Abstract
Understanding the multiple biological roles of arginine and/or its metabolites is essential towards understanding the potential therapeutic use of these molecules in the critically ill patient. Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid that through its multiple metabolic pathways can play diverse biological roles. For example, as a precursor of nitric oxide, it can play significant functions in vasodilation, hemodynamic stability, and platelet aggregation. As an amino acid, arginine is essential for normal T lymphocyte function. Arginine is also central in the detoxification of ammonia. Perhaps the most significant breakthrough in the last 10 years is the identification of arginase 1 expression in cells of the immune system – namely, myeloid cells; through regulation of arginine availability, arginase 1 serves to modulate nitric oxide production and T lymphocyte function. Pathologic expression of arginase 1 is observed in a growing number of illnesses leading to a state of arginine deficiency. Replacement of arginine during pathologic states of arginine deficiency may be beneficial under certain clinical conditions.
Keywords
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Disclosures/Titles
1. Chief Medical Officer, Nestlé Health Care Nutrition/Nestlé Health Science, North America
2. Adjunct Professor of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh
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Abbreviations
- ADC:
-
Arginine decarboxylase
- ADMA:
-
Asymmetric dimethyl arginine
- AL:
-
Argininosuccinate lyase
- AS:
-
Argininosuccinate synthase
- DDAH:
-
Dimethylargininedimethylaminohydrolase
- eiF2α:
-
Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha
- GCN2:
-
General control non-derepressible 2
- iNOS:
-
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- mCAT-1 mCAT-2:
-
Cationic amino acid transport systems
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NOS:
-
Nitric oxide synthase
- OTC:
-
Ornithine transcarbomoylase
- μM:
-
Micromoles/liter
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Ochoa Gautier, J.B. (2015). Arginine in Critical Care: Preclinical Aspects. In: Rajendram, R., Preedy, V.R., Patel, V.B. (eds) Diet and Nutrition in Critical Care. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7836-2_160
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