjective—A methodological approach to the TAT. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1957, 21, 243–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furyua, K. Responses of school children to human and animal pictures. Journal of Projective Techniques. 1957, 21, 248–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, C. The experience of dependency in the elderly. Thesis for the B.A. degree, State University of New York College at Purchase, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, M. Some effects of combining psychological tests on clinical inferences. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1964, 28, 440–446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfried, M. R., & Zax, M. The stimulus value of the TAT. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1965, 29, 46–58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodenough, W. H. A technique for scale analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1944, 4, 179–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodstein, L. D. Interrelationships among several measures of anxiety and hostility. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1954, 18, 35–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottschalk, L. A., & Gleser, G. C. The measurement of psychological states through the content analysis of verbal behavior. Berkeley-Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottschalk, L. A., Winget, C. N., & Gleser, G. C. A manual for using the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis scales. Berkeley-Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurvitz, S., & Kapper, Z. Techniques for evaluation of the responses of schizophrenic and cerebral palsied children to the Children’s Apperception Test (C.A.T.). Quarterly Journal of Child Behavior, 1951, 3, 38–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haber, R. N., & Alpert, R. The role of situation and picture cues in projective measurement of the achievement motive. In J. W. Atkinson, (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action,and society Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1958, pp. 644–663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R., & Rotter, J. B. A note on the reliability of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1945, 40, 97–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, A. A. A basic TAT set. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1970, 34, 391–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haworth, M. A schedule for the analysis of C.A.T. responses. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1963, 27, 181–184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haworth, M. A schedule of adaptative mechanisms in C.A.T. responses. Larchmont, N.Y.: C.P.S. Inc., 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haworth, M. The C.A.T.• Facts about Fantasy New York, Grune & Stratton, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, W. E. The Thematic Apperception Technique in the study of culture-personality relations. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 35, 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, W. E. The analysis of fantasy, the Thematic Apperception Technique in the study of personality. New York: Wiley, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, W. E. & Guetzkow, H. Group projection sketches for the study of small groups. Publication No. 4 of the Conference Research Project at the University of Michigan. Journal of Social Psychology, 1951, 33, 77–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoar, M. W., & Faust, W. L. The Children’s Apperception Test: Puzzle and regular form. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1973, 37, 244–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffberg, C., & Fast, I. Professional identity and impulse expression in phantasy. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1966, 30, 488–498.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, D. S., & Tyler, J. D. Direct versus projective measurement of achievement motivation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1968, 32, 712–717.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, R. R. (Ed.) The TAT Newsletter, 1947, 1, No. 2, Mimeo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, R. R. (Ed.) The TAT Newsletter, 1948, 2, No. 2, Mimeo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, R. R. (Ed.) The TAT Newsletter, 1949, 3, No. 3, p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, R. R. Assessing personality New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, R. R. Methods in clinical psychology: Vol I. Projective Assessments. New York: Plenum, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, R. R. & Luborsky, L. Personality patterns of psychiatrists: A study of methods for selecting residents (Vol. I). New York: Basic Books, 1958. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, R. R. & Luborsky, L. Personality patterns of psychiatrists: Supplementary and supporting data (Vol. II). Topeka, Kans.: Menninger Foundation, 1958. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Holtzman, W. H. Holtzman inkblot technique (Form A). New York: Psychological Corp., 1958. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Holtzman, W. H. Holtzman inkblot technique (Form B). New York: Psychological Corp., 1958. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, M., & Cartwright, D. A. A projective method for the diagnosis of groups. Human Relations, 1953, 6, 397–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, J. R., The Iowa Picture Interpretation Test: A multiple-choice variation of the TAT. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1955, 19, 372–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, J. R. Achievement imagery and motivational instructions as determinants of verbal learning. Journal of Personality, 1957, 25, 274–282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • India, Ministry of Defence, Defence Science Organization, Research Wing. Mood in TAT pictures and its effects. Indian Journal of Psychology, 1954, 29, 125–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvin, F. S., & Wouds, K. V. Empirical support fora basic TAT set. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1971, 27, 514–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R. The reliability of projective techniques: Review of the literature. Acta Psychologica, 1959, 16, 108–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A. W., & Dana, R. A. Color on the TAT. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1965, 29, 179–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. A. The effect of achievement imagery on maze-learning performance. Journal of Personality, 1955, 24, 145–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. A. A methodological analysis of several revised forms of the Iowa Picture Interpretation Test. Journal of Personality, 1957, 25, 283–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. M. The negation of TAT; a projective method for eliciting repressed thought content. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1956, 20, 297–303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. The measurement of overt aggression from fantasy. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1956, 52, 390–393.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. Thematic apperceptive techniques with children. In A. Rabin & M. Haworth (Eds.), Projective techniques with children. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1960, pp. 105–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. The stability of TAT fantasy and stimulus ambiguity. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1959, 13, 266–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., and Kaufman, M. A preliminary investigation of some relationships between functional articulation disorders and response to the Children’s Apperception Test. Unpublished master’s thesis, Boston University, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., & Moss, H. A. Birth of maturity: A study in psychological development New York: Wiley, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, A. The conduct of inquiry. San Francisco, Calif.: Chandler Publishing Co., 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M. F. The effect of cue relevance, ambiguity, and self-reported hostility on TAT responses. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1967, 31, 45–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M. F. The ambiguity of TAT ambiguity. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1969, 33, 25–29. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M. F. Reply to Murstein’s comments on “The ambiguity of TAT ambiguity.” Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1969, 33, 486–487. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, I. Emotional expression in failure: A new hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1950, 45, 329–349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, E. L., & Fiske, D. W. The prediction of performance in clinical psychology Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, D. T. A theoretical and research reappraisal of stimulus factors in the TAT. In J. Kagan & G. Lesser (Eds.), Contemporary issues in thematic apperceptive methods Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, 1961, pp. 288–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, D. T., & Bijou, S. W. Ambiguity of pictures and extent of personality factors in fantasy responses. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1953, 17, 283–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolter, N. Self-selection of TAT cards: A technique for assessing test-resistant children. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1970, 34, 324–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korchin, S. J., Mitchell, H. B., & Meltzoff, J. A critical evaluation of the Thompson Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1950, 14, 445–452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostlan, A. A method for the empirical study of psychodiagnosis. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1954, 18, 83–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lasaga, J. I., & Martinez-Arango, C. Four detailed examples of how mental conflicts of psychoneurotics and psychotic patients may be discovered by means of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Psychology, 1948, 26, 299–345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laskowitz, D. The effect of varied degrees of pictorial ambiguity on fantasy evocation. Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. A substitutive-defensive conception of apperceptive fantasy. In J. Kagan & G. Lesser (Eds.), Contemporary issues of thematic apperceptive methods Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, 1961, pp. 51–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebo, D., & Harrigan, M. Visual and verbal presentation of TAT stimuli. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1957, 21, 339–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebo, D., & Sherry, P. J. Visual and vocal presentation of TAT descriptions. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1959, 23, 59–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesser, G. S. The relationship between overt and fantasy aggression as a function of maternal response to aggression. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1957, 55, 218–221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesser, G. S. Application of Guttman’s scaling method to aggressive fantasy in children. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1958, 18, 543–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, F. J. Thematic drive expression in three occupational groups. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1969, 33, 357–363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, R., Chein, I., & Murphy, G. The relations of the intensity of a need to the amount of perceptual distortion. Journal of Psychology, 1942, 13, 283–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, M. R. Issues in the personality assessment of lower-class patients. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1970, 34, 6–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light, B. H. Comparative study of a series of TAT and CAT cards. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1954, 10, 179–181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Light, B. H. A further test of the Thompson TAT rationale. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1955, 51, 148–150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindzey, G. Thematic Apperception Test: Interpretive assumptions and related empirical evidence. Psychology Bulletin, 1952, 49, 1–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindzey, G., & Heinemann, S. H. TAT: Individual and group administration. Journal of Personality, 1955, 24, 34–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindzey, G. and Herman, P. S. TAT: A note on reliability and situational validity. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1955, 19, 36–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindzey, G., & Silverman, M. Thematic Apperception Test: Techniques of group administration, sex differences, and the role of verbal productivity. Journal of Personality, 1959, 27, 311–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipgar, R. M. Treatment of time in the TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1969, 33, 219–229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Little, K. B. Whither projective techniques? Paper read at California State Psychological Association, Los Angeles, March, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, K. B. Problems in the validation of projective techniques. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1959, 23, 287–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, K. B., & Shneidman, E. S. The validity of thematic projective technique interpretations. Journal of Personality, 1955, 23, 285–294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Little, K. B., & Shneidman, E. S. Congruencies among interpretations of psychological test and anamnestic data. Psychological Monographs, 1959, 75, No. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, W. F. Effect of controlling the immediate environment or responses to the Thematic Apperception Test. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Louisville, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowell, E. L. The effect of need for achievement on learning and speed of performance. Journal of Psychology, 1952, 33, 41–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubin, B. Some effects of set and stimulus properties on TAT stories. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1960, 24, 11–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubin, N. M., & Wilson, M. D. Picture test identification as a function of “reality” (color) and similarity of picture to subject. Journal of General Psychology, 1956, 54, 331–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luborsky, L. Self-interpretation of the TAT as a clinical technique. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1953, 17, 217–223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luborsky, L., & Holt, R. R. The selection of candidates for psychoanalytic training. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology, 1957, 18, 166–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maddi, S. R., Propst, B. S., & Feldinger, I. Three expressions of the need for variety. Journal of Personality, 1965, 33, 82–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masling, J. M. The effects of warm and cold interaction in the interpretation of a projective protocol. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1957, 21, 377–383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masling, J. M. The effects of warm and cold interaction on the administration and scoring of an intelligence test. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1959, 23, 336–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masling, J. M. The influence of situational and inter-personal variables in projective testing. Psychological Bulletin, 1960, 57, 65–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masling, J., & Harris, S. Sexual aspects of TAT administration. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1969, 33, 166–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, B. D. An experimental investigation of the effect of repetition and variation in administration upon the Thematic Apperception Test. Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of Louisville, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. S. On the psychodynamics of creative physical scientists. In H. E. Gruber, G. Terrell, & M. Wertheimer (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to creative thinking New York: Atherton Press, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. S., & Atkinson, J. W. The projective expression of needs. I. The effect of different in-tensities of the hunger drive on perception. Journal of Psychology, 1948, 25, 205–222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. S., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. The achievement motive New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1953.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Megargee, E. I. (Ed.) Research in clinical assessment New York: Harper & Row, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, M. Review of Gerontological apperception test, by R. L. Wolk and Rochell B. Wolk. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1973, 37, 396–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, H. H., Walker, W. B., & Litwin, G. H. Motive patterns and risk preferences associated with entrepreneurship. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1961, 63, 570–574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, M. M. The direct use of projective techniques in psychotherapy. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1951, 15, 263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, C. D., & Murray, H. A. A method for investigating fantasies: The Thematic Apperception Test. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1935, 34, 289–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, H. H. A psychometric comparison of achieving and nonachieving college students of high ability. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1952, 16, 292–298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moriarty, A. Normal preschoolers’ reactions to the CAT: Some implications for later development. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1972, 36, 413–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, H. A., & Kagan, J. Stability of achievement-and recognition-seeking behavior from early child-hood through adulthood. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,1961, 62, 504–513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. A. The effect of fear upon estimates of the maliciousness of other personalities. Journal of Social Psychology, 1933, 4,310–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. A. et al. Explorations in Personality New York: Oxford University Press, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. A. Thematic Apperception Test manual Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. A. Uses of the Thematic Apperception Test. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1951, 107, 577–581.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. A. In E. S. Shneidman (Ed.), The TAT Newsletter, 6, 1952, p. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. A., & Stein, M. I. Note on the selection of combat officers. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1943, 5, 386–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murstein, B. I. Assumptions, adaptation level, and projective techniques. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1961, 12, 107–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murstein, B. I. Theory and research in projective techniques (emphasizing the TAT). New York: Wiley, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murstein, B. I. A normative study of TAT ambiguity. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1964, 28, 210–218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murstein, B. I. The stimulus. In B. Murstein (Ed.), Handbook of Projective Techniques New York: Basic Books, 1965. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Murstein, B. I. The scaling of the TAT for n Achievement. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1965, 29, 286. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Murstein, B. I. Comments on “The ambiguity of TAT ambiguity.” Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1969, 33, 483–485.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murstein, B. I. A thematic test and the Rorschach in predicting marital choice. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1972, 36, 212–217. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Murstein, B. I. Interview behavior, projective techniques, and questionnaires in the clinical assessment of marital choice. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1972, 36, 462–467. (b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murstein, B. I., David, C., Fisher, D., & Furth, H. The scaling of the TAT for hostility by a variety of scaling methods. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1961, 25, 497–504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mussen, P. and Naylor, H. K. Relationships between overt and fantasy aggression. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1954, 49, 235–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myler, B., Rosenkrantz, A., & Holmes, G. A comparison of the TAT, CAT and CAT-H among second grade girls. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1972, 36, 440–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newmark, C. S., & Flouranzano, R. Replication of an empirically derived TAT set with hospitalized psychiatric patients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1973, 37, 340–341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, R. A longitudinal comparison of motives in children’s fantasy stories as revealed by the Children’s Apperception Test. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • OSS Assessment Staff. Assessment of men New York: Rinehart, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, R. T. TAT lantern slides. In R. R. Holt (Ed.), The TAT Newsletter, 1951, 5, p. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasewark, R. A., Fitzgerald, B. J., Dexter, V., & Cangemi, A. Responses of adolescent, middle-aged, and aged females on the Gerontological and Thematic Apperception Tests. Journal of Personality Assessment,1976, 40, 588–591.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pine, F. Thematic drive content and creativity. Journal of Personality, 1959, 27, 136–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pine, F. A manual rating drive content in the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1960, 24, 32–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pine, F. Creativity and primary process: Sample variations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 1962, 134, 506–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pine, F., & Holt, R. R. Creativity and primary process: A study of adaptive regression. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1960, 61, 370–379.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pittluck, P. The relationship between aggressive fantasy and overt behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prola, M. A re-evaluation of the motor-inhibition fantasy hypothesis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1970, 34, 477–483.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prola, M. A review of the transcendence index. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1972, 36, 8–12. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Prola, M. Verbal productivity and transcendence. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1972, 36, 445–446. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabin, A. Children’s Apperception Test findings with kibbutz and non-kibbutz preschoolers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1972, 36, 420–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapaport, D., Gill, M., & Schafer, R. In R. R. Holt (Ed.), Diagnostic Psychological Testing (Revised ed.). New York: International Universities Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitman, W. R. and Atkinson, J. W. Some methodological problems in the use of thematic apperceptive measures of human motives. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy,action, and society Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1958, pp. 664–684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riess, B. F., Schwartz, E. K., & Cottingham, A. An experimental critique of assumptions underlying the Negro version of the TAT. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1950, 45, 700–709.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rock, M. H. Self-reflection and ego development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York Uni-versity, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodnick, E. H., & Klebanoff, S. G. Projective reactions to induced frustration as a measure of social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 1942, 39, 489. (Abstr.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rorschach, H. Psychodiagnostics (4th ed.) (trans. by P. Lemkau & B. Kronenberg; W. Morgenthaler, Ed.). Bern: Huber, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblatt, M. The development of norms for the Children’s Apperception Test. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R. Experimenter effects in behavioral research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig, S. Levels of behavior in psychodiagnosis with special reference to the Picture-Frustration study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatrv, 1950, 20, 63–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, H. The validity of personality-trait ratings based on projective techniques. Psychological Monographs, 1952, 66, No. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, R. N. The effects of abstinence from food upon imaginal processes; a preliminary experiment. Journal of Psychology, 1936, 2, 129–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, R. N. The effects of abstinence from food upon imaginal processes: A further experiment. Journal of Psychology, 1937, 3, 145–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, R. N., Adkins, Margaret M., Miller, R. B., Cobb, E. A., et al. Physique, personality, and scholarship: A cooperative study of school children. Monograph Social Research Child Development,1943, 8, No. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarason, B. R., & Sarason, I. C. The effect of type of administration and sex of subject on emotional tone and outcome ratings of TAT stories. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1958, 22,333–337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, R. How was this story told? Journal of Projective Techniques, 1958, 22, 181–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, E. K., Riess, B. F., & Cottingham, A. Further critical evaluation of the Negro version of the TAT. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1951, 15, 394–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shatin, L. Rorschach adjustment and the Thematic Apperception Test, Journal of Projective Techniques, 1953, 17, 92–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shatin, L. Relationships between the Rorschach test and the Thematic Apperception Test, Journal of Projective Techniques, 1955, 19, 317–331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shepley, T. E., & Veroff, J. A projective measure of need for affiliation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1952, 43, 349–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shneidman, E. S. The Make a Picture Story Test New York: The Psychological Corporation, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shneidman, E. S. A MAPS test manual. Projective Techniques Monographs, 1951, 1, No. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shneidman, E. S. Some relationships between the Rorschach technique and other psychodiagnostic tests. In B. Klopper et al., Developments in the Rorschach Technique New York: World Book Co., 1956, pp. 595–642.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shneidman, E. S., Joel, W., & Little, K. B. Thematic test analysis. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1951

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, L. H. A Q-sort study of the validity of evaluations made from projective techniques. Psychological Monographs, 1959, 73, No. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, J. L., & Herman, J. L. Motor and fantasy correlates of the Rorschach human movement response. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1954, 18, 325–331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slemon, A. G., Holzwarth, E. J., Lewis, J., & Sitko, M. Associative elaboration and integration scales for evaluating TAT protocols. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1976, 40, 365–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solkoff, N. Effects of a variation in instructions and pictorial stimuli on responses to TAT-like cards. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1959, 23, 76–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solkoff, N. Effects of a variation in instructions on responses to TAT cards. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1960, 24, 67–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. I. The use of a sentence completion test for the diagnosis of personality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3, 1948, 47–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. I., Mackenzie, J. N., Rodgers, R. R. and Meer, B. A case study of a scientist. In A. Burton and R. E. Harris (Eds.), Clinical studies in personality,New York: Harper & Row, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. I. The Thematic Apperception Test Cambridge, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. I. Explorations in typology. In R. W. White (Ed.), The study of lives New York: Atherton Press, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. I. Ecology of typology, In Proceedings of the conference on personality measurement in medical education Sponsored by the Association of American Medical Colleges, Des Plaines, Ill., June 17–18, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. I., & Neulinger, J. In M. J. Katz, J. O. Cole, & W. E. Barton (Eds.), The role and methodology of classification in psychiatry and psychopathology Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, Public Health Service Publication, no. 1584, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, W. The study of behavior: Q technique and its methodology Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, G. G., Stein, M. I., & Bloom, B. S. Methods in personality assessment Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, H., & Dellis, N. An exploratory investigation into the levels hypothesis, Journal of Projective Techniques, 1960, 24, 333–340.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerwell, H. C., Campbell, M. M., & Sarason, I. C. The effect of differential motivating instructions on emotional tone and outcome of TAT stories. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1958, 22,3845–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Symonds, P. M. Symonds Picture-Story Test New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1948, 20 plates, manual (20 pp.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Symonds, P. M. Adolescent fantasy New York: Columbia University Press, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terhune, K. W. A note on thematic apperception scoring of needs for achievement, affiliation and power. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1969, 33, 364–370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theiner, E. Experimental needs as expressed by projective techniques. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1962, 26, 354–363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, C. E. The Thompson modification of the Thematic Apperception Test. Rorschach Research Exchange, 1949, 13, 469–478. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, C. E. The Thompson modification of the thematic apperception test Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, C. E., & Bachrach, H. J. The use of color in the TAT. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1951, 15, 173–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. The thematic apperception test, New York: Grune & Stratton, 1947.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. Discussion of Dr. Murstein’s paper. In J. Kagan & G. S. Lesser (Eds.), Contemporary issues in thematic apperceptive methods. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, 1961, p. 279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toone, D. Is old age accompanied by a constricted view of the world? Thesis for the B.A. degree, State University of New York College, Purchase, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ullmann, L. Selection of neuropsychiatrie patients for group psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1957, 21, 277–280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Lennep, D. J. Four-picture test The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Lennep, D. J. The four picture test. In H. A. Anderson & G. L. Anderson (Eds.), An introduction to projective techniques and other devices for understanding the dynamics of human behavior. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, R. I. The Thematic Apperception Test. In R. I. Watson, The clinical method in psychology. New York: Harper & Row, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, W. B., & Hilden, A. H. Verbal and intellectual ability as factors in projective test results. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1953, 17, 102–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, P., Wertheimer, M., & Groesbeck, B. Achievement motivation, academic aptitude, and college grades. Educational Psychology Measurement, 1959, 19, 663–665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisskopt, E. A. A transcendence index as a proposed measure in the TAT. Journal of Psychology, 1950, 29, 379–390. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisskopf, E. A. An experimental study of the effect of brightness and ambiguity on projection in the TAT. Journal of Psychology, 1950, 29, 407–416. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisskopf, E. A., & Dieppa, J. J. Experimentally induced faking of TAT responses. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1951, 15, 469–474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisskopf, E. A., & Dunlevy, G. P. Bodily similarity between subject and central figure in the TAT as an influence on projection. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,1952, 47, 441–445.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisskopf-Joelson, E. A., & Foster, H. C. An experimental study of stimulus variation upon projection. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1962, 26, 366–370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisskopf-Joelson, E. A., & Lynn, D. B. The effect of variations in ambiguity on projection in the Children’s Apperception Test. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1953, 17, 67–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisskopf-Joelson, E. A., & Money, L. Facial similarity between subject and central figure in the TAT as an influence on projection. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1958, 48, 341–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R. K. Value-analysis: A quantitative method for describing qualitative data, Journal of Social Psychology, 1944, 19, 351–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R. K. Value analysis: The nature and use of the method. New York: Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R. W. Lives in progress: A study of the natural growth of personality (2nd. ed). New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. E. Mode of failure, interference tendencies, and achievement imagery. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1955, 51, 573–580.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winget, C. N., Gleser, G. C., & Clements, W. H. A method for quantifying human relations, hostility, and anxiety applied to TAT productions. Journal of Personality Assessment,1969, 33, 433–437.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witherspoon, R. Development of objective scoring methods for longitudinal C.A.T. data. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1968, 32, 407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohlford, P. Extension of personal time in TAT and story completion stories. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1968, 32, 267–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wohlford, P., & Herrera, J. A. TAT stimulus-cues of extension of personal time. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 34, 1970, 31–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolk, R. L. Refined projective techniques with the aged. In D. P. Kent, R. Kastenbaum & S. Sherwood (Eds.), Research, planning, and action for the elderly; The power and potential of social science New York: Behavioral Publications, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolk, R. L., Rustin, S. L., & Seiden, R. A custom-made projective technique for the aged: The Geron-tological Apperception Test. Journal of the Long Island Consultation Center, 1966, 4, 8–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolk, R. L., & Wolk, R. B. The Gerontological Apperception Test. New York: Behavioral Publications, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolowitz, H. M., & Shorkey, C. Power themes in the TAT stories of paranoid schizophrenic males. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1966, 30, 591–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, F. The scoring and analysis of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Psychology, 1947, 24, 319–330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, F. A principle for the interpretation of fantasy. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1958, 22, 173–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yudin, L. W., & Reznikoff, M. Color and its relation to personality: The TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1966, 30, 479–487.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stein, M.I. (1978). Thematic Apperception Test and Related Methods. In: Wolman, B.B. (eds) Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2490-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2490-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2492-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2490-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics