Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ceramic Neolithic

Late or Pottery Neolithic

  • Chapter
Encyclopedia of Prehistory

  • 467 Accesses

Abstract

At this time pottery technology quickly became widespread, and agriculture was entrenched in the economy of most sites, with a mixed farming strategy that included domesticated cereals, pulses, sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs. Lithic technology often shifted to an emphasis on expedient reduction of amorphous cores to produce mainly simple flake tools, but bifaces and sickle blades were also important.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Suggested Readings

  • Abu-Rabia, A. (1994). The Negev Bedouin and Livestock Rearing: Social, Economic, and Political Aspects. Providence, RI: Berg Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, R. B., and Genz, H. (1995). “Excavations at Wadi Fidan 4: A Chalcolithic village Complex in the Copper Ore District of Feinan, Southern Jordan.” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 127: 8-20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, R. McC. (1972). The Uruk Countryside: The Natural Setting of Urban Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albright, W. F. (1931). “Recent Progress in the Late Prehistory of Palestine.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 42:13-15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albright, W. F. (1932). “The Chalcolithic Age in Palestine.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 48: 10-13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albright, W. F. (1948). “Exploring in Sinai.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 109: 5-20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alon, D. (1960). “Early Settlements along the Nahal Gerar and Nahal Patish.” M’befnim 1: 87-96. In Hebrew.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alon, D. (1977). “Chalcolithic Temple at Gilath.” Biblical Archeologist 40: 63-65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alon, D. (1991). “Two Cult Vessels from Gilat.” c Atiqot 11: 116-118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alon, D., and T. E. Levy (1980). “Preliminary Note on the Distribution of Chalcolithic Sites on the Wadi Beersheva and Lower WadiBesor Drainage System.” Israel Exploration Journal 30:140-147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alon, D., and T. E. Levy (1989). “The Archaeology of Cult and the Chalcolithic Sanctuary at Gilat.” Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 2: 163-221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alon, D., and T. E. Levy (in press). Archaeology, Anthropology and Cult: The Sanctuary at Gilat, Israel. London: Leicester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alon, D., and Yekutieli (1995). “The Tel Halif Terrace ’Silo Site’ and Its Implications for Early Bronze Age I.” Atiqot 27: 149-190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amiran, R. (1981). “Some Observations on Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Sanctuaries and Religion.” In Temples and High Places, ed. A. Biran. Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College, 47-53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amiran, R. (1985). “The Transition from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age.’’In Biblical Archaeology Today, ed. J. Aviram et al. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and the American Schools of Oriental Research,108-112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amiran, R., P. Beck, and U. Zevulun (1970). Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amiran, R., and R. Gophna (1992). “The Correlation between Lower Egypt and Southern Canaan during the EBI Period.” In The Nile Delta in Transition: 4th-3rd Millennia B.C., ed. E. Q. M. van den Brink. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 357-360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amiran, R., and N. Porat (1984). “The Basalt Vessels of the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age I.” Tel Aviv 11: 11-19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amon, I. (1972). Crop Production in Dry Regions 1: Background and Principles. London: Leonard Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anati, E. (1963). Palestine before the Hebrews. London: Jonathan Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anati, E., M. Avnimelech, N. Haas, and E. Meyerhof (1973). Hazoreal. Archivi 5. Brescia: Edizioni Del Centre

    Google Scholar 

  • Avner, U. (1998). “Settlement, Agriculture and Paleoclimate in Uvda Valley, Southern Negev Desert, 6th-3rd Millennia b.c.” In Water, Environment and Society in Times of Climatic Change, ed. A. S. Issar and N. Brown. Dordrecht NL: Kluwer Academic Press, 147-202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avni, G. (1992). Map of Har Saggi. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avni, G. (1996). Nomads, Farmers and Town-Dwellers. (Survey Supplement). Jerusalem: Israel Antiquity Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banning, E.B. (1998). “The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of Architecture, Agriculture and Art.” Near Eastern Archaeology 61: 188-237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Adon, R. (1962). “Expedition C-The Cave of the Treasure.” Israel Exploration Journal 12: 215-226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Adon, R. (1980). The Cave of the Treasure. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barfield, T. J. (1993). The Nomadic Alternative. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, G. W., R. Adams, O. H. Creighton, D. D. Gilbertson, J. P. Grattan, C. O. Hunt, D. J. Mattingly, S. J. McLaren, H. A. Mohamed, P. Newson, T. E. G. Reynolds, and D. C. Thomas (1998) “Environment and Land Use in the Wadi Faynan, Southern Jordan: The Second Season of Geoarchaeology and Landscape Archaeology (1997).” Levant 30: 5-26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, G. W., R. Adams, O. H. Creighton, D. Crook, D. D. Gilbertson, J. P. Grattan, C. O. Hunt, D. J. Mattingly, S. J. McLaren, H. A. Mohammed, P. Newson, C. Palmer, F. B. Pyatt, T. E. G Reynolds, and R. Tomber (1999). “Environment and Land Use in the Wadi Faynan, Southern Jordan: The Third Season of Geoarchaeology and Landscape Archaeology (1998).” Levant 31: 255-292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, G. W., O. H. Creighton, D. D. Gilbertson, C. O. Hunt, D. J. Mattingly, S. J. McLaren, and D. C. Thomas (1997). “The Wadi Faynan Project, Southern Jordan: A Preliminary Report on the Geomorphology and Landscape Archaeology.” Levant 29: 19-40).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barth, F. (1964). Nomads of South Persia: The Basseri Tribe of the Khamseh Confederacy. London: Allen and Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1977). “The Neolithic Cultures in Eretz Israel.” Qadmoniot 10: 38-59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1980). “Prehistory of the Levant.” Annual Review of Anthropology 9: 101-133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1986). “The Walls of Jericho: An Alternative Interpretation.” Current Anthropology 27: 157-162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1998). “Earliest Food Producers-Pre-Pottery Neolithic (8000-5500).” In The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, ed. T. E. Levy. 2d ed. London: Leicester University Press, 190-204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and N. Goren (1980). “Afterthoughts following Prehistoric Surveys in the Levant.” Israel Exploration Journal 30: 1-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. and R. S. Kra, eds. (1994). Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean. Cambridge, MA: American School of Prehistoric Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and J. L. Phillips (1977). Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai. Qedem 7. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., A. Belfer, A. Goren, and P. Smith (1977). “The Nawamis near cEin I-juderah (Eastern Sinai). Israel Exploration Journal 27: 65-88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., I. Hershkovitz, G. Arbel, and A. Goren (1983). “The Orientation of Nawamis Entrances in Southern Sinai: Expressions of Religious Belief and Seasonality?” Tel Aviv 10: 52-60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgartern, Y. Y. (1998). “Subterranean Systems in the Chalcolithic Period in Southern Israel: Were They Used as Dwellings?” In Centenary of Mediterranean Archaeology at Jagiellonian University. Cracow: University Press, 1-11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beit-Arieh, I. (1980). “A Chalcolithic Site near Serabit el-Khadim.” Tel Aviv 7: 45-64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belfer-Cohen, A. (1995). “Rethinking Social Stratification in the Natufian Culture: The Evidence from Burials.” In The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East, ed. S. Campbell and A. Green. Oakville, CT: Oxbow Monograph 51, 9-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben Avraham, Z., T. M. Niemi, D. Neev, J. K. Hall, and Y. Levy (1993). “Distribution of Holocene Sediments and Neotechtonics in the Deep North Basin of the Dead Sea.” Marine Geology 113: 219-231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benoit, P., J. T. Milik, and R. de Vaux (1961). Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 2. Les Grottes de Murabbacât. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Betts, A., ed. (1991). Excavations at Jawa 1972-1986: Excavations and Explorations in the Hasemite Kingdom of Jordan. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackham, M. (1999). “Tulaylat Ghassul: An Appraisal of Robert North’s Excavations (1959-60).” Levant 31: 19-64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourke, S. (1997) The “Pre-Ghassulian” Sequence at Teleilat Ghassul: Sydney University Excavations 1975-1995, pp. 395-417. In H.G.K. Gebel, Z. Kafafi, and G.O. Rollefson (eds) The Prehistory of Jordan, II. Perspectives from 1997. Berlin: Ex Oriente.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourke, S. (in preparation). The Chalcolithic Period (c. 5000-3500 B.C.).” In The Archaeology of Jordan, ed. B. MacDonald, R. Adams and P. Bienkowski. ’Levantine Archaeology’ 1. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourke, S. J., P. L. Seaton, R. T. Sparks, J. L. Lovell, and L. D. Mairs (1995). “Preliminary Report on a First Season of Renewed Excavations at Teleilat Ghassul by the University of Sydney, 1994.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 38: 81-126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, E. (1996). “Cultural Diversity and Change in the Early Bronze I of Israel and Jordan.” Unpublished Ph.D. diss., Tel Aviv University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruins, H., and D. H. Yaalon (1979). “Stratigraphy of the Netivot Section in the Desert Loess of the Negev (Israel).” Acta Geologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 22, 1-4: 161-169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, M. (1998). “Ceramic Craft Specialization and Social Complexity in the Southern Levant: A Case Study from the Chalcolithic (c. 4500-3500 B.C.E.) Site of Abu Hof, Israel.” Unpublished MA. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, M., and T. E. Levy (2001). “The Chalcolithic Radiocarbon Record and Its Use in Southern Levantine Archaeology.” Radio-carbon 43: 1-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrd, B. F., and C. M. Monahan (1995). “Death, Mortuary Ritual, and Natufian Social Structure.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14: 251-287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callaway, J. A. (1972). The Early Bronze Age Sanctuary at Ai (et-Tell). London: Bernard Quaritch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carneiro, R. L. (1981). “The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State.” In The Transition to Statehood in the New World, ed. G. D. Jones and R. R. Kautz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 37-79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Childe, V. G. (1936). Man Makes Himself. London: Watts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R. (1972). “The Zecelim Site.” Hadashot Arkheologiyot 42: 61-62. In Hebrew.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commenge-Pellerin, C. (1987). La Poterie d’Abou Matar et de I’Ouadi Zoumeili (Beersheva) au he Millenaire Avant I’ere Chretienne. Les Cahiers du Centre de recherche Francais de Jerusalem 3. Paris: Association Paleorient.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commenge-Pellerin, C. (1990). La Poterie de Safadi (Beersheva) au he Millenaire Avant I’ere Chretienne. Les Cahiers du Centre de Recherche Français de Jerusalem, 5. Paris: Association Paleorient.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commenge, C, D. Alon, T. E. Levy, and E. Kansa (in press). “The Syncretistic Dimensions of Cult at Gilat: The Meaning of Statuary, Figurines and Other Cult Related Objects.” In Archaeology, Anthropology and Cult: The Sanctuary at Gilat (Israel), ed. D. Alon and T. E. Levy. London: Leicester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commenge, C, T. E. Levy, D. Alon, and E. Kansa, (in press) “The Pottery from Gilat: A Cognitive Approach.” In Archaeology, Anthropology and Cult: The Sanctuary at Gilat (Israel), ed. D. Alon and T. E. Levy. London: Leicester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Contenson, H. (1956). “La Céramique Chalcolithique de Beersheba: Etude Typologique.” Israel Exploration Journal 6: 163-179,226-238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costin, C. L. (1991). “Craft Specialization: Issues in Defining, Documenting, and Explaining the Organization of Production.” Archaeological Method and Theory 3: 1-56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowfoot, J. W. (1948). “Flint Implements and Three Limestone Tools.” In Megiddo II: Seasons of 1935–39, ed. by G. Loud. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 141-144.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Altroy, T., and T. Earle (1985). “Staple Finance, Wealth Finance, and Storage in the Inka Political Economy.” Current Anthropology 26: 187-206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S. J. (1976). “Mammal Bones from the Early Bronze Age City of Arad, N. Negev, Israel.” Some Implications Concerning Human Exploitation.” Journal of Archaeological Science 3: 153-164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S. J. (1987). The Archaeology of Animals. London: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denyer, S. (1978). African Tradition Architecture: An History and Geographical Perspective. London: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, G., Z. Kafafi, J. Rewerski, N. Vaillant, E. Coquelniot, J. Desse, and R. Neef (1988). “Abu Hamid: An Early Fourth Millennium Site in the Jordan Valley: Preliminary Results.” In The Prehistory of Jordan, ed. A. Garrard and H. G. Gebel. Oxford: BAR International Series 396, 567-601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dothan, M. (1959). “Excavations at Meser, 1957.” Israel Exploration Journal 9: 13-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dothan, M. (1959). “Excavations at Horvat Beter (Beer Sheva).” cAtiqot 2: 1-71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducos, P. (1968). L’Origine des animaux domestiques en Palestine. Memoire 6. Bordeau: Publications de l’lnstitut de Prehistoire de l’Université.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, É. (1933). The Division of Labor in Society. Glencoe: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earle, T. K., ed. (1991). Chiefdoms: Power, Economy and Ideology. Santa Fe: School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earle, T. K. (1997). How Chiefs Come to Power: The Political Economy in Prehistory. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edens, C, and T. J. Wilkinson (1998). “Southwest Arabia during the Holocene: Recent Archaeological Developments.” Journal of World Prehistory 12: 55-119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eldar, I., and Y. Baumgarten (1985). “Neve Noy: A Chalcolithic Site of the Beersheva Culture.” Biblical Archaeologist 48: 134-139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Moslimany, A. P. (1994). “Evidence of Early Holocene Summer Precipitation in the Continental Middle East,” In Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean, ed. O. Bar-Yosef and R. S. Kra. Cambridge, MA: American School of Prehistoric Research, 121-130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engberg, R. M., and G. M. Shipton (1934). Notes on the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Pottery of Megiddo. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, C. (1977). “The Chalcolithic Culture of the Golan.” Biblical Archeologist 40: 57-62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, C. (1979). “Golan, Chalcolithic Sites, 1978.” Israel Exploration Journal 29: 225-227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, C. (1982). “Cult Symbols in Chalcolithic Palestine.” Bolletino del Centro di Studi Prehistorici 19: 63-82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, C. (1985). “Laden Animal Figurines from the Chalcolithic Period in Palestine.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 258: 53-62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, C. (1985). “Notes and News: Golan, Chalcolithic Sites, 1984.” Israel Exploration Journal 35: 53-56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, C. (1998). The Chalcolithic Culture of the Golan. Jerusalem:Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, G. M. (1935). “Beth-Shan: Earliest Pottery.” The Museum Journal 24, 1: 5-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flannery, K. V. (1995). “Prehistoric Social Evolution.” In Research Frontiers in Anthropology, ed. C. R. Ember and M. Ember. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1-26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flannery, K. V. (1999). “Chiefdoms in the Early Near East: Why It’s So Hard to Identify Them.” In The Iranian World-Essays on Iranian Art and Archaeology, ed. A. Alizadeh, Y. Majidzadeh, and S. M. Shahmirzadi. Tehran: Iran University Press, 44-58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fried, M. H. (1967). The Evolution of Political Society. New York:Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gal, Z. (1998). Maps of Mt. Tavor and ’En Dor. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gal, Z., H. Smithline, and D. Shalem (1997). “A Chalcolithic Burial Cave in Peqi’in, Upper Galilee.” Israel Exploration Journal 46: 145-154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gal, Z., H. Smithline, and D. Shalem (1999). “New Iconographic Aspects of Chalcolithic Art: Preliminary Observations on Finds from the Peqi’in Cave.” Atiqot 37: 1-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galili, E., D. J. Stanley, J. Sharvit, and M. Weinstein-Evron (1997). Journal of Archaeological Science 24: 1141-1150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D. A. E. (1929). Excavations in the Mugharet el-Wad. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, J. (1935). “Jericho: City and Necropolis (Fifth Report).” Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 22: 143-168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, J., and J. B. E. Garstang (1940). The Story of Jericho.London: Hodder & Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazit, D. (1996). Map of Urim. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Genz, H. (1997). “Problems in Defining a Chalcolithic for Southern Jordan,” In The Prehistory of Jordan, II: Perspectives from 1997, ed.H. G. K. Gebel, Z. Kafafi, and G. O. Rollefson. Berlin: Ex Oriente,441-448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1984). “The Micro-Endscraper: A New Tool Type of the Chalcolithic Period.” Tel Aviv 11: 3-10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1987). “A New Look at Chalcolithic Beer Sheva.” Biblical Archaeologist 50: 110-117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1988). “The Chalcolithic Period in the Levant.” Journal of World Prehistory 2: 398-443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1994). “The History of the Chalcolithic Settlement in the Nahal Beersheva Area: The Radiocarbon Aspect.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 296: 1-13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I, ed. (1995). Grar: A Chalcolithic Site in the Northern Negev. Studies by the Department of Bible and Ancient Near East 76 Beersheva: Ben Gurion University of the Negev.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I., and Y. Goren (1989). “Petrographic Analyses of Fourth Millennium B.C. Pottery and Stone Vessels from the Northern Negev, Israel.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 275: 5-14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I., S. A. Rosen, and P. Fabian (1993). “Horvat Matar (Bir Matar)-1990-1991.” Hadshot Arkheologiyot 99: 88-89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitin, S. (1985). “Stratigraphy and Its Application to Chronology and Terminology.” In Biblical Archaeology Today, ed. J. Aviram et al. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the American Schools of Oriental Research, 99-107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glueck, N. (1935). Explorations in Eastern Palestine, II. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 15. New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glueck, N. (1939). Explorations in Eastern Palestine, III. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 18/19. New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, P. (1998). “The Changing Landscape.” In The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, ed. T. E. Levy 2nd ed. London: Leicester University Press, 40-57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, P., and O. Bar-Yosef (1982). “Environmental and Archaeological Evidence for Climatic Change in the Southern Levant.” In Palaeoclimates, Palaeoenvironments and Human Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Later Prehistory, ed. J. L. Bintliff and W.Van Zeist. British Archaeological Reports International Series 133. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 399-414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, P., and A. M. Rosen (1987). “Early Holocene Paleoenvironments of Israel,” In Shiqmim I. Studies Concerning 4th Millennium Societies in the Northern Negev, Israel, ed. T. E. Levy. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 356, 23-33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, J. (1998). “The Dawn of the Metal Age: Social Complexity and the Rise of Metallurgy in the Southern Levant, ca. 4500-3500 b.c.” Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, J., T. E. Levy, and A. Hauptmann (2000). “Recent Discoveries Concerning Chalcolithic Metallurgy at Shiqmim.” Journal of Archaeological Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, L. G. (1976). “Spatial Structure and Social Organization: Regional Manifestations of Mississippi Society.” Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, L. G. (1981). “One-dimensional Archaeology and Multidimensional People: Spatial Organization and Mortuary Analysis.” In The Archaeology of Death, ed. R. Chapman, I. Kinnes, and K. Randsborg. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press, 53-69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodfriend, G. A. (1988). “Mid-Holocene Rainfall in the Negev Desert from 13C of Land Snail Shell Organic Matter.” Nature 333: 757-760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodfriend, G. A. (1992). “Holocene Trends in 180 in Land Snail Shells from the Negev Desert and Their Implications for Changes in Rainfall Source Areas.” Quaternary Research 35: 417-426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodfriend, G A., M. Magaritz, and I. Carmi (1986). “A High Stand of the Dead Sea at the End of the Neolithic Period: Paleoclimatic and Archaeological Implications.” Climatic Change 9: 349-356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopher, A. (1986). “Flint Tool Industries of the Neolithic Period in Israel.” Ph.D. diss., Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopher, A., and R. Gophna (1993). “Cultures of the Eighth and Seventh Millennia b.p. in the Southern Levant: A Review of the 1990s.” Journal of World Prehistory 7: 297-353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopher, A., and T. Tsuk (1996). The Nahal Qanah Cave: Earliest Gold in the Southern Levant. Tel Aviv: Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopher, A., T. Tsuk, S. Shalev, and R. Gophna (1990). “Earliest Gold Artifacts in the Levant.” Current Anthropology 31: 436-443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gophna, R. (1968). “Notes and News: Palmahim.” Israel Exploration Journal 18: 132-133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gophna, R. (1978). “The Archaeological Survey in the Central Coastal Plain, 1977: Preliminary Report.” Tel Aviv 5: 136-147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gophna, R. (1992). “Shefayim-A Chalcolithic Campsite in the Sharon Coastal Plain.” Tel Aviv 19: 195-200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gophna, R., and E. Ayalon (1998). Map of Herzliyya. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gophna, R., and I. Beit-Arieh (1997). Map of Lod. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gophna, R., and N. Lifshitz (1980). “A Chalcolithic Burial Cave at Palmahim.” Atiqot 14: 1-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gophna, R., and Y. Portugali (1988). “Settlement and Demographic Processes in Israel’s Coastal Plain from the Chalcolithic to the Middle Bronze Age.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 269: 11-28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goren, Y. (1991). “The Beginnings of Pottery Production.” Unpublished Ph.D. diss., Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goren, Y. (1991). “Phosphorite Vessels of the 4th Mill. b.c. in the Southern Levant: New Data, New Interpretations.” Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 24: 102-111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goren, Y. (1995). “Shrines and Ceramics in Chalcolithic Israel: The View through the Petrographic Microscope.” Archaeometry 7: 287-305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goren, Y. (in press). “The Petrography of the Gilat Ceramic Assemblage.” In Archaeology, Anthropology and Cult: The Sanctuary at Gilat (Israel), ed. D. Alon and T. E. Levy. London: Leicester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goren, Y., and P. Fabian (1993). “Kissufim Road.” Excavations and Surveys in Israel 12: 90-91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goren, Y., and P. Fabian, (in press). The Chalcolithic Mortuary Site at Kissufim Road, Israel. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosden, C. (1989). “Debt, Production, and Prehistory.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 8: 355-387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Govrin, Y. (1991). Map of Nahal Yattir. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grigson, C. (1987). “Shiqmim: Pastoralism and Other Aspects of Animal Management in the Chalcolithic of the Northern Negev,” In Shiqmim I: Studies Concerning 4th Millennium Societies in the Northern Negev, Israel, ed. T. E. Levy. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 356, 219-241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grigson, C. (1995). “Cattle Keepers of the Northern Negev: Animal Remains from the Chalcolithic Site of Grar,” In Grar: A Chalcolithic Site in the Northern Negev, ed. I. Gilead. Beer-Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press, 377-452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grigson, C. (1998). “Plough and Pasture in the Early Economy of the Southern Levant.” In The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, ed. T. E. Levy. 2nd ed. London: Leicester University Press, 245-268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grigson, C. (in press). “In Farming? Feasting? Herding? Large Mammals from the Chalcolithic of Gilat.” In Archaeology, Anthropology and Cult-The Gilat Sanctuary, Israel, ed. D. Alon and T. E. Levy. London: Leicester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haggett, P. (1971). Locational Analysis in Human Geography. London: Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haiman, M. (1986). Map of Har Hamran-Southwest. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haiman, M. (1991). Map of Mizpe Ramon-Southwest. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlan, J. R., and D. Zohary (1966). “Distribution of Wild Wheats and Barley.” Science 153, 3740: 1074-1079.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, M. (1978). Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches. Glasgow: William Collins Sons and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann, A. (1989). “The Earliest Periods of Copper Metallurgy in Feinan, Jordan.” In Old World Archaeometallurgy, ed. A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka, and G. A. Wagner. Bochum: Selbstverlag des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums, 119-135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann, A. (2000). “Zur frühen Metallurgie des Kupfers in Fenan, Jordanien.” Der Anschnilt, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, B. (1995). “Pathways to Power: Principles for Creating Socioeconomic Inequalities.” In Foundations of Social Inequality, ed. T. D. Price and G. M. Feinman. New York: Plenum Press, 15-86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helms, S. W. (1981). Jawa-Lost City of the Black Desert. London:Methuen and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennessy, J. B. (1969). “Preliminary Report on a First Season of Excavations at Teleilat Ghassul.” Levant 1: 1-24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennessy, J. B. (1982). “Teleilat Ghassul: Its Place in the Archaeology of Jordan.” In Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, ed. A. Hadidi. Amman: Department of Antiquities, 55-58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D. O. (1989). From Foraging to Agriculture: The Levant at the End of the Ice Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D. O. (1995). Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution-Insights from Southern Jordan. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D., et al. (1981). “An Investigation of the Prehistory and Paleoenvironments of Southern Jordan.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 25: 113-145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodder, I., and C. Orton (1976). Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, L. K. (1990). “Animal Bones from the site of Horvat Hor: A Chalcolithic Cave Dwelling.” Mitekufat Haeven-Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 23: 153-161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, L. K., and P. Smith (1984). “Radiographic Evidence for Changing Patterns of Animal Exploitation in the Southern Levant.” Journal of Archaeological Science 11: 467-475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, M., J. Sauer, and K. Yassine (1976). “The East Jordan Valley Survey, 1975.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 222: 41-66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ilan, D. (1994). “Temples, Treasures and Subterranean villages: Dealth’s dominion in the Chalcolithic of Canaan.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joffe, A. H. (1993). Settlement and Society in the Early Bronze I & II Southern Levant. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joffe, A. H, and J. P. Dessel (1995). “Redefining Chronology and Terminology for the Chalcolithic of the Southern Levant.” Current Anthropology 36: 507-518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A. W., and T. K. Earle (1987). The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Stanford:Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G. A. (1973). Local Exchange and Early State Development in Southwestern Iran. Anthropological Papers 51. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempinski, A. (1972). “The Sin Temple at Khafaje and the Ein Gedi Temple.” Israel Exploration Journal 22: 10-15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, K. M. (1985). Archaeology in the Holy Land. 4th ed. London:Methuen & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerner, S. (1997). “Status, Perspectives and Future Goals in Jordanian Chalcolithic Research,” In The Prehistory of Jordan 2: Perspectives from 1997, ed. H. G. K. Gebel, Z. Kafafi, and G. O. Rollefson. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 465-474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Key, C. A. (1980). “The Trace-Element Composition of the Copper and Copper Alloy Artifacts of the Nahal Mishmar Hoard.” In The Cave of the Treasure, ed. P. Bar-Adon. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 238-243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalil, L., and J. Riederer (1998). “Examination of Copper Metallurgical Remains from a Chalcolithic Site at el-Magass, Jordan.” Damaszener Mitteilungen 10: 1-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalil, L. and A. Hauptmann, (in press). “The Source for Copper Production in the Magass-Aqaba Area during the Fourth Millennium B.C.” In Proceedings International Conference, Faynan 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, P. J. (1983). American Archaeology in the Middle East. Philadelphia: American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirch, P. V. (1984). The Evolution of the Polynesian. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkbride, D. (1968). “Beidha: Early Neolithic Life South of the Dead Sea.” Antiquity 42: 263-274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kislev, M. E. (1984). “Emergence of Wheat Agriculture.” Paleorient 10, 2: 61-70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kislev, M. E. (1987). “Chalcolithic Plant Husbandry and Ancient Vegetation at Shiqmim.” Shiqmim I: Studies Concerning Chalcolithic Societies in the Northern Negev Desert, Israel (1982-1984), ed. T. E. Levy. Oxford: BAR International Series 256, 251-279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kislev, M. E. (1994-5). “Wild Olive Stones at Submerged Chalcolithic Kfar Samir, Haifa, Israel.” Mitekufat Ha’even-Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 26: 134-145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koeppel, R., et al. (1940). Teleilat Ghassul, 2. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohler-Rollefson, I. (1992). “A Model for the Development of Nomadic Pastoralism on the Transjordanian Plateau.” In Pastoralism in the Levant: Archaeological Materials in Anthropological Perspectives, ed. O. Bar-Yosef and A. Khazanov. Madison: Prehistory Press, 11-18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, C. (1982). Village Ethnoarchaeology-Rural Iran in Archaeological Perspective. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapp, P. (1970). “Palestine in the Early Bronze Age.” In Near Eastern Archaeology in the 20th Century-Essays in Honor of Nelson Glueck, ed. J. A. Sanders. New York: Doubleday, 101-131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. R. (1978). “Teleilat El-Ghassul.” In Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land 4, ed. M. Avi-Yonah. London: Oxford University Press, 1205-1213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. (1973). “Chalcolithic Ghassul: New Aspects and Master Typology.” Ph.D. diss., Hebrew University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lender, Y. (1990). Map of Har Nafha. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E. (1981). “Chalcolithic Settlement and Subsistence in the Northern Negev Desert, Israel.” Ph.D. diss., University of Machegan. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E. (1983). “The Emergence of Specialized Pastoralism in the Southern Levant.” World Archaeology 15: 15-36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E. (1986). “Archaeological Sources for the Study of Palestine: The Chalcolithic Period.” Biblical Archaeologist 49: 82-108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E. (1992). “Radiocarbon Dating of the Beersheva Culture and Predynastic Egypt.” In The Nile Delta in Transition-4th-3rd Millennium b.c, ed. E. C. M. van den Brink. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 345-356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E. (1992). “Transhumance, Subsistence and Social Organization.” In Pastoralism in the Levant: Archaeological Materials in Anthropological Perspectives, ed. O. Bar-Yosef and A. Khazanov. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E. (1993). “Production, Space and Social Change in Protohistoric Palestine.” InSpatial Boundaries and Social Dynamics, ed. A. Holl and T. E. Levy. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, 63-81.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Holl and T. E. Levy (1998). “Cult, Metallurgy and Rank Societies-Chalcolithic Period (ca. 4500-3500 b.c.e.), InThe Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land.” ed. T. E. Levy. London: Leicester University Press, 226-244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., and D. Alon (1979). “A Preliminary Note on the Chalcolithic Cemeteries at Shiqmim, Northern Negev, Israel.” Mitekufat Haeven16: 109-117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., and D. Alon (1982). “The Chalcolithic Mortuary Site near Mezad Aluf, Northern Negev Desert: A Preliminary Study.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research248: 37-59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E. ,and D. Alon (1983). “Chalcolithic Settlement Patterns in the Northern Negev Desert.” Current Anthropology24: 105-107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., and D. Alon (1985). “Shiqmim: A Chalcolithic Village and Mortuary Centre in the Northern Negev.” Paleorient11, 1: 71 -83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E. and D. Alon (1985). “The Chalcolithic Mortuary Site near Mezad Aluf, Northern Negev Desert: Third Preliminary Report, 1982 Season.” InBASOR Supplement No. 23: Preliminary Reports Of ASOR-Sponsored Excavations, 1981-83, ed. W. E. Rast. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 121-135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., and D. Alon (1987). “Excavations in Shiqmim Cemetery 3: Final Report on the 1982 Season.” InShiqmim Concerning Chalcolithic Societies in the Northern Negev Desert, Israel (1982-1984), ed. T. E. Levy. Oxford: BAR International Series 256, 333-356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., and D. Alon (1992). “A Corpus of Ivories from Shiqmim.” Eretz Israel23: 65-71. Hebrew with English summary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., and D. Alon (1993). “Gilat.” InThe New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, ed. E. Stern. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 514-517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., and P. Goldberg (1987). “The Environmental Setting of the Northern Negev.” InShiqmim I: Studies Concerning Chalcolithic Societies in the Northern Negev Desert, Israel (1982-1984), ed. T. E. Levy. Oxford: BAR International Series 256, 1-22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., and J. Golden (1996). “Syncretistic and Mnemonic Dimensions of Chalcolithic Art, A New Human Figurine from Shiqmim.” Biblical Archaeologist59: 150-159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., and A. Holl (1988). “Les Societés Chalcolithiques de la Palestine et l’emergence de Chefferies.” Archives Européennes de Sociologie29: 283-316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E. and A. Holl (1988). “Les Premieres Chefferies de Palestine.” La Re cherche203: 1166-1175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., and N. Menahem (1987). “The Ceramic Industry at Shiqmim: Typological and Spatial Considerations,” InShiqmim I: Studies Concerning Chalcolithic Societies in the Northern Negev Desert, Israel (1982-1984), ed. T. E. Levy. Oxford: BAR International Series 256, 313-332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., and S. A. Rosen (1987). “The Chipped Stone Industry at Shiqmim: Typological and Spatial Considerations.” InShiqmim I: Studies Concerning Chalcolithic Societies in the Northern Negev Desert, Israel (1982-1984), ed. T. E. Levy. Oxford: BAR International Series 256, 281-294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E. and S. Shalev (1989). “Prehistoric Metalworking in the Southern Levant: Archaeometallurgical and Social Perspectives.” World Archaeology20: 352-373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E. and N. Smith, (in prep.), “GIS and Site Catchment Analysis: New Applications on Old Negev Data.”

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., R. B. Adams, A. J. Witten, J. Anderson, Y. Arbel, S. Kuah, J. Moreno, A. Lo, and M. Wagonner (in press). “Early Metallurgy, Interaction, and Social Change: The Jebal Hamrat Fidan (Jordan) Research Design and1998Archaeological Survey: Preliminary Report.” InStudies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan (Vol. 7)-Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on the Archaeology of Jordan, Copenhagen,1998, ed. G Bisheh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., D. Alon, C. Grigson, A. Holl, P. Goldberg, Y. Rowan, and P. Smith (1991). “Subterranean Negev Settlement.” National Geographic Research7: 394-413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., D. Alon, P. Smith, Y. Yekutieli, Y. Rowan, P. Goldberg, N. Porat, E. C. M. van den Brink, A. J. Witten, J. Golden, C. Grigson, E. Kansa, L. Dawson, A. Holl, J. Moreno, and M. Kersel (1997). “Egyptian-Canaanite Interaction at Nahal Tillah, Israel (ca. 4500-3000 b.c.e.): An Interim Report on the 1994-1995 Excavations.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research307: 1-52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. E., A. J. Witten, and A. Alon (1996). “Denizens of the Desert.” Archaeology49: 36-41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovell, J., Z. Kafafi, and G Dollfus (1997). “A Preliminary Note on the Ceramics from the Basal Levels of Abu Hamid,” InThe Prehistory of Jordan, II: Perspectives from 1997, ed. H. G K. Gebel, Z. Kafafi, and G. O. Rollefson. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 361-370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luz, B. (1982). “Palaeoclimatic Interpretations of the Last 20,000 year Record of Deep-sea Cores around the Middle East.” InPalaeocli-mates, Palaeoenvironments and Human Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Later Prehistory, ed. J. L. Bintliff and W.van Zeist. British Archaeological Reports International Series 133. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 41-61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, B. et al. (1982). “The Wadi El Hasa Survey 1981.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan26: 117-131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, E., J. L. Starkey, and G. L. Harding (1932).Beth-Pelet II:Prehistoric Fara. British School of Archaeology in Egypt 52. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Bernard Quaritch

    Google Scholar 

  • Quaritch. Majer, J. (1992). “The Egyptian Desert and Egyptian Prehistory,” InThe Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to M.A. Hoffman, ed. R. Friedman and B. Adams. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 20, 227-243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallon, A., R. Koeppel, and R. Neuville (1934).Teleilat Ghassul 1,1929-32. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, E. (1967).Bedouin of the Negev. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGovern, P. E., G. Harbottle, S. J. Allen, and J. Bourriau (1994). “Archaeological Origin and Significance of the Dolphin Vase as Determined by Neutron Activation Analysis.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research296: 31-43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merhav, R. (1993). “Scepters of the Divine from the Cave of the Treasure at Nahal Mishmar.” InStudies in the Archaeology and History of Ancient Israel in Honour of Moshe Dothan, ed. M.Heltzer, A. Segal and D. Kaufman. Haifa: University of Haifa Press,21-42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miroschedji, P. R. de (1971). “L’Époque Pre-Urbaine en Palestine.” Cahiers de la Revue Biblique15: 1-149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miroschedji, P. R. de, ed. (1989).L ’Urbanization de la Palestine a l’age du Bronze Ancien. Oxford: BAR International Series 527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, A. M. (1973). “The Late Neolithic in Palestine.” Levant 5: 36-68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moorey, P. R. S. (1985).Materials and Manufacture in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Evidence of Archaeology and Art. Oxford: BAR International Series 237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moorey, P. R. S. (1988). “The Chalcolithic Hoard from Nahal Mishmar, Israel, in Context.” World Archaeology20: 171-189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mount, L. E. (1968).The Climatic Physiology of the Pig. London:Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musil, A. (1928).The Manners and Customs of the Rwala Bedouins. New York: American Geographical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasrallah, J. (1948). Une Station ghassoulienne du Hauran.Revue Biblique55: 81-103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neev, D., and K. O. Emery (1967). “The Dead Sea.” Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin41: 1-147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neev, D., and J. K. Hall (1977). Climatic Fluctuations during the Holocene as Reflected by the Dead Sea Levels.Paper presented at the International conference on terminal lakes, Weber State College, Ogden, Utah.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neufeldt, V., ed. (1991).Webster’s New World Dictionary of American English. New York: Prentice Hall. Neuville, R.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuville, R. (1930). “La Necropole Megalithique d’el-cAdeimeh.” Biblica11: 249-265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuville, R., and A. Mallon (1931). Les Débuts de l’age des métaux dans les grottes du desert de Judée.Syria12: 24-47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • North, R. S. J. (1961).Ghassul 1960, Excavation Report. Analecta Biblica 14. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noy, T. (1998). “The Flint Artifacts.” InThe Chalcolithic Culture of the Golaned. C. Epstein. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority,269-332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noy-Meir, I., and N. G. Seligman (1979). “Management of Semi-Arid Ecosystems in Israel.” In Management of Semi-Arid Ecosystems, ed. B. H. Walker. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 113-160.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Oakberg, K., T. E. Levy, and P. Smith (in press). “A Method for Skeletal Arsenic Analysis Applied to the Chalcolithic Copper Smelting Site of Shiqmim, Israel.” Journal of Archaeological Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oren, E., and I. Gilead (1981). “Chalcolithic Sites in Northeastern Sinai.” Tel Aviv8: 25-44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oren, E., and I. Gilead (1982). “Gerar-1981.” Excavations and Surveys in Israel 19821:27-28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oren, E., and I. Gilead (1983). “Gerar-1982.” Excavations and Surveys in Israel 19832: 33-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oren, E., and I. Gilead (1984). “Gerar-1983.” Excavations and Surveys in Israel 19843: 27-30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oren, R., and N. Scheftelowitz (1999). “Givat Oranim (Nahal Bareqet).” Excavations and Surveys in Israel110: 48-50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ory, J. (1946). “A Chalcolithic Necropolis at Bene Berak.” Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine12: 43-57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, E. H. (1871).The Desert of the Exodus. Cambridge: Deighton,Bell and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papalas, C. A., J. D. Eighmey, and G. A. Clark (1997). “Rock Rings: A Preliminary Report on Chalcolithic and EB I Settlement in the Wadi Hasa Drainage, West-Central Jordan.” InThe Prehistory of Jordan, II: Perspectives from 1997, ed. H. G K. Gebel, Z. Kafafi, and G. O. Rollefson. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 429-439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peebles, C. S., and S. M. Kus (1977). “Some Archaeological Correlates of Ranked Societies.” American Antiquity42: 421-448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrot, J. (1955). “The Excavations at Tell Abu Matar.” Israel Exploration Journal5: 17-40, 73-84, 167-189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrot, J. (1959). Statuettes en Ivoire et Autres Objets en Ivoire et en Os Provenant des Gisements Prehistoriques de la Region de Béershéba.Syria36: 8-19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrot, J. (1961). “Une Tombe à Ossuaires du IVe Millenaire à Azor prés de Tel Aviv.” cAtiqot3: 1-83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrot, J. (1968). “La Préhistoire Palestinienne.” InSupplement au dictionnaire de la Bible 8. Paris: Letouzey and Ane, 286-446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrot, J. (1984). “Structures d’habitat, mode de vie et environment:Les Villages souterrains des pasteurs de Beersheva dans le sud d’Israel, au IVemillénaire avant l’ére Chretienne.” Paleorient10, 1: 75-96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrot, J. (1992). “Umm Qatafa and Umm Qala’a: Two ’Ghassulian’ Caves in the Judean Desert.” Eretz Israel23:100-111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrot, J., and D. Ladiray (1980).Tombes à ossuaires de larégion côtiére Palestinienne au IVe millénaire avant l’ére Chretienne. Paris: Association Paleorient.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philip, G, and O. Williams-Thorpe (1993). “A Provenance Study of Jordanian Basalt Vessels of the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age I Periods.” Paleorient 19, 2: 51-63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pigott, V. C, ed. (1999).The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poplin, F. (1991). “L’ivoire et la Pierre a Feu-Le Couteau Predynastique en Hippopotame de Shiqmim et le Lion d’Aristote.” La PierrePrehistorique1991: 187-194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porat, N. (1989). “Composition of Pottery-Application to the Study of the Interrelations between Canaan and Egypt during the 3rd Millennium B.C.” Unpublished Ph.D. diss., Jerusalem, Hebrew University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potaszkin, R., and K. Bar-Avi (1980). “A Material Investigation of Metal Objects from the Nahal Mishmar Treasure.” InThe Cave of the Treasure, ed. P. Bar-Adon. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 235-237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redman, C, and P. J. Watson (1970). “Systematic Intensive Surface Collection.” American Antiquity25: 279-291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, C. (1973). “Monuments, Mobilization and Social Organization in Neolithic Essex.” InThe Explanation of Culture Change: Models in Prehistory, ed. C. Renfrew. London: Gerald Duckworth, 539-558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, C. (1974). “Beyond a Subsistence Economy: The Evolution of Social Organization in Europe.” InBASOR Supplement 20: Reconstructing Complex Societies: An Archaeological Colloquium, ed. C. B. Moore. Cambridge, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research, 69-95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, C. (1976).Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. Suffolk: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, C. (1984). Approaches to Social Archaeology. Edinburgh: University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollefson, G. O. (1985). “The 1983 Season at the Early Neolithic Site of Ain Ghazal.” National Geographic Research1: 44-62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollefson, G. O. and Z. Kafafi (1997). “The 1996 Season at ’Ayn Ghazal: Preliminary Report.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan41: 27-47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, A. M. (1987). “Phytoliths from Shiqmim.” InShiqmim I: Studies Concerning 4th Millennium Societies in the Northern Negev, Israel, ed. T. E. Levy. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 356, 243-249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, A. M., and S. Weiner (1994). “Identifying Ancient Irrigation: A New Method Using Opaline Phytoliths from Emmer Wheat.” Journal of Archaeological Science21: 125-132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, S. (1983). “Tabular Scraper Trade: A Model of Material Cultural Dispersion.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research249: 79-86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, S. (1987). “The Potentials of Lithic Analysis in the Chalcolithic of the Northern Negev,” InShiqmim I: Studies Concerning 4th Millennium Societies in the Northern Negev, Israel, ed. T. E. Levy. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 356, 295-312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, S. (1993). “Metals, Rocks, Specialization and the Beginning of Urbanism in the Northern Negev,” InBiblical Archaeology Today 1990: Pre-Congress Symposium Supplement-Population, Production, and Power, ed. A. Biran and J. Aviram. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 41-56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, S. (1994).Archaeological Survey of Israel Map of Makhtesh Ramon-204. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, S. (1997).Lithics after the Stone Age: A Handbook of Stone Tools from the Levant. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press (Sage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, S., and I. Eldar (1982). “Horvat Beter.” Excavations and Surveys in Israel1: 9-10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roshwalb, A. F. (1981). Protohistory in the Wadi Ghazzeh: A Typological Study Based on the Macdonald Excavations. London:Institute of Archaeology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothenberg, B. (1972).Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothenberg, B., R. F. Tylecote, and P. J. Boydell (1978).Chalcolithic Copper Smelting-Excavations and Experiments. Archaeo-Metallurgy Monograph 1. London: Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, M. S. (1994). “Evolutionary Typologies and Cultural Complexity,” InChiefdoms and Early State in the Near East-The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, ed. G. Stein and M. S.Rothman. Madison: Prehistory Press, 1-10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roux, V., and M. A. Courty (1997). “Les Bols Elabores au Tour D’Abu Hamid: Rupture Technique au 4e Millenaire Avant J.-C. dans Le Levant-Sud.” Paleorient23: 25-43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowan, Y. Mc C. (1997). “Lithics: Artifacts of the Chalcolithic Period.” InThe Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3: 374-378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowan, Y. Mc C. (1998). “Ancient Distribution and Deposition of Prestige Objects: Basalt Vessels during Late Prehistory in the Southern Levant.” Unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Texas,Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowan, Y. Mc C, and T. E. Levy (1994). “Proto-Canaanean Blades of the Chalcolithic Period.” Levant26: 167-174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan, Y., T. E. Levy, Y. Goren, and D. Alon (in press). “Gilat’s Ground Stone Industry: Stone Bowls, Quernstones, Palettes, Spindle Whorls and Related Finds.” In Archaeology, Anthropology and Cult: The Sanctuary at Gilat (Israel), ed. D. Alon and T. E. Levy. London:Leicester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadeh, S., and R. Gophna (1991). “Observations on the Chalcolithic Ceramic Sequence in the Middle Jordan Valley.” Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society24: 135-148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahlins, M. (1968).Tribesmen. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahlins, M. (1974).Stone Age Economics. London: Tavistock Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaub, R. T. (1982). The Origins of the Early Bronze Age Walled Town Culture of Jordan. InStudies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan I, ed. A. Hadidi. Amman: Department of Antiquities, 67-75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schick, T., ed. (1998). The Cave of the Warrior-A Fourth Millennium Burial in the Judean Desert. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Service, E. R. (1962).Primitive Social Organization. New York:Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seton-Williams, M. V. (1949). “Palestinian Temples.” Iraq11: 77-89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shalev, S. (1991). “Two Different Coppr Industries in th Chalcolithic Culture of Israel.” InDécouverte du Metal, ed. J.P. Mohen and C.Eluere, Paris: 413-424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shalev, S., and J. P. Northover (1987). “Chalcolithic Metal and Metalworking from Shiqmim,” InShiqmim I: Studies Concerning 4th Millennium Societies in the Northern Negev, Israel, ed. T. E. Levy. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 356, 357-371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shalev, S., and J. P. Northover (1993). “The Metallurgy of the Nahal Mishmar Hoard Reconsidered.” Archaeometry35: 1-13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shalev, S., Y. Goren, T. E. Levy, and J. P. Northover (1992). “A Chalcolithic Mace Head from the Negev, Israel: Technological Aspects and Cultural Implications.” Archaeometry34: 63-72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, A. (1981). “Plough and Pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution.” InPatterns of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke, ed. I. Hodder, G. Isaac, and N. Hammond. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press, 261-305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, A. (1997).Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe-Changing Perspectives. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shipton, G. M. (1938). “The Early Pottery of Megiddo, Season 1937-38.” Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society18: 54-56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stager, L. E. (1985). “The Firstfruits of Civilization.” InPalestine in the Bronze and Iron Ages, ed. J. N. Tubb. London: Institute of Archaeology, 172-188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stager, L. E. (1992). “The Periodization of Palestine from Neolithic through Early Bronze Times.” InChronologies in Old World Archaeology, ed. R. W. Ehrich, 3d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 22-41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G (1994). “Economy, Ritual and Power in Ubaid Mesopotamia.” InChiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, ed. G Stein and M. S. Rothman. Madison: Prehistory Press, 35-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stekelis, M. (1935).Les Monuments Mégalithiques de Palestine. Mémoires 15. Paris: Archives de l’Institut de Paléontologie Humaine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukenik, E. L. (1937). “A Chalcolithic Necropolis at Hadera.” Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society17: 15-30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sussman, V, and S. Ben-Arieh (1966). “Ancient Burials in Givatayim.cAtiqot’’3: 27-39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tadmor, M., D. Kedem, F. Begemann, A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka, and S. Schmitt-Strecker (1995). “The Nahal Mishmar Hoard from the Judean Desert: Technology, Composition, and Provenance.” Atiqot27: 95-148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turville-Petre, F. (1927).Researches in Prehistoric Galilee1925-1926. London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tylecote, R. F. (1979).A History of Metals. London: Metals Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzori, N. (1958). “Neolithic and Chalcolithic Sites in the Valley of Beth-Shan.” Palestine Exploration Quarterly90: 44-51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ussishkin, D. (1971). “The “Ghassulian” Temple in Ein Gedi and the Origin of the Hoard from Nahat Mishmar.” Biblical Archaeologist34: 23-39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ussishkin, D. (1980). “The Ghassulian Shrine at En-gedi.” Tel Aviv7: 1-44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Vaux, R. (1961). “Le Fouilles de Tell el-Farcah.” Revue Biblique68: 557-592.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vaux, R. (1971). “Palestine during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods.” InCambridge Ancient History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1, 2: 499-538.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vaux, R. (1971). “Palestine in the Early Bronze Age.” InCambridge Ancient History, 3d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1, 2: 208-237.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vaux, R., and A.-M. Steve (1947). “La Prémiére Campagne de fouilles à Tell el-Fârcah, prés Naplouse.” Revue Biblique54: 394-433.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vaux, R., and A.-M. Steve (1948). “La Seconde Campagne de fouilles â Tell el-Fârcah, prés Naplouse,” Revue Biblique55: 544-580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Brink, E. C. M. (1998). “An Index to Chalcolithic Mortuary Caves in Israel.” Israel Exploration Journal48: 165-173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Brink, E. C. M., Y. M. Rowan, and E. Braun (1999). “Pedestalled Basalt Bowls of the Chalcolithic: New Variations.” Israel Exploration Journal49: 161-183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vita-Finzi, C, and E. E. Higgs (1970). “Prehistoric Economy in the Mt. Carmel Area of Palestine: Site Catchment Analysis.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society36: 1-37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, J. M. (1984). “Radiocarbon Dating in the Southern Levant.” Radiocarbon26: 297-366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witcher, S. E., C. Grigson, and T. E. Levy (1998). “Recent Faunal Analysis at Shiqmim, Israel: A Preliminary Analysis on the 1993 Assembledge.” InArchaeololozoology of the Near East III, ed. H. Buitenhuis, L. Bartosiewicz, and A. M. Choyke. 102-117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witten, A. J., T. E. Levy, J. Ursic, and P. White (1995). “Geophysical Diffraction Tomography: New Views on the Shiqmim Prehistoric Subterranean Village Site (Israel).” Geoarchaeology10: 97-119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, G. A. (1978). “Social Differentiation in the Early Natuflan. “InSocial Archaeology: Beyond Subsistence and Dating, ed. C. L.Redman, M. J. Berman, E. V. Curtin, W. T. Langhorne, Jr., N. M.Versaggi, and J. C. Wanser. New York: Academic Press, 201-223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, G. E. (1937). The Pottery of Palestine from the Earliest Timesto the End of the Early Bronze Age. New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, G. E. (1971). “The Archaeology of Palestine from the Neolithic through the Middle Bronze Age.” Journal of the American Oriental Society91: 276-293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. I. (1993). “Early Holocene Ground Stone Assemblages in the Levant.” Levant25: 93-111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yekutieli, Y. (1998). “The Early Bronze Age I of North Sinai-Social, Economic, and Spatial Aspects.” Unpublished Ph.D. diss., Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yellin, J., T. E. Levy, and Y. M. Rowan (1996). “New Evidence on Prehistoric Trade Routes: The Obsidian Evidence from Gilat,Israel.” Journal of Field Archaeology23: 361-368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoffee, N. (1998). “Conclusion: A Mass in Celebration of the Conference.” In The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, ed.T. E. Levy. 2d ed. London: Leicester University Press, 542-548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarky, A. (1976). “Statistical Analysis of Site Catchments at Ocos, Guatemala,” In The Early Mesoamerican Village, ed. K. V. Flannery. New York: Academic Press, 117-130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohary, D. (1969). “The Progenitors of Wheat and Barley in Relation to Domestication and Agricultural Dispersal in the Old World.” InThe Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, ed. P. J.Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby. London: Duckworth, 47-66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohary, D., and P. Spiegel-Roy (1975). “Beginnings of Fruit Growing in the Old World.” Science187: 319-327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Edward Banning

Authors
  1. Edward Banning
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, USA

    Peter N. Peregrine

  2. Human Relations Area Files/Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Melvin Ember

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Banning, E. (2002). Ceramic Neolithic. In: Peregrine, P.N., Ember, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Prehistory. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0023-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0023-0_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7135-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0023-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation