Abstract
Today AIDS-associated Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) and atypical BL remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients the world over and especially in sub-Saharan Africa. While the overall incidence of BL appears to be stable in the backdrop of HIV infection in the current antiretroviral therapeutic era, there is clearly a trimodal age peak that is now observed and is clearly reflective of AIDS association, a predominance of males persists, and improved understanding of pathogenic mechanisms may shed new light on the disease process especially in HIV-infected patients. Importantly, it is clinically well recognized that it is no longer appropriate to consider AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma as a single disease entity and rather treatment of AIDS lymphoma needs to be tailored to lymphoma subtype. While intensive therapeutic strategies in the western world are clearly improving outcome, in AIDS epicenters of the world and especially sub-Saharan Africa more pragmatic and risk-adapted approaches are clearly needed. We are also likely entering the era of viral-targeted therapeutic approaches that may be impactful in resource-challenged areas of the world and provide new strategies for disease prevention altogether.
Peter M. Mwamba and Scot C. Remick were supported in part by NIH grant nos.: D43 CA153707.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, and Vardiman JW (2008). WHO classification of tumours of haematolpoietic and lymphoid tissues. In: WHO classification of tumours, vol. 2, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon
Centers for Disease Control (1981) Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 30:250–252
Centers for Disease Control (1981) Kaposi’s sarcoma and pneumocystis Pneumonia among homosexual men—New York City and California. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 30:305–308
Centers for Disease Control (1982) Diffuse and undifferentiated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Kaposi’s sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men—New York City and California. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 30:305–308
Doll DC, List AF (1982) Burkitt’s lymphoma in a homosexual. Lancet 1:1026–1027
Ziegler JL, Drew WL, Miner RC, Mintz L, Rosenbaum E, Gershow J, Lennette ET, Greenspan J, Shillitoe E, Beckstead J, Casavant C, Yamamato K (1982) Outbreak of Burkitt’s-like lymphoma in homosexual men. Lancet 2:631–633
Centers for Disease Control (1985) Revision of the case definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome for national reporting—United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 34:373–375
Mwanda (aka Otieno MW) WO, Banura C, Katongole-Mbidde E, Johnson JL, Ghannoum M, Dowlati A, Renne R, Arts E, Whalen C, Lederman MM, Remick SC (2002) Therapeutic challenges of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the United States and East Africa. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:718–732
Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Gail MH, Hall HI, Li J, Chaturvedi AK, Bhatia K, Uldrick TS, Yarchoan R, Goedert JJ, Engels EA (2011) Cancer burden in the HIV-infected population in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 103:753–762
Achenbach CJ, Cole SR, Kitahata MM, Casper C, Willig JH, Mugavero MJ, Saag MS (2011) Mortality after cancer diagnosis in HIV-infected individuals treated with antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 25:691–700
Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Hall HI, Li J, Goedert JJ, Morton LM, Hartge P, Engels EA (2011) Proportions of Kaposi sarcoma, selected non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and cervical cancer in the United States occurring in persons with AIDS, 1980–2007. JAMA 305:1450–1459
Mbulaiteye SM, Anderson WV, Bhatia K, Rosenberg PS, Linet MS, Devsa SS (2010) Trimodal age-specific incidence patterns for Burkitt lymphoma in the United States, 1973–2005. Int J Cancer 126:1732–1739
Lim ST, Karim R, Tulpule A, Nathwani BN, Levine AM (2005) Prognostic factors in HIV-related diffuse large-cell lymphoma: before versus after highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Oncol 23:8477–8482
Bower M, Palmieri C, Dhillon T (2006) AIDS-related malignancies: changing epidemiology and the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin Infect Dis 19:14–19
Bower M, Fisher M, Hill T, Bower M, Fisher M, Hill T, Reeves I, Walsh J, Orkin C, Phillips AN, Bansi L, Gilson R, Easterbrook P, Johnson M, Gazzard B, Leen C, Pillay D, Schwenk A, Anderson J, Porter K, Gompels M, Sabin CA, Steering Committee UKCHIC (2009) CD4 counts and the risk of systemic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in individuals with HIV in the UK. Haematologica 94:875–880
Cote TR, Biggar RJ, Rosenberg PS, Devesa SS, Percy C, Yellin FJ, Lemp G, Hardy C, Geodert JJ, Blattner WA (1997) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among people with AIDS: incidence, presentation and public health burden. AIDS/Cancer Study Group. Int J Cancer 73:645–650
Morton LM, Wang SS, Devesa SS, Hartge P, Weisenburger DD, Linet MS (2006) Lymphoma incidence patterns by WHO subtype in the United States, 1992–2001. Blood 107:265–276
International Collaboration on HIV and Cancer (2000) Highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of cancer in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1823–1830
Kirk O, Pedersen C, Cozzi-Lepri A, Antunes F, Miller V, Gatell JM, Katlama C, Lazzarin A, Skinhøj P, Barton SE, for the EuroSIDA Study Group (2001) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Blood 98:3406–3412
Wolf T, Brodt HR, Fichtlscherer S, Mantzsch K, Hoelzer D, Helm EB, Mitrou PS, Chow KU (2005) Changing incidence and prognostic factors of survival in AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Leuk Lymphoma 46:207–215
Levine AM, Seneviratne L, Espina BM, Wohl AR, Tulpule A, Nathwani BN, Gill PS (2000) Evolving characteristics of AIDS-related lymphoma. Blood 96:4084–4090
Lim ST, Karin R, Nathwani BN, Tulpule A, Espina B, Levine AM (2005) AIDS-related Burkitt’s lymphoma versus diffuse large-cell lymphoma in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and HAART eras: significant differences in survival with standard chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 23:4430–4438
Besson C, Goubar A, Gabarre J, Rozenbaum W, Pialoux G, Châtelet FP, Katlama C, Charlotte F, Dupont B, Brousse N, Huerre M, Mikol J, Camparo P, Mokhtari K, Tulliez M, Salmon-Céron D, Boué F, Costagliola D, Raphaël M (2001) Changes in AIDS-related lymphoma since the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Blood 98:2339–2344
Wabinga HR, Parkin DM, Wabwire-Mangen F, Mugerwa JW (1993) Cancer in Kampala, Uganda, in 1989–91: changes in incidence in the era of AIDS. Int J Cancer 54:26–36
Ziegler JL, Katongole-Mbidde E (1996) Kaposi’s sarcoma in childhood: an analysis of 100 cases from Uganda and relationship to HIV infection. Int J Cancer 65:200–203
Wabinga HR, Parkin DM, Wabwire-Mangen F, Nambooze S (2000) Trends in cancer incidence in Kyadondo County, Uganda, 1960–1997. Br J Cancer 82:1585–1592
Newton R, Ziegler J, Beral V, Mbidde E, Carpenter L, Wabinga H, Mbulaiteye S, Appelby P, Reeves G, Jaffe H, and the Uganda Kaposi’s Sarcoma Study Group (2001) A case–control study of human immunodeficiency virus infection and cancer in adults and children residing in Kampala, Uganda. Int J Cancer 92:622–627
Mbulaiteye SM, Katabira ET, Wabinga H, Parkin DM, Virgo P, Ochai R, Workneh M, Coutinho A, Engels EA (2006) Spectrum of cancers among HIV-infected persons in Africa: the Uganda AIDS-Cancer Registry Match Study. Int J Cancer 118:985–990
Parkin DM, Nambooze S, Wabwire-Mangen F, Wabinga HR (2010) Changing cancer incidence in Kampala, Uganda, 1991–2006. Int J Cancer 126:1187–1195
Mwanda WO, Remick SC, Whalen C (2001) Adult Burkitt’s lymphoma in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection in Africa. Int J Cancer 92:687–691
Cremer KJ, Spring SB, Gruber J (1990) Role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other viruses in malignancies associated with acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:1016–1024
Carbone A (2003) Emerging pathways in the development of AIDS-related lymphomas. Lancet Oncol 4:22–29
Carbone A, Gloghini A, Larocca LM, Capello D, Pierconti F, Canzonieri F, Tirelli U, Dalla-Favera R, Gaidano G (2001) Expression profile of MUM1/IRF4, BCL-6, and CD138/syndecan-1 defines novel histogenetic subsets of human immune-deficiency virus-related lymphomas. Blood 97:744–751
Gaidano G, LoCoco F, Ye BH, Shibata D, Levine AM, Knowles DM (1994) Rearrangements of the bcl-6 gene in AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: association with diffuse large-cell subtype. Blood 84:397–402
Gaidano G, Dalla-Favera R (1997) Molecular pathogenesis of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Adv Cancer Res 67:113–153
Gaidano G, Carbone A, Dalla-Favera R (1998) Genetic basis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphomagenesis. Monogr Natl Cancer Inst 23:95–100
Knowles DM (2003) Etiology and pathogenesis of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 17:785–820
Subar M, Neri A, Inghirami G, Knowles DM, Dalla-Favera R (1988) Frequent c-myc oncogene activation and infrequent presence of Epstein-Barr virus genome in AIDS-associated lymphoma. Blood 72:667–671
Ambinder RF (2001) Epstein-Barr virus associated lymphoproliferations in the AIDS setting. Eur J Cancer 37:1209–1216
Martinez-Maza O, Breen EC (2002) B-cell activation and lymphoma in patients with HIV. Curr Opin Oncol 14:528–532
Taub R, Kirsch I, Morton C, Lenoir G, Swan D, Tronick S, Aaronson S, Leder P (1982) Translocation of the c-myc gene into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in human Burkitt lymphoma and murine plasmacytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:7837–7841
Shiramizu B, Barriga F, Neequaye J, Jafri A, Dalla-Favera R, Neri A, Guttierez M, Levine P, Magrath I (1991) Patterns of chromosomal breakpoint locations in Burkitt’s lymphoma: relevance to geography and Epstein-Barr virus association. Blood 77:1516–1526
Muller JR, Janz S, Goedert JJ, Potter M, Rabkin CS (1995) Persistence of immunoglobulin heavy chain/c-myc recombination-positive lymphocyte clones in the blood of human immunodeficiency virus-infected homosexual men. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:6577–6581
Epeldegui M, Breen EC, Hung YP, Boscardin WJ, Detels R, Martínez-Maza O (2007) Elevated expression of activation induced cytidine deaminase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells precedes AIDS-non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma diagnosis. AIDS 21:2265–2270
Epeldegui M, Hung YP, McQuay A, Ambinder RF, Martinez-Maza O (2007) Infection of human B cells with Epstein-Barr virus results in the expression of somatic hypermutation-inducing molecules and in the accrual of oncogene mutations. Mol Immunol 44:934–942
Lenz G, Staudt LM (2010) Mechanisms of disease. Aggressive lymphomas. New Engl J Med 362:1417–1429
Gong JZ, Stenzel TT, Bennett ER, Lagoo AS, Dunphy CH, Moore JO, Rizzieri DA, Tepperberg JH, Papenhausen P, Buckley PJ (2003) Burkitt lymphoma arising in organ transplant recipients: a clinicopathologic study of five cases. Am J Surg Pathol 27:818–827
Xicoy B, Ribera JM, Esteve J, Brunet S, Sanz MA, Fernández-Abellán P, Feliu E (2003) Post-transplant Burkitt’s leukemia or lymphoma. Study of five cases treated with specific intensive therapy (PETHEMA ALL-3/97 trial). Leuk Lymphoma 44:1541–1543
Blum KA, Lozanski G, Byrd JC (2004) Adult Burkitt leukemia and lymphoma. Blood 104:3009–3020
Little RF, Pittaluga S, Grant N, Steinberg SM, Kavlick MF, Mitsuya H, Franchini G, Gutierrez M, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES, Shearer G, Yarchoan R, Wilson WH (2003) Highly effective treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma with dose-adjusted EPOCH: impact of antiretroviral therapy suspension and tumor biology. Blood 101:4653–4659
Spina M, Tirelli U, Zagonel V, Gloghini A, Volpe R, Babare R, Abbruzzese L, Talamini R, Vaccher E, Carbone A (1998) Burkitt lymphoma in adults with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection: a single institution clinicopathologic study of 75 patients. Cancer 82:766–774
Levine AM, Sullivan-Hailey J, Pike MC, Rarick MU, Loureiro C, Bernstein-Singer M, Wilson E, Brynes R, Parker J, Rasheed S (1991) Human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphoma. Prognostic factors predictive of survival. Cancer 68:2466–2472
Chintu C, Athale UH, Patil PS (1995) Childhood cancers in Zambia before and after the HIV epidemic. Arch Dis Child 73:100–105
Chitsike I, Siziya S (1998) Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type I infection in childhood malignancy in Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 44:242–245
Lazzi S, Ferrari F, Nyongo A, Palummo N, de Milito A, Zazzi M, Leoncini L, Luzi P, Tosi P (1998) HIV-associated malignant lymphomas in Kenya (Equatorial Africa). Hum Pathol 29:1285–1289
Lucas SB, Diomande M, Hounnou A, Beaumel A, Giordano C, Kadio A, Peacock CS, Honde M, De Cock KM (1994) HIV associated-lymphoma in Africa: an autopsy study in Cote d’Ivoire. Int J Cancer 59:20–24
Parkin DM, Garcia-Giannoli H, Raphael M, Martin A, Katongole-Mbidde E, Wabinga H, Ziegler J (2000) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Uganda: a case–control study. AIDS 14:2929–2936
Lubega J (2007) T-helper 1 versus T-helper 2 lymphocyte immunodysregulation is the central factor in the genesis of Burkitt lymphoma: hypothesis. Infect Agent Cancer 2:10. doi:10.1186/1750-9378-2-10, Available from: http://www.infectagentcancer.com
Burmeister T, Schwartz S, Horst HA, Rieder H, Gökbuget N, Hoelzer D, Thiel E (2005) Molecular heterogeneity of sporadic adult Burkitt-type leukemia/lymphoma as revealed by PCR and cytogenetics: correlation with morphology, immunology and clinical features. Leukemia 19:1391–1398
Yarchoan R, Uldrick TS, Little RF (2011) AIDS-associated lymphomas. In: Cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 9th edn. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 2099–2112
Scadden D (2000) Epstein-Barr virus, the CNS, and AIDS-related lymphomas: as close as flame to smoke. J Clin Oncol 18:3323–3324
Cingolani A, Gastaldi R, Fassone L, Pierconti F, Giancola ML, Martini M, De Luca A, Ammassari A, Mazzone C, Pescarmona E, Gaidano G, Larocca LM, Antinori A (2000) Epstein-Barr virus infection is predictive of CNS involvement in systemic AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 18:3325–3330
Orem J, Maganda A, Katongole-Mbidde E, Weiderpass E (2009) Clinical characteristics and outcome of children with Burkitt’s lymphoma in Uganda according to HIV infection. Pediatr Blood Cancer 52:455–458
Bateganya MH, Stanaway J, Brentlinger PE, Magaret AS, Wald A, Orem J, Casper C (2011) Predictors of survival after a diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a resource-limited setting: a retrospective study on the impact of HIV infection and its treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 56:312–319
Carbone PP, Kaplan HS, Musshoff K, Smithers DW, Tubiana M (1979) Report of the Committee on Hodgkin’s disease staging classification. Cancer Res 49:2112–2135
Mwanda WO, Orem J, Fu P, Banura C, Kakembo J, Onyango CA, Ness A, Reynolds S, Johnson JL, Subbiah V, Bako J, Wabinga H, Abdallah FK, Meyerson H, Whalen CC, Lederman MM, Black J, Ayers LW, Katongole-Mbidde E, Remick SC (2009) Dose-modified oral combination chemotherapy in the treatment of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in East Africa. J Clin Oncol 27:3480–3488
Krown S (2011) Cancer in resource-limited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 56:297–299
Burkitt D, Hutt MSR, Wright DH (1965) The African lymphoma. Preliminary observations on response to chemotherapy. Cancer 18:399–410
Burkitt D (1967) Long-term remissions following one and two-dose chemotherapy for African lymphoma. Cancer 20:756–759
Ziegler JL, Magrath IT, Olweny CL (1979) Cure of Burkitt’s lymphoma. Ten-year follow-up of 157 Ugandan patients. Lancet 2:936–938
Olweny CLM, Katongole-Mbidde E, Otim D, Lwanga SK, Magrath IT, Ziegler JL (1980) Long term experience with Burkitt’s lymphoma in Uganda. Int J Cancer 26:261–266
Cairo MS, Sposto R, Perkins SL, Meadows AT, Hoover-Regan ML, Anderson JR, Siegel SE, Lones MA, Tedeschi-Bick N, Kadin ME, Kieldsberg CR, Wilson JF, Sanger W, Morris E, Krailo MD, Finlay JL (2003) Burkitt’s and Burkitt-like lymphoma in children and adolescents: a review of the Children’s Cancer Group experience. Br J Haematol 120:660–670
Bowman WP, Shuster JJ, Cook B, Griffin T, Behm F, Pullen J, Link M, Head D, Carroll A, Berard C, Murphy S (1996) Improved survival for children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and stage IV small non-cleaved-cell lymphoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 14:1252–1261
Magrath I, Adde M, Shad A, Venzon D, Seibel D, Gootenberg J, Neely J, Arndt C, Nieder M, Jaffe E, Wittes RA, Horak ID (1996) Adults and children with small non-cleaved-cell lymphoma have similar excellent outcome when treated with the same chemotherapy regimen. J Clin Oncol 14:925–934
Lacasce A, Howard O, Lib S, Fisher D, Weng A, Neuberg D, Shipp M (2004) Modified Magrath regimens for adults with Burkitt and Burkitt-like lymphomas: preserved efficacy with decreased toxicity. Leuk Lymphoma 45:761–767
Fayad L, Thomas D, Romaquera J (2007) Update of the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience with hyper-CVAD and rituximab for the treatment of mantle cell and Burkitt-type lymphomas. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 8(Suppl 2):S57–S62
Stebbing J, Marvin V, Bower M (2004) The evidence-based treatment of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer Treat Rev 30:249–253
Lim ST, Levine AM (2005) Recent advances in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related lymphoma. CA Cancer J Clin 55:229–241, 260–261, 264
Mounier N, Spina M, Gisselbrecht C (2007) Modern management of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in HIV-infected patients. Br J Haematol 136:685–698
Kaplan LD, Straus DJ, Testa MA, Von Roenn J, Dezube BJ, Cooley TP, Herndier B, Northfelt DW, Huang J, Tulpule A, Levine AM, for the NIAID Clinical Trials Group (1997) New Engl J Med 336:1641–1648
Ratner L, Lee J, Tang S, Redden D, Hamzeh F, Herndier B, Scadden D, Kaplan L, Ambinder R, Levine A, Harrington W, Grochow L, Flexner C, Tan B, Straus D, for the AIDS Malignancy Consortium (2001) Chemotherapy for human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Oncol 19:2171–2178
Sparano JA, Lee S, Chen MG, Nazeer T, Einzig A, Ambinder RF, Henry DH, Manalo J, Li T, Von Roenn JH (2004) Phase II trial of infusional cyclophosamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial (E1494). J Clin Oncol 22:1491–1500
Kaplan LD, Lee JY, Ambinder RJ, Sparano JA, Cesarman E, Chadburn A, Levine AM, Scadden DT (2005) Rituximab does not improve clinical outcome in a randomized phase III trial of CHOP with or without rituximab in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Blood 106:1538–1543
Sparano JA, Lee JY, Kaplan LD, Levine AM, Ramos JC, Ambinder RF, Wachsman W, Aboulafia D, Noy A, Henry DH, Von Roenn J, Dezube BJ, Remick SC, Shah MH, Leichman L, Ratner L, Cesarman E, Chadburn A, Mitsuyasu R, for the AIDS Malignancy Consortium (2010) Rituximab plus concurrent infusional EPOCH chemotherapy is highly effective in HIV-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Blood 115:3008–3016
Galicier L, Fieschi C, Borie R, Meignin V, Daniel MT, Gerard L, Oksenhendler E (2007) Intensive chemotherapy regimen (LMB86) for St. Jude stage IV AIDS-related Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia: a prospective study. Blood 110:2846–2854
Noy A, Kaplan L, Lee J, Cesarman E, Tam W (2011) Modified dose intensive R-CODOX-M/IVAC for HIV-associated Burkitt (BL) (AMC 048) shows efficacy and tolerability, and predictive potential of IRF4/MUM1 expression (2011). Presented at the 13th International Conference on Malignancies in AIDS and Other Acquired Immunodeficiencies, 7–8 November 2011, Bethesda, MD, p 38 (abstract nos. 014)
Sitas F, Pacella-Norman R, Carrara H, Patel M, Ruff P, Sur R, Jentsch U, Hale M, Rowji P, Saffer D, Connor M, Bull D, Newton R, Beral V (2000) The spectrum of HIV-1 related cancers in South Africa. Int J Cancer 88:489–492
Sissolak G, Abayomi EA, Jacobs P (2007) AIDS defining lymphomas in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) – an African perspective. Transfus Apher Sci 37:63–70
Sasco AJ, Jaquet A, Boidin E, Ekouevi DK, Thouillot F, LeMabec T, Forstin M-A, Renaudier P, N’Dom P, Malvy D, Dabis F (2010) The challenge of AIDS-related malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One 5(e8621):1–10
Sissolak G, Juritz J, Sissolak D, Wood L, Jacobs P (2010) Lymphoma – emerging realities in sub-Saharan Africa. Transfus Apher Sci 42:141–150
Hesseling PB, Molyneux E, Tchinsterne F, Welbeck J, McCormick P, Pritchard-Jones K, Wagner H-P (2008) Treating Burkitt’s lymphoma in Malawi, Cameroon, and Ghana. Lancet Oncol 9:512–513
Hesseling PB, Broadhead R, Molyneux E, Borgstein E, Schneider JW, Louw M, Mansvelt EPG, Wessels G (2003) Malawi pilot study of Burkitt lymphoma treatment. Med Pediatr Oncol 41:532–540
Hesseling P, Broadhead R, Mansvelt E, Louw M, Wessels G, Borgstein E, Schneider J, Molyneux E (2005) The 2000 Burkitt lymphoma trial in Malawi. Pediatr Blood Cancer 44:245–250
Orem J, Mwanda WO, Remick SC (2006) Challenges and opportunities for treatment and research of AIDS-related malignancies in Africa. Curr Opin Oncol 18:479–486
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mwamba, P.M., Remick, S.C. (2013). AIDS-Associated Burkitt’s Lymphoma. In: Robertson, E. (eds) Burkitt’s Lymphoma. Current Cancer Research. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4313-1_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4313-1_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-4312-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-4313-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)