Abstract
Work on optimizing battery designs to fit the needs of each emerging application has been an ongoing process since Gaston Planté first demonstrated the lead-acid battery in France in 1859 [1]. This article describes many different commercial lead-acid battery designs and electrical requirements in a wide range of applications. Commercial lead-acid batteries are increasingly used for sustainable energy storage and power system regulation. Their global availability and the low cost of their components, their reliability under many operating conditions and their established recycling industry are among the reasons that the technology is finding additional markets in sustainable energy systems.
This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3
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Abbreviations
- AGM:
-
Absorptive glass mat, a battery separator material.
- Ah:
-
Ampere-hour: dc current multiplied by time of charge or discharge.
- Monopolar cell:
-
String of cells connected in series (+ − + − + −).
- Bipolar plate:
-
Conductive, nonporous substrate with negative active material on one side and positive active material on the opposite side.
- e− :
-
Electron.
- Float V:
-
Voltage applied to sustain battery Ah capacity.
- Flooded cell:
-
Lead-acid cell saturated with aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte.
- Gel cell:
-
Lead-acid cell with a gelling agent added to the electrolyte.
- HEV:
-
Hybrid electric vehicle.
- KVA:
-
Kilovolt amperes, unit of electrical energy in an ac circuit.
- H2SO4 :
-
Reactant at both electrodes; electrolyte when aqueous.
- MSDS:
-
Material safety data sheet (for information on a battery product).
- Pb:
-
Lead metal, the main negative electro-active material.
- PbO2 :
-
Lead dioxide, the main positive electro-active material.
- PbSO4 :
-
Lead sulfate, the discharge product on both electrodes.
- SLI:
-
Starting, lighting and ignition automotive battery.
- UPS:
-
Uninterruptible power system.
- VRLA cell:
-
Lead-acid cell with one-way pressure-relief valve.
Bibliography
Primary Literature
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Battery Council International (BCI), 401 North Michigan Ave, 24th Floor, Chicago, Illinois 60611–4267. www.batterycouncil.org
Bullock KR (1995) Progress and challenges in bipolar lead-acid battery development. J Electrochem Soc 142:1726–1731
Haring HE, Thomas UB (1935) Trans Electrochem Soc 68:293+
Eberts K (1970) In: Collins DH (ed) Power sources 2. Pergamon Press, Oxford, p 69+
McClelland DH (1975) US Patents 3,704,173 and 3,862,361
Misra SS, Mraz SL, Dillon III JD, Swanson DB (2003) VRLA battery with AGM-gel hybrid for superior performance. DB IEECE/IEEE INTELEC’03, paper 19–2. www.ieee.org/publications_standards/index.html
Moseley PT (2010) The work of the advanced lead-acid battery consortium – continuing in the footsteps of Gaston Planté, plenary lecture, Joseph Priestley Society, Chemical Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia
Books and Reviews
Bard AJ, Parsons R, Jordan J (1985) Standard potentials in aqueous solution. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Berndt D (2003) The lead-acid battery system. In: Ecclestone TL, Shepherd PA (eds) Maintenance-free batteries, 3rd edn. Research Press, Baddock
Bode H (1975) Lead acid batteries. Wiley, New York
Bullock KR, Salkind AJ (2011) Valve regulated lead-acid batteries. In: Reddy TB, Linden D (eds) Linden’s handbook of batteries, 4th edn. McGraw Hill, New York (Chap 17)
Bullock KR, Vincent CA (1997) Secondary lead-acid cells. In: Vincent CA, Scrosati B (eds) Modern batteries, 2nd edn. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Rand DAJ, Moseley PT, Garche J, Parker CD (2004) Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries. Elsevier, Amsterdam
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Bullock, K.R. (2013). Lead Acid Battery Systems and Technology for Sustainable Energy . In: Brodd, R. (eds) Batteries for Sustainability. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5791-6_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5791-6_5
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