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Haptoglobin: The Evolutionary Product of Duplication, Unequal Crossing Over, and Point Mutation

  • Chapter
Advances in Human Genetics

Abstract

The question of how genetic material controls phenotypic expression was posed 60 years ago by Hermann Muller (1922), but the ability to answer the question awaited the development of biochemical techniques capable of dissecting and comparing purified proteins (Moore et al., 1958; Edman and Sjöquist, 1956; Ingram, 1957). Human haptoglobin has served as an unexpected source of information relating the mechanisms involved in genetic rearrangements to the linear sequence of amino acids within a protein. After developing a potent technique, starch gel electrophoresis, which proved capable of resolving and identifying previously unknown inherited variations in many human plasma proteins, Oliver Smithies and co-workers (Smithies, 1959; Smithies et al., 1962a, 1962b) demonstrated that serum haptoglobin molecules from different individuals varied one from another in a heritable way. Haptoglobin has served as an impressive paradigm of how genetic rearrangements can construct a polymorphic system and how, in the evolutionary process, old proteins can obtain new functions by utilizing amino acid sequences which have been ever so slightly altered. Excellent reviews have been written about haptoglobin, which can be consulted for further detail (Javid, 1978; Putnam, 1975; Pintera, 1971; Sutton, 1970; Giblett, 1969; Kirk, 1968; Schultze and Heremans, 1966). This review will emphasize recent developments in analyzing the composition of the haptoglobin molecules and the evolutionary implications of these findings.

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  1. Barbara H. Bowman

    Present address: The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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    Barbara H. Bowman & Alexander Kurosky

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    Harry Harris (Harnwell Professor of Human Genetics) (Harnwell Professor of Human Genetics)

  2. Mount Sinai School of Medicine, The City University of New York, USA

    Kurt Hirschhorn (Herbert H. Lehman Professor and Chairman of Pediatrics) (Herbert H. Lehman Professor and Chairman of Pediatrics)

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Bowman, B.H., Kurosky, A. (1982). Haptoglobin: The Evolutionary Product of Duplication, Unequal Crossing Over, and Point Mutation. In: Harris, H., Hirschhorn, K. (eds) Advances in Human Genetics. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8315-8_3

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