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Cooperation and Conflict in the Social Lives of Bats

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Bat Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation

Abstract

To be evolutionarily stable, cooperative behavior must increase the actor’s lifetime direct fitness (mutualism) or indirect fitness (altruism), even in the presence of exploitative, noncooperative “cheaters.” Cooperators can control the spread of cheaters by targeting aid to certain categories of individual, such as genetic relatives or long-term social partners. Without such discrimination, cheaters could gain the reproductive benefits of cooperation without paying the same costs and eventually outbreed cooperative phenotypes. Here, we review evidence for cooperative behaviors in bats and the possible mechanisms that might prevent cheating. Cooperative behavior in bats is shaped by ecology, life history, and social structure. Altruism without kin discrimination is unlikely to evolve through population viscosity in bats because dispersal leads to low-average relatedness in the colony or social group. On the other hand, mutually beneficial cooperation, often between unrelated individuals, is found in several bat species. Examples include social thermoregulation, male cooperation for defense of female groups, female cooperation for defense of food and pups, social grooming, and food sharing. Many forms of cooperation in bats likely involve both direct and indirect fitness benefits. Some group-living tropical bat species provide intriguing examples of costly helping behavior between unrelated individuals, but the exact mechanisms that prevent cheating remain to be elucidated.

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Acknowledgments

GGC thanks the support of a Ford Foundation Predoctoral Fellowship. GSW thanks the National Science Foundation for supporting studies on bat social behavior conducted by himself and his past students, JW Boughman and KM Bohn.

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  1. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 2101 Bioscience Research Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Gerald G. Carter & Gerald S. Wilkinson

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  1. Gerald G. Carter
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Correspondence to Gerald G. Carter .

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  1. School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, USA

    Rick A. Adams

  2. Department of Biology, South Dakota State, Brookings, South Dakota, USA

    Scott C. Pedersen

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Carter, G.G., Wilkinson, G.S. (2013). Cooperation and Conflict in the Social Lives of Bats. In: Adams, R., Pedersen, S. (eds) Bat Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7397-8_12

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