Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Endothelins in the Microvasculature and Heart in Diabetes

  • Chapter
Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 498))

Abstract

Diabetes and its complications impose a global health problem of enormous proportion1. One of the most challenging problems during the last few decades has involved the elucidation of the pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for chronic diabetic complications, in an attempt to develop targeted treatment strategies. The establishment of hyperglycemia as the key initiating factor for the development of chronic diabetic complications is a milestone in diabetes research2. However the mechanisms, at the cellular level, by which hyperglycemia affects tissue structures and functions leading to diabetic complications remain poorly understood. Exploration of these mechanisms are challenging due to their complex nature and are of vital importance as they will form the backbone for the development of adjuvant treatment strategies. Chronic complications affects multiple organ systems in diabetes. In this article we will address some of the pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic heart disease as well as diabetic retinopathy where microvascular affection is of major pathogenetic importance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. International Diabetes Federation Triennial Report 1991–1994, IDF, Brussels, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  2. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes ellitus, N Engl J Merl 329:977 (1993).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. National Society to prevent blindness; Vision problems in US. New York, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  4. J.R. Williamson, K. Chang, M. Frangos, K.S. Hasan, Y. Ido, T. Kawamura, J.R. Nyengaard, M. van den Enden, C. Kilo, R.G. Tilton, Hyperglycemic pseudohypoxia and diabetic complications. Diabetes. 42:801 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Brownlee, A. Cerami, and H. Vlassara, Advanced products of nonenzymatic glycosylation and the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular disease. Diabetes Metab Rev. 4:437 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. D.A. Greene, S.A. Lattimer, A.A. Sima, Sorbitol, phosphoinositides, and sodium-potassium-ATPase in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. N Engl JMed. 316:599 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. G.L. King, F.J. Oliver, T. Inoguchi, T. Shiba, N.K. Banskota, Abnormalities of vascular endothelium in diabetesin: Diabetes Annual, S.M. Marshall, P.D. Home, K.G.M.M. Alberti, L.P. Krall, eds., Elsevier Publication, Amsterdam pp107 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  8. D. Koya, G.L. King, Protein kinase C activation and the development of diabetic complications. Diabetes. 47:859 (1998).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. NIH Publication # 96: 3926 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  10. A. Shehadeh, T.J. Regan, Cardiac consequences of diabetes mellitus. Clin Cardiol. 18:301 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. D.S. Bell, Diabetic cardiomyopathy. A unique entity or a complication of coronary artery disease? Diabetes Care. 18:708 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  12. M.M. LeWinter, Diabetic cardiomyopathy: an overview. Coron Artery Dis. 7:95 (1996).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. C.D. Furberg, H.P. Adams Jr W B Applegate, R.P. Byington, M.A. Espeland, T. Hartwell, D.B. Hunninghake, D.S. Lefkowitz, J. Probstfield, W.A. Riley, B. Young, Effect of Iovastatin on early carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study (ACAPS) Research Group. Circulation. 90:1679 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. K. Pyorala, M. Laakso, M. Uusitupa, Diabetes and atherosclerosis: an epidemiologic view. Diabetes Metab Rev. 3:463 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Stamler, O. Vaccaro, J.D. Neaton, D. Wentworth, Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care. 16:434 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. M. Laakso, T. Ronnemaa, S. Lehto, P. Puukka, V. Kallio, K. Pyorala, Does NIDDM increase the risk for coronary heart disease similarly in both low-and high-risk populations? Diabetologia. 38:487 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M.P. Savage, A.S. Krolewski, G.G. Kenien, M.P. Lebeis, A.R. Christlieb, S.M. Lewis, Acute myocardial infarction in diabetes mellitus and significance of congestive heart failure as a prognostic factor. Am J Cardiol. 62:665 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. A.S. Jaffe, J.J. Spadaro, K. Schechtman, R. Roberts, E.M. Geltman, B.E. Sobel, Increased congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction of modest extent in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am Heart J. 108:31 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. J.W. Smith, F.I. Marcus, R. Serokman, Prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 54:718 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Pirart, Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications. A prospective study of 4400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973. Diabetes Care. 1:168 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  21. G. Suarez, Nonenzymatic browning of proteins and the sorbitol pathway. Prog Clin Biol Res. 304:141 (1989).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. G.L. King, M. Kunisaki, Y. Nishio, T. Inoguchi, T. Shiba, P. Xia, Biochemical and molecular mechanisms in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes, 45 Suppl. 3:S105 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  23. T. Inoguchi, R. Battan, E. Handler, J.R. Sportsman, W. Heath, G.L. King, Preferential elevation of protein kinase C isoform beta II and diacylglycerol levels in the aorta and heart of diabetic rats: differential reversibility to glycemic control by islet cell transplantation, Proc Nail Acad Sci USA, 89:11059 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Y. Tanaka, A. Kashiwagi, T. Ogawa, N. Abe, T. Asahina, M. Ikebuchi, Y. Takagi, Y. Shigeta, Effect of verapamil on cardiac protein kinase C activity in diabetic rats, Eur J Pharmacol. 200:353 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. N. Kaiser, S. Sasson. E.P. Feener, N. Boukobza-Vardi, S. Higashi, D.E. Moller, S. Davidheiser, R.J. Przybylski, G.L. King, Differential regulation of glucose transport and transporters by glucose in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Diabetes, 42:80 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. L.A. Vasilets, W. Schwarz, Structure-function relationships of cation binding in the Ná K’-ATPase, Biochim Biophys Acta. 1154:201 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Y. Nishio, C.E. Warren, J.A. Buczek-Thomas, J. Rulfs, D. Koya, L.P. Aiello, E.P. Feener, T.B. Miller Jr, J.W. Dennis, G.L. King, Identification and characterization of a gene regulating enzymatic glycosylation which is induced by diabetes and hyperglycemia specifically in rat cardiac tissue, J Clin Invest. 96:1759 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Y. Nishio, L.P. Aiello, G.L. King, Glucose induced genes in bovine aortic smooth muscle cells identified by mRNA differential display, FASEB J. 8:103 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. L.P. Aiello, G.S. Robinson, Y.W. Lin, Y. Nishio, G.L. King, Identification of multiple genes in bovine retinal pericytes altered by exposure to elevated levels of glucose by using mRNA differential display, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:6231 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Y. Nishizuka, Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. Science. 258:607 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. T. Shiba, T. Inoguchi, J.R. Sportsman, W.F. Heath, S. Bursell, G.L. King, Correlation of diacylglycerol level and protein kinase C activity in rat retina to retinal circulation, Am J Physiol. 265:E783 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. P.A. Craven, F.R. DeRubertis, Protein kinase C is activated in glomeruli from streptozotocin diabetic rats. Possible mediation by glucose, J Clin Invest. 83:1667 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. H. Ishii, M.R. Jirousek, D. Koya, C. Takagi, P. Xia, A. Clermont, S.E. Bursell, T.S. Kern, L.M. Ballas, W.F. Heath, L.E. Stramm, E.P. Feener, G.L. King, Amelioration of vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats by an oral PKC beta inhibitor, Science. 272:728 (1996).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. P.M. Vanhoutte, Endothelin-1. A matter of life and breath, Nature. 368:693 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. M.S. Simonson, Endothelins: multifunctional renal peptides, Physiol Rev. 73:375 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. E.L. Schiffrin, The endothelium and control of blood vessel function in health and diseaseClin Invest Med, 17:602 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. G.M. Rubanyi, M.A. Polokoff, Endothelins: molecular biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology, Pharmacol Rev, 46:325 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. J.P. Huggins, J.T. Pelton, R.C. Miller, The structure and specificity of endothelin receptors: their importance in physiology and medicine, Pharmacol Ther. 59:55 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Y. Kurihara, H. Kurihara. H. Suzuki, T. Kodama, K. Maemura, R. Nagai, H. Oda, T. Kuwaki, W.H. Cao, N. Kamada, K. Jishage, Y. Ouchi, S. Azuma, Y. Toyoda, T. Ishikawa, M. Kumada, Y. Yazaki, Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1, Nature. 368:703 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. A. Peri, G.B. Vannelli, G. Fantoni, S. Giannini, T. Barni, C. Orlando, M. Serio, M. Maggi, Endothelin in rabbit uterus during pregnancy, Am J Physiol, 263:E158 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. E.A. Woodcock, J.K. Tanner, L.M. Caroccia, P.J. Little, Mechanisms involved in the stimulation of aldosterone production by angiotensin II, vasopressin and endothelin, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 17:263 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Y. Kurihara, H. Kurihara, H. Oda, K. Maemura, R. Nagai, T. Ishikawa, Y. Yazaki, Aortic arch malformations and ventricular septal defect in mice deficient in endothelin-1, J Clin Invest, 96:293 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. E.R. Levin, Endothelins as cardiovascular peptides, Am JNephrol, 16:246 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. B.H.L. Chua, C.C. Chua, C.A. Diglio, B.B. Siu, Regulation of endothelin-1 mRNA by angiotensin II in rat heart endothelial cells, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1178:201 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. T. Suzuki, T. Kumazaki, Y. Mitsui, Endothelin-1 is produced and secreted by neontal rat cardiac myocytes in vitro, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 191:823 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. J.R. Hu, R. Von Harsdorf, R.E. Lang, Endothelin has potent inotropic effects in rat atria, Eur J Pharmacol, 158:275 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. T. Ishikawa, M. Yanagisawa, S. Kimura, K. Goto, T. Masaki, Positive chronotropic effects of endothelin, a novel endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide, Pflugers Arch, 413:108 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. L. Vesci, G.G. Mattera, P. Tobia, N. Corsico, M. Calvani, Cardiac and renal endothelin-1 binding sites in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Pharmacol Res, 32:363 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Y.W. Lin, E. Duh, Z. Jiang, Expression of preproEndothelin-1 mRNA in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Diabetes, 45(suppl. 2) 48A (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  50. A.T. Lieu, J.J. Reid, Changes in the responsiveness to endothelin-1 in isolated atria from diabetic rats, Eur J Pharmacol, 261:33 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. T. Nakamura, I. Ebihara, M. Fukui, Y. Tomino, H. Koide, Effect of a specific endothelin receptor A antagonist on mRNA levels for extracellular matrix components and growth factors in diabetic glomeruli, Diabetes, 44:895 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. T.F. Luscher, C. Boulanger, Z. Yang, Y. Dohi, Interaction between endothelin and endothelial derived relaxing factors, in: Endothelin, G.M. Rubanyi, ed., Oxford University Press, New York (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  53. S. Gupta, N.B. Ruderman, E.J. Cragoe Jr, I. Sussman, Endothelin stimulates Na’/K’-ATPase activity by a protein kinase C-dependent pathway in rabbit aorta, Am J Physiol, 261:H38 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. M. Awazu, R.E. Parker, B.R. Harvie, I. Ichikawa, V. Kon, Down-regulation of endothelin-1 receptors by protein kinase C in streptozotocin diabetic rats, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 17:5500 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. P. Rosen, T. Ballhausen, W. Bloch, K. Addicks, Endothelial relaxation is disturbed by oxidative stress in the diabetic rat heart: influence of tocopherol as antioxidant, Diabetologia, 38:1157 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. L.P. Aiello, S.E. Bursell, A. Clermont, E. Duh, H. Ishii, C. Takagi, F. Mori, T.A. Ciulla, K. Ways, M. Jirousek, L.E. Smith, G.L. King, Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced retinal permeability is mediated by protein kinase C in vivo and suppressed by an orally effective beta-isofotm-selective inhibitor, Diabetes, 46:1473 (1997).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. A. Pedram, M. Razandi, R.M. Hu, E.R. Levin, Vasoactive peptides modulate vascular endothelial cell growth factor production and endothelial cell proliferation and invasion, J Biol Chem, 272:17097 (1997).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. A. Ladoux, C. Frelin, Hypoxia is a strong inducer of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression in the heart, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 195:1005 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. E.M. Kohner, V. Patel, S.M. Rassam, Role of blood flow and impaired autoregulation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, Diabetes, 44:603 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. R.G. Tilton, K. Chang, K.S. Hasan, S.R. Smith, J.M. Petrash, T.P. Misko, W.M. Moore, M.G. Currie, J.A. Corbett, M.J. McDaniel, J.R. Williamson, Prevention of diabetic vascular dysfunction by guanidines. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase versus advanced glycation end-product formation, Diabetes, 42:221 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. D.X. Deng, T. Evans, K. Mukherjee, D. Downey, S. Chakrabarti, Diabetes induced vascular dysfunction in the retina: role of endothelins, Diabetologia, 42:1228 (1999).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. T. Evans, D.X. Deng, D. Downey, S. Chakrabarti, Endothelins, their receptors, and retinal vascular dysfunction in galactose-fed rats, Diabetes Res Clin Pract Canad, 48:75(2000).

    Google Scholar 

  63. K. Takahashi, R.A. Brooks, S.M. Kanse, M.A. Ghatei, E.M. Kohner, S.R. Bloom, Production of endothelin 1 by cultured bovine retinal endothelial cells and presence of endothelin receptors on associated pericytes, Diabetes, 38:1200 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. M.W. MacCumber, H.D. Jampel, S.H. Snyder, Ocular effects of the endothelins. Abundant peptides in the eye, Arch Ophthalmol, 109:705 (1991)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. M.W. MacCumber, C.A. Ross, B.M. Glaser, S.H. Snyder, Endothelin: visualization of mRNAs by in situ hybridization provides evidence for local action, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 86:7285 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. D. McDonald, J. Bailie, D. Archer, U. Chakravarthy, Molecular characterization of endothelin receptors and the effect of insulin on their expression in retinal microvascular pericytes, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 26 Suppl 3:S287 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  67. S. Chakrabarti, X.T. Gan, A. Merry, M. Karmazyn, A.A. Sima, Augmented retinal endothelin-1, endothelin-3, endothelinA and endothelinB gene expression in chronic diabetes, Curr Eye Res, 17:301 (1998).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. U. Chakravarthy, A.J. Douglas, J.R. Bailie, B. McKibben, D.B. Archer, Immunoreactive endothelin distribution in ocular tissues, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 35:2448 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. S. Chakrabarti, A.A. Sima, Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3-like immunoreactivity in the eyes of diabetic and non-diabetic BB/W rats, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 37:109 (1997).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. G.L. King, M. Brownlee, The cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetic complications, Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 25:255 (1996).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. D. Pribnow, L.L. Muldoon, M. Fajardo, L. Theodor, L.Y. Chen, B.E. Magun, Endothelin induces transcription of fos/jun family genes: a prominent role for calcium ion, Mol Endocrinol, 6:1003 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. L.L. Muldoon, D. Pribnow, K.D. Rodland, B.E. Magun, Endothelin-1 stimulates DNA synthesis and anchorage-independent growth of Rat-1 fibroblasts through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanismCell Regul, 1:379 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. L.L. Muldoon, K.D. Rodland, M.L. Forsythe, B.E. Magun, Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis, diacylglycerol release, and gene expression in response to endothelin, a potent new agonist for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, JBiol Chem, 264:8529 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. M.S. Simonson, J.M. Jones, M.I. Dunn, Differential regulation of fos and jun gene expression and AP-1 cis-element activity by endothelin isopeptides. Possible implications for mitogenic signaling by endothelin, JBiol Chem, 267:8643 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. S. Chakrabarti, N. Ma, A.A. Sima, Anionic sites in diabetic basement membranes and their possible role in diffusion barrier abnormalities in the BB-rat, Diabetologia,. 34:301 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. S. Roy, M. Lorenzi, Early biosynthetic changes in the diabetic-like retinopathy of galactose-fed rats, Diabetologia, 39:735 (1996).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. T. Evans, D.X. Deng, S. Chen, S. Chakrabarti, Hyperhexosemia induced extracellular matrix protein gene expression and basement membrane thickening in the retinal microvasculature are mediated via augmented endothelin production, Canad. J. Diab. Care, 23(Suppl. 1):A177 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  78. A. Matsuura, S. Kawashima, W. Yamochi, K. Hirata, T. Yamaguchi, N. Emoto, M. Yokoyama, Vascular endothelial growth factor increases endothelin-converting enzyme expression in vascular endothelial cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 235:713 (1997).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Y. Oyama, H. Kawasaki, Y. Hattori, M. Kanno, Attenuation of endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta from diabetic rats, Eur J Pharmacol, 132:75 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. P. Rosen, T. Ballhausen, K. Stockklauser, Impairment of endothelium dependent relaxation in the diabetic rat heart: mechanisms and implications, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 31 Suppl:S143 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  81. J. Nadler, L. Winer, Free radicals, nitric oxide and diabetic complications, in: Diabetes Mellitus, D. LeRoith, et al. (eds), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  82. H.P. Hammes, J. Lin, R.G. Bretzel, M. Brownlee, G. Breier, Upregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor system in experimental background diabetic retinopathy of the rat, Diabetes, 47:401 (1998).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. L.P. Aiello, R.L. Avery, P.G. Arrigg, B.A. Keyt, H.D. Jampel, S.T. Shah, L.R. Pasquale, H. Thieme, M.A. Iwamoto, J.E. Park, et al, Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders, N Engl J Med, 331:1480 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. J.W. Miller, A.P. Adamis, L.P. Aiello, Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular neovascularization and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, Diabetes Metab Rev, 13:37 (1997).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. K. Cullinan-Bove, R.D. Koos, Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor expression in the rat uterus: rapid stimulation by estrogen correlates with estrogen-induced increases in uterine capillary permeability and growth, Endocrinology, 133:829 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. T. Murata, K. Nakagawa, A. Khalil, T. Ishibashi, H. Inomata, K. Sueishi, The relation between expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic rat retinas, Lab Invest, 74:819 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. L.B. Jakeman, J. Winer, G.L. Bennett, C.A. Altar, N. Ferrara, Binding sites for vascular endothelial growth factor are localized on endothelial cells in adult rat tissues, J Clin Invest, 89:244 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. J.P. Liu, Protein kinase C and its substrates, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 116:1 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, N6A 5CI, Canada

    Subrata Chakrabarti, Shali Chen & Terry Evans

  2. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5CI, Canada

    Morris Karmazyn

Authors
  1. Subrata Chakrabarti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shali Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Terry Evans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Morris Karmazyn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes Research and Treatment Centre, Winnipeg, Canada

    Aubie Angel

  2. St. Boniface Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada

    Naranjan Dhalla , Grant Pierce  & Pawan Singal ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chakrabarti, S., Chen, S., Evans, T., Karmazyn, M. (2001). Endothelins in the Microvasculature and Heart in Diabetes. In: Angel, A., Dhalla, N., Pierce, G., Singal, P. (eds) Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 498. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1321-6_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1321-6_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5496-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1321-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation