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Transgenics : Alternative Gene Transfer Methods

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Sustainable Food Production

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Definition of the Subject

Various techniques and mainly gene cloning , genome sequencing as well as transcriptomics provide researchers with an increasing number of genes. In order to know the role of the genes and the mechanisms of their regulation, it is mandatory to reintroduce them into their natural complex environment, cells, and animals. Transgenesis has thus become a major tool for biologists, and presently, at least 90% of GM animals are generated for basic studies. Transgenesis is not only a tool for research; it is also more and more extensively used for various biotechnological projects in the traditional fields of biology applications: medicine and agriculture.

The information provided by the understanding of the biological functions of humans and animals may give clue for the design of new treatments for patients and selection of farm animals, respectively. Transgenesis has thus become a key tool for the creation of animal models for the study of human diseases. These...

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Abbreviations

Animal cloning:

Non-sexual reproduction of an animal by transfer of a nucleus from a differentiated cell into the cytoplasm of an enucleated oocyte; SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer): cloning using a somatic cell as nuclear donor.

Chimeric animal:

Animal containing cells from two animals; chimeras are obtained by transferring embryonic cells from an animal into a recipient embryo; the chimera gametes contain the genome from one of the two embryos.

Hybrid:

Animal resulting from the sexual reproduction of parents from different breeds (intraspecies hybrid) or parents from different species (interspecies hybrid).

Knockdown:

Inhibition of the expression of a gene at the mRNA level by a siRNA.

Knockin:

Targeted integration of a gene by homologous recombination.

Knockout:

Inactivation of a gene by homologous recombination.

Lentiviral vector:

Gene construction able to integrate a foreign gene into a genome via an infection mechanism.

Meganuclease:

Endonuclease that is able to cut both strands of DNA and enhance the efficiency of homologous recombination.

Pluripotent cell:

Cell that is able to participate in the development of all the organs; lines of pluripotent cells can be established from early embryos (ES: embryonic stem cells) or from somatic cells (iPS: induced pluripotent cells) obtained by the transfer of genes responsible for the pluripotency of embryonic cells.

siRNA:

Small interfering RNA (also known as RNAi) that is able to inactivate specifically an mRNA by its degradation or by the reversible inhibition of its translation; siRNAs are generated by the degradation of long double-stranded RNAs, by the transcription of micro-RNA genes, by the transcription of gene constructions coding for shRNAs (small hairpin RNAs), or by chemical synthesis.

Transgenesis:

Experimental transfer of an isolated gene (or a DNA fragment of any origin) to animal cells making the transmission of the genetic modification to progeny by sexual reproduction possible. The animals harboring the foreign genes are known as transgenic animals, transgenics, GM animals (genetically modified animals), rDNA animals (recombinant DNA animals), or GE animals (genetically engineered animals).

Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN):

Engineered nucleases that are able to cleave both strands of genomic DNA in specific sites. ZFNs as meganucleases are able to induce a DNA repair and a local mutation equivalent to a knockout in the absence of foreign DNA or targeted gene integration at a high efficiency in the presence of a homologous recombination vector.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Institut National de le Recherche Agronomique, Jouy en Josas, 78350, France

    Louis-Marie Houdebine

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  1. Louis-Marie Houdebine
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Correspondence to Louis-Marie Houdebine .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department de Produccio Vegetal i Ciencia Forestal, Universitat de Lleida/ICREA, Lleida, Spain

    Paul Christou

  2. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain

    Paul Christou

  3. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain

    Roxana Savin

  4. University of New England, Marine Science Center, Biddeford, ME, USA

    Barry A. Costa-Pierce

  5. Department of Animal and Dairy Science Breeding and Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

    Ignacy Misztal

  6. The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Developmental Biology, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK

    C. Bruce A. Whitelaw

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Houdebine, LM. (2013). Transgenics : Alternative Gene Transfer Methods . In: Christou, P., Savin, R., Costa-Pierce, B.A., Misztal, I., Whitelaw, C.B.A. (eds) Sustainable Food Production. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5797-8_4

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