Skip to main content

Government Learning

An Overview

  • Chapter
The Handbook of Political Behavior

Abstract

Does the executive branch of government learn from experience in the long run? If it does, what are the processes? If not, what are the barriers? And what can be done to make government policy more intelligent and effective?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aaron, H. J. Politics and the professors: The Great Society in perspective. Washington: Brookings, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abelson, R., Aronson, E., McGuire, W., Newcomb, T., Rosenberg, M., & Tannenbaum, P. Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aberbach, J. D. Changes in congressional oversight. American Behavioral Scientist, 1979, 22, 493–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackoff, R. L. The art of problem solving: Accompanied by Ackoff’s fables. New York: Wiley, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams-Webber, J. R. Personal construct theory: Concepts and application. New York: Wiley, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 1977, 84(5), 888–918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderfer, C. Existence, relatedness, and growth: Human needs in organizational settings. New York: Free Press, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alker, H. R., Jr. From political cybernetics to global modeling. Unpublished paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, T. J. Managing the flow of technology. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, G. Essence of decision: Explaining the Cuban missile crisis. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altshuler, A. The study of American public administration. In A. A. Altshuler & N. C. Thomas (Eds.), The politics of the federal bureaucracy (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, D. F. Mathematical models and decision making in bureaucracies: A case story told from three points of view. Unpublished doctoral thesis, M.I.T. Sloan School, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appley, M. H. (Ed.). Adaptation-level theory. New York: Academic Press, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M. Seven psychological roots of religion. Theology, 1964, 67(530), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, C. Some causes of organizational ineffectiveness within the Department of State. Washington: State Department, 1967. Occasional Paper #2 of the Center for International Systems Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, C., & Schon, D. Organization learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrow, K. The limits of organization. New York: Norton, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ascher, W. Forecasting.An appraisal for policymakers and planners. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, R. M. Schema theory: An information processing model of perception and cognition. American Political Science Review, 1973, 67, 1248–1266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, R. (Ed.). Structure of decision: The cognitive maps of political elites. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachelier, J. M. Lobbyists and the legislative process: The impact of environmental constraints. American Political Science Review, 1977, 71(1), 252–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, D. W. The definition of situation’: Some theoretical and methodological consequences of taking W. I. Thomas seriously. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 1972, 2, 61–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandler, R., & Grinder, J. Patterns of hypnotic techniques of Milton H. Erickson. Cupertino, Calif.: Meta Publications, 1975. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandler, R., & Grinder, J. The structure of magic (2 vols.). Palo Alto: Science and Behavior Books, 1975. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 1977, 84(2), 191–215. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Banfield, E. C. Politics. In J. Gould & W. L. Kolb (Eds.), A dictionary of the social sciences. Glencoe: Free Press, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, J. D. The lawmakers. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, J. D. The presidential character. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardach, E. The skill factor in politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardach, E. The implementation game. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, C. The functions of the executive. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, W. (Ed.) Zen Buddhism: Selected writings of D. T. Suzuki. New York: Doubleday, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, L. R., & Brown, S. R. Generating rules for intensive analysis: The study of transformations. Psychiatry, 1973, 36, 172–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, R. A., Pool, I. D. S., & Dexter, L. American business and public policy: The politics of foreign trade (2nd ed.). Chicago: Aldine, Atherton, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, M. The technology of organization development. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-David, J. The scientist’s role in society. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, W. L. Perception and cognition: An information-processing framework for politics. Handbook of political behavior (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum Press, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, C. J., & Cummings, L. L. Organizational structure, attitudes, and behaviors. In B. M. Staw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 1). Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P., & Luckmann, T. The social construction of reality. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlin, I. Does political theory still exist? In P. Laslett & W. G. Runciman (Eds.), Philosophy, politics and society (2nd series). Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, P. Revolutionary organization: Institution-building within the People’s Liberation Armed Forces. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, P. Designing implementation to match policy situation: A contingency analysis of programmed and adaptive implementation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 1978. (Rand Paper P-6211)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berninger, D. E., & Adkinson, B. W. Interaction between the public and private sectors in national information programs. In M. E. Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 13). White Plains, N.Y.: Knowledge Industry Publications, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, R. J. The restructuring of social and political theory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, J. M., & Trice, H. M. A reexamination of the relations between size and various components of organizational complexity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1979, 24, 48–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bion, W. R. Learning from experience. In W. R. Bion, Seven servants: Four works by Wilfred R. Bion. New York: Jason Aronson, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, N.J., & Dworkin, G. (Eds.). The I.Q. controversy: Critical readings. New York: Pantheon, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, H. The anxiety of influence: A theory of poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomfield, L. P. Planning foreign policy. Political Science Quarterly, 1978, 93(3), 369–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, K. S. Situationism in psychology: An analysis and a critique. Psychological Review, 1973, 80, 307–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. The making and breaking of affectional bonds: I. Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1977, 130, 201–210. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. The making and breaking of affectional bonds: II. Some principles of psychotherapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1977, 130, 421–431. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brehm, J. W. Responses to loss of freedom: A theory of psychological reactance. Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenman-Gibson, M. Notes on the study of the creative process. In M. M. Gill & P. S. Holzman (Eds.), Psychology versus metapsychology: Psychoanalytic essays in memory of George Klein. New York: International Universities Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenman-Gibson, M. The creation of plays: With a specimen analysis. In A. Roland (Ed.), Psychoanalysis, creativity, and literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, G. D. Politicians, bureaucrats, and the consultant. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, W. F. There is no convincing evidence for operant or classic conditioning in adult humans. In W. B. Weimer & D. S. Palermo (Eds.), Cognition and the symbolic processes. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, I. D. Measuring the “spare mental capacity” of car drivers by a subsidiary auditory task. Ergonomics, 1962, 5, 247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, N. O. Life against death: The psychoanalytic meaning of history. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. Psychoanalysis and political analysis. Unpublished manuscript, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S., & Ellithorp, J. Emotional experiences in political groups: The case of the McCarthy phenomenon. American Political Science Review, 1970, 64(2), 349–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnham, W. D. Critical elections and the mainsprings of American politics. New York: W. W. Norton, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A. R., & Poley, W. Individual differences: Traits and factors. New York: Gardner Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cambridge, R. M., & Shreckengost, R. C. Are you sure? The subjective probability assessment test. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. T. Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review, 1960, 67, 380–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. T. Evolutionary epistemology. In P. A. Schilp (Ed.), The philosophy of Karl Popper (Vol. 14-I). LaSalle, III: Open Court Publishing, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. T. On the genetics of altruism and the counterhedonic components in human culture. In L. Wispé (Ed.), Altruism, sympathy, and helping: Psychological and sociological principles. New York: Academic Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. P., & Pritchard, R. D. Motivation theory in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, N. The two-communities theory and knowledge utilization. American Behavioral Scientist, 1979, 22(3), 459–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. B., & Maxwell, S. E. Individual differences in cognitive abilities. In M. Rosenzweig & L. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 30). Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cermak, L. S., & Craik, F. I. M. (Eds.). Levels of processing in human memory. New York: Halsted Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, A. D., Jr. Strategy and structure. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherns, A. B. Can behavioral science help design organizations? Organizational Dynamics, 1977, 6, 44–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choucri, N., & Robinson, T. W. (Eds.). Forecasting in international relations: Theory, methods, problems, prospects. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B. R. The “cooling-out” function in higher education. In O. Gursky &G. A. Miller (Eds.), The sociology of organizations: Basic studies. New York: Free Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, P. H., & Wilson, J. Q. Incentive systems: A theory of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1961, 6, 129–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. K., & Garet, M. S. Reforming educational policy with applied research. Harvard Educational Review, 1975, 45(1), 17–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. D., & March, J. G. Leadership and ambiguity: The American college president. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. D., March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. A garbage can model of organizational choice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1972, 17(1), 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. Sociological analysis and social policy. In T. Bottomore & R. Nisbet (Eds.), A history of sociological analysis. New York: Basic Books, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E., Hobson, C., McPortland, J., Mood, A., Weinfeld, F., & York, R. Equality of educational opportunity. Washington, D.C.: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colvard, R. Foundations and professions: The organizational defense of autonomy. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1961 (September), 6, 167–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee on House Administration. Information policy: Public laws from the 95th Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J. Processes affecting scores on “understanding others” and “assumed similarity.” Psychological Bulletin, 1955, 52, 177–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J. Proposals leading to analytic treatment of social perception scores. In R. Taguiri & L. Petrullo (Eds.), Person perception and interpersonal behavior. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Board R. The psychoanalysis of organizations. London: Tavistock Publications, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Charms, R. Personal causation: The internal affective determinants of behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L. Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denk, C. E. The Massachusetts Growth Policy Development Act: Structuring situations for learning by local officials. Unpublished honors thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Destler, I. M. Comment. Multiple advocacy: Some limits and costs. American Political Science Review, 1972, 66, 786–790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, K. W. Communication in self-governing organizations: Notes on autonomy, freedom, and authority in the growth of social groups. In L. Bryson, L. Finkelstein, R. MacIver, & R. McKeen (Eds.), Freedom and authority in our time: Twelfth symposium of the conference on science, philosophy, and religion. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, K. The nerves of government: Models of communication and control. New York: Free Press, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, K., Platt, J., & Senghaas, D. Conditions favoring major advances in social science. Science, 1971, 171, 450–459

    Google Scholar 

  • Diesing, P. Reason in society. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs, A. Up and down with ecology—The “issue-attention cycle.” The Public Interest, 1972, 28, 38–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dror, Y. Design for policy sciences. New York: American Elsevier, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drucker, P. F. Managing the public service institution. In F. S. Lane (Ed.), Current issues in public administration. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducey, C. The life history and creative psychopathology of the shaman: Ethno-psychoanalytic perspectives. In W. Muensterberger & A. Esman (Eds.), The psychoanalytic study of society (Vol. 7). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. A. A theory of objective self awareness. New York: Academic Press, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J., & Eysenck, H. J. Genetics and the development of social attitudes. Nature, 1974, 249(5454), 288–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, M. The symbolic uses of politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, M. Political language: Words that succeed and policies that fail. New York: Academic Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Editor and Publisher. “10 best censored stories” picked by panel of judges. Editor and Publisher, June 2, 1979, 16, 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. Confidence in judgment: Persistence of the illusion of validity. Psychological Review, 1978, 85(5), 395–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elms, A. C. Personality in politics. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elstein, A., Shulman, L., & Sprafka, S. Medical problem solving: An analysis of clinical reasoning. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, F. E., & Trist, E. L. The causal texture of organizational environments. Human Relations, 1965, 18(1), 21–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Entwistle, N. J. Personality and academic attainment. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 1972, 42, 137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdelyi, M. H. A new look at the new look: Perceptual defense and vigilance. Psychological Review, 1974, 81, 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H. Identity and the life cycle. Psychological Issues, 1959, 1–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E., & Newton, H. P. In search of common ground: Conversations with Erik H. Erikson and Huey P. Newton. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estes, W. K. Learning theory and mental development. New York: Academic Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etheredge, L. The case of the unreturned cafeteria trays. Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association, 1976. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Etheredge, L. S. The hypnosis model of power. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought, 1976. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Etheredge, L. S. Optimal federalism: A model of psychological dependence. Policy Sciences, 1977, 8, 161–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etheredge, L. S. A world of men: The private sources of American foreign policy. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etheredge, L. S. Context embeddedness: A spatial imagery encoding model of power and response in society. Unpublished manuscript, 1979. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Etheredge, L. S. Hardball politics: A model. Political Psychology, 1979, 1(1), 3–26. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Etheredge, L. S. The liberal activist in hierarchical contexts. Unpublished manuscript, 1979. (c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Etzioni, A. The active society. New York: Free Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evan, W. M. (Ed.). Inter-organizational relations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallows, J. The passionless presidency. Atlantic, 1979 (May), 243, 33–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallows, J. The passionless presidency, part II. Atlantic, 1979 (June), 243, 75–81. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenichel, O. The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. New York: W. W. Norton, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferenczi, S. Thinking and muscle innervation. In S. Ferenczi, Further contributions to the theory and technique of psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fesler, J. W. The basic theoretical question: How to relate area and function. In F. S. Lane (Ed.), Current issues in public administration. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. When prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, F. E. A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findler, N. V. Computer poker. Scientific American, 1978 (July), 241, 144–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, G. A., & Kleinman, S. Rethinking subculture: An interactionist analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 1979, 85(1), 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fingarette, H. Self-deception. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S. Body experience in fantasy and behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S., & Greenberg, R. P. The scientific credibility of Freud’s theories and therapy. New York: Basic Books, 1977. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S., & Greenberg, R. Stomach symptoms and up-down metaphors and gradients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1977, 39(2), 93–101. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, J., Hoehn-Saric, R. Imber, S., Liberman, B., & Stone, A. Effective ingredients of successful psychotherapy New York: Brunner/ Mazel, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, S. J. Just imagine how I feel: How to improve empathy through training in imagination. In J. L. Singer & K. S. Pope (Eds.), The power of human imagination: New methods in psychotherapy New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankena, W. K. Education. In P. P. Wiener (Ed.), Dictionary of the history of ideas: Studies in selected pivotal ideas (Vol. 2). New York: Scribner’s, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, D. G. Constitutional and environmental interactions in rearing of four breeds of dogs. Science, 1958, 127, 585–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, J. R. P., Jr. Person-role fit. In A. McLean (Ed.), Occupational stress Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. Project for a scientific psychology In The complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 1). London: Hogarth Press, 1966. (Originally published, 1895.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. The future prospects of psycho-analytic therapy In The complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 11). London: Hogarth Press, 1957. (Originally published, 1910.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. Beyond the pleasure principle In The complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 18). London: Hogarth Press, 1955. (Originally published, 1920.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. Group psychology and the analysis of the ego In The complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 18). London: Hogarth Press, 1955. (Originally published, 1921).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. Civilization and its discontents In The complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 21). Longon: Hogarth Press, 1973. (Originally published, 1930.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. Why war? In The complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 22.) London: Hogarth Press, 1973. (Originally published, 1933.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, V. R. The service economy New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gannett, L. Boredom and hierarchicality Unpublished manuscript, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gans, H. J. Deciding what’s news: A study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time New York: Pantheon, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garet, M. The implementation of social policy: An assessment of organizational capability Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfield, S. L., & Bergin, A. E. (Eds.). Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauss, C. E. Empathy. In P. P. Wiener (Ed.), Dictionary of the history of ideas: Studies in selected pivotal ideas (Vol. 2). New York: Scribner’s, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazzaniga, M. S. (Ed.). Neuropsychology: Handbook of behavioral neurobiology (Vol. 2). New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gedo, J. E. Beyond interpretation: Toward a revised theory for psychoanalysis New York: International Universities Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gedo, J. E., & Goldberg, A. Models of the mind: A psychoanalytic theory Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, C. Ideology as a cultural system. In D. Apter (Ed.), Ideology and discontent Glencoe: Free Press, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, C. The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays by Clifford Geertz New York: Basic Books, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geller, J. E. The body, expressive movement, and physical contact in psychotherapy. In J. L. Singer & K. S. Pope (Eds.), The power of human imagination: New methods in psychotherapy New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, A. L. The case for multiple advocacy in making foreign policy. American Political Science Review, 1972, 67(3), 751–785.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, A. L. Adaptation to stress in political decision making: The individual, small group, and organization contexts. In G. V. Coelho, D. A. Hamburg, R. Moos, & P. Randolph (Eds.), Coping and adaptation New York: Basic Books, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, A. L. Presidential decisionmaking in foreign policy: The effective use of information and advice Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, K. Social psychology as history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1973, 26, 309–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, D. F., & Mileti, D. S. Technology and the study of organizations: An overview and appraisal. Academy of Management Review, 1977, 2(1), 7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, C. In a different voice: Women’s conception of the self and of morality. Harvard Educational Review, 1977, 47(4), 481–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginzberg, E. Planning full employment. In I. L. Horowitz (Ed.), Constructing policy: Dialogues with social scientists in the national policy arena New York: Praeger, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. Frame analysis Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldschmid, H. J. (Ed.). Business disclosure: Government’s need to know New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, K. M., & Blackman, S. Cognitive style: Five approaches and relevant research New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouldner, A. W. The future of intellectuals and the rise of the new class New York: Seabury Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. A. Casual theories of personality and how to test them. In J. R. Royce (Ed.), Multivariate analysis and psychological theory New York: Academic Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. A. Elements of a two-process theory of learning New York: Academic Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, M. M. Computer science and technology: Computers in the federal government: A compilation of statistics—1978 (Special publication 500–46). Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberger, M., Crenson, M., & Crissey, B. Models in the policy process: Public decision making in the computer era New York: Russell Sage, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein, F., Berman, L., Felzenberg, A., with Lidtke, D. Evolution of the modern presidency: A bibliographic survey Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, E. Attributes of a profession. In H. M. Vollmer & D. L. Mills (Eds.), Profession-alization Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, H. Darwin on man: A psychological study of scientific creativity London: Wild wood House, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grundstein, N. D. Prolegomena to ethics for administrators. In H. Cleveland & H. D. Lasswell (Eds.), Ethics and bigness: Scientific, academic, religious, political, and military New York: Harper & Brothers, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. Towards a theory of communicative competence. Inquiry, 1970, 13, 360–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haider, D. H. When governments come to Washington: Governors, mayors, and intergovernmental lobbying Chicago: Aldine, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haley, J. Uncommon therapy: The psychiatric techniques of Milton H. Erickson New York: W. W. Norton, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, M. H. Clapp, P., & Kanter, A. Bureaucratic politics and foreign policy Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, A. P. Handbook of small group research (2nd ed.). New York: Free Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon, M. H. Organization development in the State Department: A case study of the ACORD Program. In Appendices of (Murphy) Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy (Vol. 6). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, T. G. The cognitive world of Swedish security elites Stockholm: Swedish Institute of International Affairs, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvard Medical School Health Letter The “minor tranquilizers”—Use or abuse. 5(6), April 1978, 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, S. T. Loevinger’s model and measure of ego development: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 1976, 83(5), 928–955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heclo, H. A government of strangers: Executive politics in Washington Washington: Brookings Institution, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helson, H. Adaptation level theory. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science (Vol. 1). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermann, M. Indicators of stress in policymakers during foreign policy crises. Political Psychology, 1979, 1(1), 27–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, S. Organizing the presidency Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, S. The presidential campaign Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E. R. Neodissociation theory of multiple cognitive controls. In G. E. Schwartz & D. Shapiro (Eds.), Consciousness and self-regulation: Advances in research (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E. R. Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E., & Bower, G. Theories of learning (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.Y.: Prentice-Hall, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, A. The strategy of economic development New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, A. O. Exit, voice and loyalty Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstadter, D. R. Gödei, Escher, Bach: An eternal golden braid New York: Basic Books, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holsti, O. R. Time, alternatives, and communications: The 1914 and Cuban Missile Crises. In C. F. Hermann (Ed.), International crisis: Insights from behavioral research New York: Free Press, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holsti, O. Foreign policy formation viewed cognitively. In R. M. Axelrod (Ed.), Structure of decision: The cognitive maps of political elites Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holsti, O. The “Operational Code” as an approach to the analysis of belief systems: Final report to the national science foundation Mimeograph, Duke University, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, M. J. Stress response syndromes New York: Jason Aronson, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, P. W., & Williams, E. R. Data inconsistencies and federal policymaking. Policy Analysis, 1978, 4(2), 205–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, J. M. Psychological development: Early experience. In M. R. Rosenzweig & L. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 30). Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert, R. T. Random sampling of cognitions and behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 1979, 13, 103–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, A. C, & Shafritz, J. M. (Eds.), Government budgeting: Theory, process, politics Oak Park, Ill.: Moore Publishing, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyden, H. Learning as differentiation of brain cell protein. In L. G. Nilsson (Ed.), Perspectives on memory research: Essays in honor of Uppsala University’s 500th anniversary Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janis, I. Victims of group think Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment New York: Free Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaques, E. Social systems as a defense against persecutory and depressive anxiety. In M. Klein, P. Heimann, & R. E. Money-Kyrie (Eds.), New directions in psychoanalysis: The significance of infant conflict in the pattern of adult behavior New York: Basic Books, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaques, E. A general theory of bureaucracy New York: Halsted Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaynes, J. The origin of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jervis, R. Perception and misperception in international relations Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C. O. Clean air: The policies and politics of pollution control Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. A. Self-fulfilling prophecies: Social psychological and physiological effects of expectancies New York: Wiley, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kael, P. On the future of movies (1974). In P. Kael, Reeling New York: Warner, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, H. On studying the future. In F. Greenstein & N. Polsby (Eds.), Handbook of political science (Vol. 7), Strategies of inquiry Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D. Attention and effort Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. The social psychology of organizations (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, E., & Danet, B. (Eds.). Bureaucracy and the public: A reader in official-client relations New York: Basic Books, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, H. The forest ranger Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, S., & Jermier, J. M. Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1978, 22, 375–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiesler, C., Collins, B., & Miller, N. Attitude change: A critical analysis of theoretical approaches New York: Wiley, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinke, C. L. Self-perception: The psychology of personal awareness San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, P. Personality and learning. In M. J. A. Howe (Ed.), Adult learning: Psychological research and applications New York: Wiley, 1977, 63–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kling, R. Information systems in policymaking: Computer technology and organizational arrangements. Telecommunications Policy, 1978, 2(1), 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinger, E. Meaning and void: Inner experience and the incentives in people’s lives Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinger, E., Gregoire, K., & Barta, S. Physiological correlates of mental activity: Eye movements, alpha, and heart rate during imagining, suppressing, search, concentration, and choice. Psychophysiology, 1973, 10, 471–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L. Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L. From is to ought: How to commit the naturalistic fallacy and get away with it in the study of moral development. In T. Mischel (Ed.), Cognitive development and episte-mology New York: Academic Press, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Gedo & G. Pollock (Eds.), Freud: The fusion of science and humanism, Psychological Issues, Monograph 34/35. New York: International Universities Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohut, H. The analysis of the self New York: International Universities Press, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohut, H. The restoration of the self New York: International Universities Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohut, H. Creativeness, charisma, group psychology: Reflections on the self-analysis of Freud. In P. H. Ornstein (Ed.), The search for the self: Selected writings of Heinz Kohut: 1950–1978 (Vol. 2). New York: International Universities Press, 1978. [Originally published in J. Gedo & G. Pollock (Eds.), Freud: The fusion of science and humanism, Psychological Issues, Monograph 34/35. New York: International Universities Press, 1976.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohut, H. The two analyses of Mr. Z. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1979, 60(1), 3–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause, E. A. The sociology of occupations Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krippendorff, K. Some principles of information storage and retrieval in society. General Systems, 1975, 20, 15–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. S. The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtines, W., & Grief, E. B. The development of moral thought: Review and evaluation of Kohlberg’s approach. Psychological Bulletin, 1974, 81, 453–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lachman, R., Lachman, J., & Butterfield, E. Cognitive psychology and information processing: An introduction New York: Halsted Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laing, R. D. The politics of the family and other essays New York: Vintage Books, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakatos, I., & Musgrave, A. (Eds.). Criticism and the growth of knowledge London: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landau, M. Redundancy, rationality, and the problem of duplication and overlap. In F. S. Lane (Ed.), Current issues in public administration, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1978. (Reprinted from Public Administration Review, 1969 [July/August], 29.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, R. E. Political thinking and consciousness: The private life of the political mind Chicago: Markham, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, R. E. Autonomy, felicity, futility: The effects of the market economy on political personality. Journal of Politics, 1978, 40, 2–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, J. Werner’s comparative organismic theory. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langs, R. The listening process New York: Jason Aronson, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Porte, T. R. (Ed.). Organized social complexity: Challenges to politics and society Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasswell, H. D. Psychopathology and politics Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasswell, H. D. A pre-view of policy sciences New York: Elsevier, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasswell, H. D. Research in policy analysis: The intelligence and appraisal functions. In F. Greenstein & N. Polsby, Handbook of political science (Vol. 6). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. Organization and environment Cambridge: Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefberg, I. Analyzing judicial change: The uses of “systematic biography” in anticipating the court and shaping its future policy Unpublished doctoral thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefcourt, H. M. Locus of control: Current trends in theory and research New York: Halsted, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, G. Education and ecstasy New York: Dell, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeVine, R. A., & Campbell, D. T. Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior New York: Wiley, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, D., Darrow, C. N., Klein, E. B., Levinson, M. H., McKee, B. The seasons of a man’s life New York: Ballantine, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, H. Organizational diagnosis Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenberg, J. The testing of reality from the standpoint of the body self. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1979, 26(2), 357–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, B. L. The role of mastery in psychotherapy: Maintenance of improvement and prescriptive change. In J. Frank, R. Hohen-Saric, S. D. Imber, B. L. Liberman, & A. R. Stone (Eds.), Effective ingredients of successful psychotherapy New York: Bruner/ Mazel, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Likert, R. New patterns of management New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindblom, C. E. The science of “muddling through.” Public Administration Review, 1959, 19, 79–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindblom, C. E., & Cohen, D. K. Usable knowledge: Social science and social problem-solving. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsky, M., & Olson, D. J. Commission politics: The processing of racial crisis in America. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locke, E. A. The myths of behavior mod in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 1977, 7, 543–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loevinger, J., with A. Blasi. Ego development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowi, T. Europeanization of America? From United States to united state. In T. J. Lowi & A. Stone (Eds.), Nationalizing government: Public policies in America. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. Neuropsychology of complex forms of human memory. In L. G. Nilsson (Ed.), Perspectives on memory research: Essays in honor of Uppsala University’s 500th anniversary. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, L., Jr. (Ed.). Knowledge and policy: The uncertain connection. Study project on social research and development (National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences). Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Machiavelli, N. The prince (L. Ricci, trans.; rev. E. R. P. Vincent). London: Oxford University Press, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLean, P. D. A triune concept of the brain and behavior. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson, D., & Endler, N. S. (Eds.). Personality at the crossroads: Current issues in interactional psychology. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J. E. (Ed.). Handbook of organizations. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J. G. Bounded rationality, ambiguity, and the engineering of choice. Bell Journal of Economics, 1978, 9(2), 587–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. Ambiguity and choice in organizations. Bergen, Norway: Uni-versitetsforlaget, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. Organizations. New York: Wiley, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marris, P. Loss and change. New York: Pantheon, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. The need to know and the fear of knowing. In A. H. Maslow, Toward a psychology of being (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. The psychology of science: A reconnaissance. Chicago: Regnery, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, E. R. “Lessons” of the past: The use and misuse of history in American foreign policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayhew, D. Congress: The electoral connection. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCall, G. J., & Simons, J. L. Identities and interactions: An examination of associations in everyday life (rev. ed.). New York: Free Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, T. A. A theory of communicative competence. In P. Connerton (Ed.), Critical sociology: Selected readings. New York: Penguin, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGregor, D. Leadership and motivation. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, W. J. Selective exposure: A summing up. In R. P. Abelson, E. Aronson, W. J. McGuire, T. M. Newcomb, M. J. Rosenberg, P. H. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medawar, P. B. Advice to a young scientist. Harper’s, 1979 (September), 256, 39–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meehl, P. (Ed.) Psychodiagnosis: Selected papers. New York: W. W. Norton, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meltsner, A. J. Policy analysts in the bureaucracy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R. K. Bureaucratic structure and personality. In R. K. Merton, A. Gray, B. Hockey, & H. Selvin (Eds.), Reader in bureaucracy. New York: Free Press, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, R. E., Jr. Non-subservient civil servants. In F. S. Lane (Ed.), Current issues in public administration. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A. Conceptual systems theory: A critical review. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 1978, 97, 77–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A., & Wilson, P. Cognitive differentiation and integration: A conceptual analysis. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 1979, 99, 3–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minsky, M. A framework for representing knowledge. In P. H. Winston (Ed.), The psychology of computer vision. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, T. R. Organizational behavior. In M. Rosenzweig & L. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 30). Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitroff, I. The subjective side of science: A philosophical inquiry into the psychology of Apollo moon scientists. New York: American Elsevier, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohr, L. The concept of organizational goal. American Political Science Review, 1973, 67(2), 470–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, W. E. The professions: Roles and rules. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moray, N. (Ed.). Mental workload: Its theory and measurement. New York: Plenum Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosher, F. Democracy and the public service. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir, W. Police: Streetcorner politicians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. A. (Ed.). Myth and mythmaking. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naroll, R., Benjamin, E., Fohl, F., Fried, M., Hildreth, R., & Schafer, J. Creativity: A cross-historical pilot study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1971, 2, 181–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, H. Alcohol and caffeine. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. Study project on social research and development (Vols. 1–6). Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Natsoulas, T. Consciousness. American Psychologist, 1978, 33, 906–914.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neisser, U. Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, S. Nature/nurture revisited II: A review of the biological bases of conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1974, 18, 285–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neustadt, R. Presidential power: The politics of leadership. New York: Wiley, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neustadt, R. E., & Fineberg, H. V. The swine flu affair: Decision making on a slippery disease. Washington, D.C.: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nimmo, D. Popular images of politics: A taxonomy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niskanen, W. A. Competition among government bureaus. American Behavioral Scientist, 1979, 22, 517–524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordstrom, C., Friedenberg, E. Z., & Gold, H. A. Society’s children: A study of ressentiment in secondary school education. New York: Random House, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odajnyk, W. The political ideas of C. J. Jung. American Political Science Review, 1973, 67, 142–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, M. The logic of collective action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ornstein, R. E. The psychology of consciousness. New York: Penguin Books, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Packenham, R. Liberal America and the third world: Political development ideas in foreign aid and social science. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmore, E. Predicting longevity: A follow-up controlling for age. The Gerontologist, 1969, 9, 247–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, J. L., & Woshinsky, O. H. Incentives for political participation. World Politics, 1972, 24, 518–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pervin, L. A. Performance and satisfaction as a function of individual-environment fit. Psychological Bulletin, 1968, 69(1), 55–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pious, R. M. The American presidency. New York: Basic Books, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, M. Personal knowledge. New York: Harper & Row, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, M. The tacit dimension. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pool, I., & Kochen, M. Contacts and influence. Social Networks, 1978/1979, 7, 5–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, D. A., & Buchanan, S. L. Comparison of several aggression models in Long-Evans (hooded) rats: Effects of sex and isolation. Psychological Reports, 1978, 43, 703–720.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. D. S. Big science, little science. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radnitsky, G. Contemporary schools of metascience. Chicago: Regnery, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapp, B. W. You can’t manage city hall the way you manage General Motors. In F. S. Lane (Ed.), Current issues in public administration. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reason, J. T. Skill and error in everyday life. In M. J. A. Howe (Ed.), Adult learning: Psychological research and applications. New York: Wiley, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rein, M., & White, S. Policy research: Belief and doubt. Policy Analysis, 1977, 3(2), 239–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Restak, R. M. The brain: The last frontier. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reychler, L. Patterns of diplomatic thinking: A cross-national study of structural and social-psychological determinants. New York: Praeger, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, E. Preface to special issue on HEW mega-proposal. Policy Analysis, 1975, 7(2), 223–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, E. B. Entrepreneurship and technology. Research Management, 1968 (July), 77(4), 249–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, E. B. Generating effective corporate innovation. Technology Review, 1977 (October/ November), 79, 27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rokeach, M. The nature of human values. New York: Free Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, T., & Zimmerman, B. J. Social learning and cognition. New York: Academic Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, L. The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 10). New York: Academic Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Royce, J. R., Coward, H., Egen, E., Kessel, F., & Mos, L. Psychological epistemology: A critical review of the empirical literature and the theoretical issues. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 1978, 97, 265–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safire, W. Safire’s political dictionary: The new language of politics. New York: Random House, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagan, C. The dragons of eden: Speculations on the evolution of human intelligence. New York: Ballantine Books, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky, H. M. Organizational competition and monopoly. Public Policy, 1968, 17, 355–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky, H. M. The Polaris system development: Bureaucratic and programmatic success in government. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarason, F. G., Smith, R., & Diener, E. Personality research: Components of variance attributable to the person and the situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1975, 32, 199–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schachtel, E. Experiential foundations of Rorshach’s test. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. R. Scripts, plans, goals and understanding. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schelling, T. C. Micromotives and macrobehavior. New York: W. W. Norton, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schon, D. A. Beyond the stable state. New York: W. W. Norton, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Searles, H. F. Dependency processes in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia (1955). In H. F. Searles, Collected papers on schizophrenia and related subjects. New York: International Universities Press, 1965. (Originally in the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1955, 3, 19–66.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Searles, H. F. Anxiety concerning change, as seen in the psychotherapy of schizophrenic patients—with particular reference to the sense of personal identity (1961). In H. F. Searles, Collected papers on schizophrenia and related subjects. New York: International Universities Press, 1965. (Originally in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1961, 42, 74–85.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Searles, H. F. Unconscious processes in relation to the environmental crisis. (1972). In H. F. Searles, Countertransference and related subjects: Selected papers. New York: International Universities Press, 1979. (Originally in Psychoanalytic Review, 1972, 59, 361–374.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selznick, P. Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. New York: Row Peterson, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sennett, R., & Cobb, J. The hidden injuries of class. New York: Random House, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. On how to decide what to do. Bell Journal of Economies, 1978, 9(2), 494–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. Information processing models of cognition. In M. Rosenzweig & L. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 30). Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitaram, H., Weingartner, H., & Gillin, J. C. Human serial learning: Enhancement with arecholine and choline and impairment with scopolamine. Science, 1978, 201, 274–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. B. A map for the analysis of personality and politics. Journal of Social Issues, 1968, 24, 15–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, B. The hidden curriculum. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sproull, L., Weiner, S., and Wolf, D. Organizing an anarchy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starbuck, W. H. Levels of aspiration. Psychological Review, 1963, 70, 51–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starbuck, W. H. Organizations and their environments. In M. H. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. I. Stimulating creativity (Vols. 1 & 2). New York: Academic Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinbruner, J. The cybernetic theory of decision. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, W. F. The psychology of politics. New York: Free Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stotland, E., Matthews, K. E. Jr., Sherman, S. E., Hansson, R. O., & Richardson, B. Z. Fantasy, empathy, and helping. Sage Library of Social Research. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundquist, J. L. A comparison of policy-making capacity in the United States and five European countries: The case of population distribution (Brookings General Series Reprint No. 345). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1978. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundquist, J. L. Research brokerage: The weak link. In L. E. Lynn (Ed.), Knowledge and policy: The uncertain connection (Study project on social research and development, Vol. 5). Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1978. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Szolovits, P., & Pauker, S. Categorical and probabilistic reasoning in medical diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence, 1978, 11, 115–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Technology Review. Innovahaltion. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thibaut, J., & Walker, L. Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erl-baum, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thibaut, J., & Walker, L. A theory of procedure. California Law Review, 1978, 66(3), 541–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, L. F., & Harri-Augstein, E. S. Learning to learn: The personal construction and exchange of meaning. In M. J. A. Howe (Ed.), Adult learning: Psychological research and applications. New York: Wiley, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trist, E. A concept of organizational ecology. Invited Address, Melbourne, 1976. Unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tushman, M. L. Managing communication networks in R & D laboratories. Sloan Management Review, 1979 (Winter), 20(2), 37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaillant, G. E. Adaptation to life: How the best and the brightest came of age. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Maanen, J. (Ed.). Organizational careers: Some new perspectives. New York: Wiley, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Maanen, J., & Schein, E. H. Toward a theory of organizational socialization. In B. M. Staw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 1). Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vonnegut, K. Address to graduating class at Bennington College, 1970. In K. Vonnegut, Wampeters, foma, and granfalloons (opinions). New York: Dell, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warr, P. B. (Ed.). Thought and personality. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warwick, D. P. A theory of public bureaucracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watzlawick, P. The language of change: Elements of therapeutic communication. New York: Basic Books, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weick, K. E. Cognitive processes in organizations. In B. M. Staw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior: An annual series of analytic essays and critical reviews (Vol. 1). Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weimer, W. B. Overview of a cognitive conspiracy: Reflections on the volume. In W. B. Weimer & D. S. Palermo (Eds.), Cognition and the symbolic processes. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, H. Comparative psychology of mental development. New York: International Universities Press, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, H. The concept of development from a comparative and organismic point of view. In D. B. Harris (Ed.), The concept of development. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, H., & Kaplan, B. Symbol formation. New York: Wiley, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westcott, M. R. Toward a contemporary psychology of intuition. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westin, A. F. (Ed.). Information technology in a democracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildavsky, A. The politics of the budgetary process. Boston: Little, Brown, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildavsky, A. The past and future presidency. The Public Interest, 1975, 41, 56–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildavsky, A. The self-evaluating organization. In J. M. Shafritz & A. C. Hyde (Eds.), Classics of public administration. Oak Park, Ill.: Moore Publishing, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilensky, H. Organizational intelligence: Knowledge and policy in government and industry. New York: Basic Books, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. To the Finland station. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. Q. Innovation in organization: Notes toward a theory. In J. D. Thompson (Ed.), Approaches to organizational design. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. Q. The rise of the bureaucratic state. The Public Interest, 1975, 41, 77–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winters, D. Review of political motivation. Unpublished manuscript, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wispé, L. (Ed.). Altruism, sympathy, and helping: Psychological and sociological principles. New York: Academic Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witkin, H. A., Moore, O. A., Goodenough, D. R., & Cox, P. W. Field-dependent and field-independent cognitive styles and their educational implications. Review of Educational Research, 1977, 47(1), 1–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohlstetter, R. Pearl Harbor: Warning and decision. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfsfeld, G. F. Learning about foreign countries: A cross-cultural study of international socialization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrightsman, L. S. Social psychology (2nd ed.). Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyden, P. H. Bay of Pigs: The untold story. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. K. Decentralization of government agencies. American Behavioral Scientist, 1979, 22, 525–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacharia, F. C. Standing of public-interest litigating groups to sue on behalf of their members. University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 1978, 39(3), 453–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc, R. B. Social facilitation. Science, 1965, 749(3681), 269–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaleznick, A., & Kets De Vries, M. Power and the corporate mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaltman, G., Duncan, R., & Holbek, J. Innovations and organizations. New York: Wiley, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Etheredge, L.S. (1981). Government Learning. In: Long, S.L. (eds) The Handbook of Political Behavior. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9191-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9191-7_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9193-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9191-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics