Skip to main content

Abstract

Despite an extremely voluminous international literature relating to herptiles and bacteria of the genera Salmonella and Arizona, there are few reports which suggest these bacteria are pathogenic for amphibians or reptiles. Extensive listings of serotypes recovered from live or dead herptiles exist, with the greater proportion of isolates coming from vivarium collections or animals destined for the pet trade (Hoff and White, 1977). However, the emphasis for examining these animals has come from two sources, curiosity and public health concern, rather than herptilian husbandry. The reptiles, especially, have been shown to be a rich source of Salmonella and Arizona organisms for bacteriological study. The public health concern derives from the fact that both genera of bacteria are known to embrace human pathogens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ang, O., Ozek, O., Cetin, E.T., and Toreci, K., 1973, Salmonella serotypes isolated from tortoises and frogs in Instanbul, J. Hyg., 71:85–88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, K.H., and Trust, T.J., 1976, Isolation of salmonellae and other potential pathogens from the fresh water aquarium snail Ampullaria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 31:635–639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, K.H., Trust, T.J., and Lior, H., 1977, Small pet aquarium frogs as a source of Salmonella, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 33:1026–1029.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boam, G.W., Sanger, V.L., Cowan, D.F., and Vaughan, D.P., 1970, Subcutaneous abscesses in iguanid lizards, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 157:617–619.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boever, W.J., and Williams, J., 1975, Arizona septicemia in three boa constrictors, Vet. Med. Small Animal Clin., 70:1357–1359.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, R.E., and Gibbons, N.E., 1974, “Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology,” 8th ed., Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, M.E., and Ryerson, D.L., 1939, Salmonellosis in certain reptiles, J. Infect. Dis., 65:242–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cambre, R.C., Green, D.E., Smith, E.E., Montali, R.J., and Bush, M., 1980, Salmonellosis and arizonosis in the reptile collection at the National Zoological Park, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 177:800–803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiodini, R., and Sundberg, J.P., 1981, Salmonellosis in reptiles: A review, Amer. J. Epidemiol., 113: 494–499.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M.L., Potter, M., Pollard, R., and Feldman, R.A., 1980, Turtle-associated salmonellosis in the United States: Effect of public health action, 1970 to 1976, J. Amer. Med. Ass., 243:1247–1249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Aoust, J.Y., and Lior, H., 1978, Pet turtle regulations and abatement of human salmonellosis, Can. J. Public Health, 69:107–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimow, I., 1966a, Versuche zur kunstlichen Infektion von Eideschsen (Lacerta muralis) mit Salmonella und Arizona-bakterien, Zentralbl. Veterinar-Medizin Reihe B, 13:587–590.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimow, I., 1966b, Versuche Landschildkroten der Arten Testudo graeca und Testudo hermanni mit Salmonella-bakterien zu infizieren, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Hyg. Abt. I Orig. A, 199:181–184.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimow, I., and Salwtschew, R., 1967, Versuche der Experimentalinfizierung von Schlangen Vipera ammodytes ammodytes mit Salmonella und Arizona-bactérien, Pathol. Microbiol., 30:495–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • DuPonte, M.W., Nakamura, R.M., and Chang, E.M.L., 1978, Activation of latent Salmonella and Arizona organisms by dehydration in red-eared turtles, Pseudemys scripta elegans, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 39:529–530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, P.R., and Ewing, W.H., 1972, “Identification of Enterobacteriaceae,” 3rd ed., Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, P.R., West, M.G., and Bruner, D.W., 1947, “Arizona group of paracolon bacteria,” Kentucky Agri. Exper. Station Bull. 499, Lexington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, E.E., and Cowles, R.B., 1959, Effect of temperature on antibody production in the reptile, Diposaurus dorsalis, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 101:482-

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everard, C.O.R., Tota, B., Bassett, D., and Ali, C., 1979, Salmonella in wildlife from Trinidad and Grenada, W.I., J. Wildlife Dis., 15:213–219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, W.H., 1972a, The nomeclature of Salmonella, its usage and definitions of the three species, Can. J. Microbiol., 18:1629–1637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, W.H., 1972b, “Isolation and identification of Salmonella and Shigella,” DHEW, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fey, H.V., Edwards, P.R., and Stunzl, H., 1956, Arizona-Infektionen bei Reptilien mit Isolirung von 4 neun Arizonatypen, Schwiez. Zietschr. allg. Pathol., 20:27–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feeley, J.C., and Treger, M.D., 1969, Penetration of turtle eggs by Salmonella braenderup, Public Health Rep., 84:156–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frye, F.L., 1981, “Biomedical and surgical aspects of captive reptile husbandry,” V.M. Publishing Co., Bonner Springs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, E.J.C., Agyare, E.O., Vagvolgyi, A.E., and Halpern, M., 1981, Aerobic bacterial oral flora of garter snakes: Development of normal flora and pathogenic potential for snakes and humans, J. Clin. Microbiol., 13:954–956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, E.J.C., Citron, D.M., Gonzalez, H., Russell, F.E., and Finegold, S.M., 1979, Bacteriology of rattlesnake venom and implications for therapy, J. Infect. Dis., 140:818–821.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habermalz, D., and Pietzsch, O., 1973, Identification of Arizona bacteria. A contribution to the problem of Salmonella infections among reptiles and amphibians in zoological gardens, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Hyg. Abt. I Orig. A, 225:323–342.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haga, J.B., 1972, Baby green turtles after certification, Pets/Supplies/Marketing, H.B. Jovanovich, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S.A., 1980, Incession: A suggestion for the epidemiologic anomasticon, Amer. J. Epidemiol., 111:132–134.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, W.R., and McNeil, E., 1944, Gopher snakes as carriers of salmonellosis and paracolon infections, Cornell Vet., 24:248–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, W.R., and McNeil, E., 1946, Paracolon type 10 from captive rattlesnakes, J. Bacteriol., 51: 397–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, G.L., and White, F.H., 1977, Salmonella in reptiles: Isolation from free-ranging lizards (Reptilia, Lacertilia) in Florida, J. Herpetol., 11:123–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, A.F., Feeley, J.C., and Dewitt, W.E., 1967, Salmonella excretion by turtles, Public Health Rep., 82:840–842.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaura, Y.K., Sharma, V.K., Singh, I.P., Sakazaki, R., and Rohde, R., 1972, Snakes as reservoirs of Arizona and Salmonella, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasit-enkd. Hyg. Abt. I Orig. A, 219:506–513.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knights, E.M., and Swieczkowski, D., 1972, A new look at the turtle problem, Michigan Med., 71:441–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koopman, J.P., and Janssen, F.G.J., 1973, The occurrence of salmonellas and lactose negative arizonas in reptiles in the Netherlands, and a comparison of three enrichment methods used in their isolation, J. Hyg., 71:363–371.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kourany, M., and Telford, S.R., 1981, Lizards in the ecology of salmonellosis in Panama, Appl. Enriron. Microbiol., 41:1248–1253.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kourany, M., and Telford, S., 1982, Salmonella and infections of alimentary and reproductive tracts of Panamanian lizards, Infect. Immun., 36:432–434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamm, S.H., Taylor, A., Gangarosa, E.J., Anderson, H.W., and Young, W., 1972, Turtle-associated salmonellosis, I. An estimation of the magnitude of the problem in the United States, 1970–1971, Amer. J. Epidemiol., 95:511–517.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ledbetter, E.O., and Kutscher, A.E., 1969, The aerobic and anaerobic flora of rattlesnake fangs and venom, Arch. Environ. Health, 19:770–778.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lennette, E.H., Spaulding, E.H., and Truant, J.P., 1974, “Manual of clinical microbiology,” 2nd ed., Amer. Soc. Microbiol., Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lie, P., 1968, Untersuchungen uber den Salmonellabefall von Kaltbluten, Arch. Hyg., 152:139–155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lins, Z.C., 1970, Studies on enteric bacterias in lower Amazon region, I. Serotypes of Salmonella isolated from wild forest animals in Para State, Brazil, Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 64: 439–443.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchalonis, J.J., Ealey, E.H.M., and Diener, E., 1969, Immune response of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatum, Australian J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 47:367–370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathewson, J.J., 1979, Enterobacteriaceae isolated from iguanid lizards of west-central Texas, Appl. Environ, Microbiol., 38:402–405.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, H., and Frank, W., 1974, Bacteriological investigations on reptiles and amphibians, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Hyg. Abt. I Orig. A, 229:470–481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, R.H., and Scidler, R.J., 1973, Potential pathogens in the environment: Isolation, enumeration and identification of seven genera of intestinal bacteria associated with small green pet turtles, Appl. Microbiol., 25:534–538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKibben, J.S., Porterfield, O.D., and Westergaard, J.M., 1978, Effect of dry versus wet bowl environment on pet turtles, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 39:109–114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A.P., 1962, “Water and man’s health,” Community Water Supply Tech. Ser. No. 5, Agency for International Development, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, E.V., and Duncan, M.A., 1974, Salmonellosis-An environmental health problem, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 165:1015–1019.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, H.E., 1972, The aerobic faecal flora of reptiles with special reference to the enterobacteria of snakes, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Hyg. Abt. I Orig. A, 222:487–495.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozek, O., Cetin, E.T., Ang, O., Toreci, K., and Sanli, Z., 1969, Salmonella serotypes isolated from frogs (Rana ridibunda), Zentralbl. Baketeriol. Parasitenkd. Hyg. Abt. I Orig. A, 210:557–559.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pagon, S., Rohde, R., and Schweitzer, R., 1976, Occurrence of Salmonella in healthy snakes and snake cadavers: Isolation of a new Salmonella species belonging to the sub-genus IV (S IV 18:Z36, Z38:-), Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Hyg. Abt. I Orig. A, 236:464–471.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plows, C.D., Fretwell, G., and Parry, W.H., 1968, An Arizona serotype isolated from a case of gastro-enteritis in Britain, J. Hyg., 66:109–115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rewell, R.E., Taylor, J., and Douglas, S.H., 1948, a new Salmonella type (Salm. takorod) isolated from a python, Monthly Bull. Ministry Health, Public Health Lab. Ser., London, pg. 266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roggendorf, M., and Muller, H.E., 1976, Enterobacteria from reptiles, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Hyg. Abt. I Orig. A, 236:22–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saluk, P.H., Krauss, J., and Clem, L.W., 1970, The presence of two antigentically distinct light chains in alligator immunoglobulins, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 133:365–369.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder, H.D., and Karasek, E., 1977, Toxicity of salmonellae isolated from reptiles, XIX Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zootiere, Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siebeling, R.J., Neal, P.M., and Granberry, W.D., 1975a, Evaluation of methods for the isolation of Salmonella and Arizona organisms from pet turtles treated with antimicrobial agents, Appl. Microbiol., 29:240–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siebeling, R.J., Neal, P.M., and Granberry, W.D., 1975b, Treatment of Salmonella-Arizona infected turtle eggs with terramycin and Chloromycetin by the temperature-differential egg dip method, Appl.Microbiol., 30:791–799.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, V.K., 1979, Enterobacteriaceae infections in man and animals and detection of their natural reservoirs in India, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Hyg. Abt. I Orig. A, 243:381–391.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, V.K., Rohde, R., Garg, D.N., and Kumar, A., 1977, Toads as natural reservoirs of Salmonella, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Hyg. Abt. I Orig. A, 239:172–177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoll, L., 1962, Experimentelle Infektionen mit keimen der Salmonella und Arizona-Gruppe bei Schlangen, Nord. Vet. Med., 14:225–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trust, T.J., and Bartlett, K.H., 1979, Aquarium pets as a source of antibiotic resistant salmonellae, Can. J. Microbiol., 25:535–541.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trust, T.J., Bartlett, K.H., and Lior, H., 1981, Importation of salmonellae with aquarium species, Can. J. Microbiol., 27:500–504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, J.G., Clark, G.Mc, and Morris, G.K., 1974, Evaluation of methods for isolating Salmonella and Arizona organisms from pet turtles, Appl. Microbiol., 27:8–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.E., 1965, Paratyphoid and Arizona infections, in: “Diseases of poultry,” 5th ed., H.E. Biester and L.H. Schwarte, eds., Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuthe, H.H., Rohde, R., Aleksic, S., Schubert, C., and Wuthe, S., 1979, Salmonella in free-living snakes of northern Germany, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Hyg. Abt. I Orig. A, 243:412–418.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwart, P., 1960, Salmonella and Arizona infections in reptiles in the Netherlands, Antionie Leeweunhoek, 26: 250–254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hoff, G.L., Hoff, D.M. (1984). Salmonella and Arizona. In: Hoff, G.L., Frye, F.L., Jacobson, E.R. (eds) Diseases of Amphibians and Reptiles. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9391-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9391-1_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9393-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9391-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics