Abstract
Solitary tunicates are excellent models for unraveling the intricacies of the immune system1 and where its development might fit into immunoevolution.2 At the cellular level, they possess numerous leukocytes that have been identified by electron microscopy and classified.3,4 Moreover, putative lymphocyte-like phenotypes which may emerge as homologs of vertebrate equivalents have also been observed, including Thy 15,6 and Lyt 1,2.7,8,9 Lymphocyte-like cells (LLCs) proliferate in response to allogeneic stimuli and after antigenic challenges in vivo and in vitro, hemocytes revealed significantly greater proliferative activity after allogeneic immunization than autogeneically primed and naive recipients.10 Proliferative responses derived from in vivo activity of LLCs prompted the development of in vitro methods11 and confirmation (Sawada, Zhang and Cooper, in preparation) with wide application to problems of cellular communication by means of putative cytokine-like molecules.12–17
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References
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Cooper, E.L., Raftos, D.A. (1995). The Significance of Cultivating Cells and Hemopoietic Tissue from Tunicates. In: Mestecky, J., Russell, M.W., Jackson, S., Michalek, S.M., Tlaskalová-Hogenová, H., Šterzl, J. (eds) Advances in Mucosal Immunology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 371. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1941-6_67
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1941-6_67
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