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The Baltic — A Systems Analysis of a Semi-enclosed Sea

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Advances in Oceanography

Abstract

The Baltic Sea has an area of 365 000 km2 and a water of low, stable salinity (about 6–7 ‰ in the surface water) maintained through large freshwater outflows from rivers and salt water inflows over the sills to the North Sea. The absence of tides also contributes to the long residence time of the water, 25–40 years, the stratification of the water and the conversation of toxic substances. The seasonal pulse is pronounced, with ice cover in winter, a spring circulation, a summer thermocline and an autumn circulation.

The Baltic Sea is presented as one huge ecosystem, where the producers dominate the upper box of the stratified water. The phytal subsystem covers large areas in the rocky archipelagos. The structure and function of this diversified system is described in “Odum-models” and computer simulations.

The pelagic producer system has one typical Baltic feature, the blue-green bloom of the nitrogen fixing Nodularia spumigena which is presented in remote sensing photographs and ground truth measurements.

The soft bottoms constitute the main consumer part of the Baltic ecosystem. Below 60 m depth the bottoms switch between aerobic and anaerobic states with nutrient flux and hydrogen sulphide formation as important processes. The role of man’s wastes flows and of the pulse-like inflows of North Sea water as forcing functions are discussed and presented in computer simulations. Examples of eutrophication effects such as decrease of bottom fauna and increase of stocks of pelagic fish such as herring and sprat are given.

The feedback-loops between the phytal, the pelagic and the soft bottom subsystems are exemplified by living flows such as migrating fish and hydrodynamic processes such as upwelling and downwelling. The urgent need for a closer co-operation between physicists and biologists is stressed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology and the Askö Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden

    B.-O. Jansson

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  1. The University Southampton, England

    Henry Charnock

  2. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Surrey, England

    George Deacon

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Jansson, BO. (1978). The Baltic — A Systems Analysis of a Semi-enclosed Sea. In: Charnock, H., Deacon, G. (eds) Advances in Oceanography. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8273-1_4

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