Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Ecotones Between Forest and Grassland pp 115–144Cite as

Woody Plant Invasions in Pampa Grasslands: A Biogeographical and Community Assembly Perspective

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Grasslands provide a number of ecosystem services that have been essential to human well-being since pre-historical times (Gibson 2009). Yet they also represent the most endangered terrestrial biome due to conversion into agricultural systems (Sala 2001). The grassland biome covers 15 million km2 (11 %) of the Earth’s surface with non-woody vegetation, excluding deserts and savannas (Sala 2001). Natural grasslands encompass vast regions including the North American Great Plains, the Eurasian steppes of Russia, China and Mongolia, and the South American Pampas (Gibson 2009).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arturi MF, Goya JF (2005) Estructura, dinámica y manejo de los talares del NE de Buenos Aires. In: Arturi MF, Frangi JL, Goya JF (eds) Ecología y manejo de los bosques de Argentina. Universidad de La Plata, La Plata

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldi G, Guerschman JP, Paruelo JM (2006) Characterizing fragmentation in temperate South America grasslands. Agric Ecosyst Environ 116:197–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnosky AD, Lindsey EL (2010) Timing of Quaternary megafaunal extinction in South America in relation to human arrival and climate change. Quat Int 217:10–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond WJ (2008) What limits trees in C4 grasslands and savannas? Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 39:641–659

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond WJ, Woodward FI, Kidgley GF (2005) The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire. New Phytol 165:525–538

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bredenkamp GJ, Spada F, Kazmierczak E (2002) On the origin of northern and southern hemisphere grasslands. Plant Ecol 163:209–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkart A (1975) Evolution of grasses and grasslands in South America. Taxon 24:53–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkart SE, León RJC, Conde MC, Perelman SB (2011) Plant species diversity in remnant grasslands on arable soils in the cropping Pampa. Plant Ecol 212:1009–1024

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera AL (1958) Fitogeografía. In: Aparicio D (ed) La Argentina—Suma de geografía. Peuser, Buenos Aires, pp 101–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera AL (1976) Regiones fitogeográficas Argentinas. In: Ferreira Sobral EF (ed) Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería. ACME, Buenos Aires, pp 1–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera AL, Willink A (1980) Biogeografía de America Latina, Monografías. Secretaría General OEA, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Cagnoni M, Faggi AM, Ribichich A (1996) La vegetación de la Reserva “El Destino” (Partido de Magdalena, Provincia de Buenos Aires). Parodiana 9:25–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnevali R (1994) Fitogeografía de la Provincia de Corrientes Gobierno de la Provincia de Corrientes. INTA, Corrientes

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaneton EJ, Perelman SB, Omacini M, Leon RJC (2002) Grazing, environmental heterogeneity, and alien plant invasions in temperate Pampa grasslands. Biol Invasions 4:7–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaneton EJ, Mazía CN, Machera M, Uchitel A, Ghersa CM (2004) Establishment of honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) on burned pampean grasslands. Weed Technol 18:1325–1329

    Google Scholar 

  • Christy M (1892) Why are the prairies treeless? Proc R Geogr Soc Mon Rec 14:78–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciccero P, Balabusic A (1994) Plan de Manejo Parque Nacional el Palmar. Administración de Parques Nacionales, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawley MJ (1987) What makes a community invasible? In: Gray AJ, Crawley MJ, Edwards PJ (eds) Colonization, succession and stability. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 429–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuevas YA, Zalba SM (2011) Recovery of native grasslands after removing invasive pines. Restor Ecol 18:711–719

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Antonio CM, Dudley TL, Mack M (1999) Disturbance and biological invasions: direct effects and feedbacks. In: Walker LR (ed) Ecosystems of disturbed ground. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 413–452

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin C (1893) Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by the H.M.S. Beagle. Henry Colburn, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis MA, Wrage KJ, Reich PB (1998) Competition between tree seedlings and herbaceous vegetation: support for a theory of resource supply and demand. J Ecol 86:652–661

    Google Scholar 

  • De la Fuente EB, Suárez SA, Ghersa CM (2006) Soybean weed community composition and richness between 1995 and 2003 in the Rolling pampas (Argentina). Agric Ecosyst Environ 115:229–236

    Google Scholar 

  • De Patta Pillar V, Müller SC, de Souza Castilhos ZM, Ávila Jacques AV (2009) Campos sulinos—conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasilia

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitri MJ, Rial OR (1955) La protección de la naturaleza en la provincia de Entre Ríos. Natura 2:135–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Distel RA, Pelaez DV, Bóo RM, Mayor MD, Délia ER (1996) Growth of Prosopis caldenia seedlings in the field as related to grazing history of the site and in a greenhouse as related to different levels of competition from Stipa tenuis. J Arid Environ 32:251–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Dukes JS, Mooney HA (1999) Does global change increase the success of biological invaders? Trends Ecol Evol 14:135–139

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dussart E, Lerner P, Peinetti R (1998) Long-term dynamics of two populations of Prosopis caldenia Burkart. J Range Manage 51:685–691

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellenberg VH (1962) Wald in der Pampa Argentiniens? Veröff Geobot Inst ETH Stiftung Rübel Zürich 37:39–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Elton CS (1958) The ecology of invasions by plants and animals. Chapman & Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Facelli JM, León RJC (1986) El establecimiento espontáneo de árboles en La Pampa Un enfoque experimental. Phytocoenologia 14:263–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández OA, Busso CA (1999) Arid and semi-arid rangelands: two thirds of Argentina. In: Arnalds O, Archer S (eds) Case studies of rangeland desertification. Agricultural Research Institute Report No. 200, Reykjavik, pp 41–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Funk JL, Cleland EE, Suding KN, Zavaleta ES (2008) Restoration through reassembly: plant traits and invasion resistance. Trends Ecol Evol 23:695–703

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garavaglia JC (1999a) Pastores y labradores de Buenos Aires. Una historia agraria de la campaña bonaerense 1700–1830. Ed. de la Flor, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  • Garavaglia JC (1999b) Un siglo de estancias en la campaña de Buenos Aires: 1751–1853. Hisp Am Hist Rev 79:703–734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghersa CM, León RJC (1998) Ecología del paisaje pampeano: consideraciones para su manejo y conservación. In: Contin M (ed) El patrimonio paisajista: aspectos sociales y ambientales. LINTA-CIC, La Plata, Argentina. pp 61–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghersa CM, León RJC (1999) Successional changes in agroecosystems of the Rolling pampa. In: Walker LR (ed) Ecosystems of disturbed ground, Ecosystems of the world 16. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 487–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghersa CM, De la Fuente E, Suarez S, León RJC (2002) Woody species invasion in the rolling Pampa grasslands, Argentina. Agric Ecosyst Environ 88:271–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson DJ (2009) Grasses and grassland ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Goveto L (2006) Historical fire occurrence in the savanna of El Palmar National Park: climatic and floristic evidences. MSc thesis, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  • Henning I (1988) The Pampas problem [Zum Pampa-Problem]. Erde 119:25–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs RJ (2000) Land-use changes and invasions. In: Mooney HA, Hobbs RJ (eds) Invasive species in a changing world. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 55–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs RJ, Huenneke LF (1992) Disturbance, diversity, and invasion implications for conservation. Conserv Biol 6:324–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe HF, Smallwood J (1982) Ecology of seed dispersal. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 13:201–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Iriarte J (2006) Vegetation and climate change since 14,810 14C yr B.P. in southeastern Uruguay and implications for the rise of early Formative societies. Quat Res 65:20–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Iriondo M (1999) Climatic changes in the South American plains: records of a continent-scale oscillation. Quat Int 57(58):93–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson CN (2009) Ecological consequences of Late Quaternary extinctions of megafauna. Proc R Soc Lond B 276:2509–2519

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keddy PA (1992) Assembly and response rules: two goals for predictive community ecology. J Veg Sci 3:157–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamarque LJ, Delson S, Lortie CJ (2011) Tree invasions a comparative test of the dominant hypotheses and functional traits. Biol Invasions 13(9):1969–1989

    Google Scholar 

  • León RJC, Anderson DL (1983) El límite occidental del pastizal pampeano. Tuexenia 3:67–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner P (2005) El Caldenal: dinámica de poblaciones de caldén y procesos de expansión de leñosas en pastizales. In: Arturi MF, Frangi JL, Goya JF (eds) Ecología y manejo de los bosques de Argentina. Universidad de La Plata, La Plata

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner P, Peinetti R (1996) Importance of predation and germination losses from the seed bank of caldén (Prosopis caldenia). J Range Manage 49:147–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine JM, Adler PB, Yelenik SG (2004) A meta-analysis of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasions. Ecol Lett 7:975–989

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood JL, Cassey P, Blackburn T (2005) The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 20:223–228

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mack RN (2003) Phylogenetic constraints, absent life forms, and preadapted alien plants: a prescription for biological invasions. Int J Plant Sci 164:S185–S196

    Google Scholar 

  • Markgraf V, McGlone M, Hope G (1995) Neogene paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic change in southern temperate ecosystems – a southern perspective. Trends Ecol Evol 10:143–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Crovetto R, Piccinini BG (1950) La vegetación de la República Argentina 1—Los palmares de Butia yatay. Rev Investig Agric 4:153–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazía CN, Chaneton EJ, Ghersa CM, León RJC (2001) Limits to tree species invasion in pampean grassland and forest plant communities. Oecologia 128:594–602

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazía CN, Chaneton EJ, Machera M, Uchitel A, Feler MV, Ghersa CM (2010) Antagonistic effects of large- and small-scale disturbances on exotic tree invasion in a native tussock grassland relict. Biol Invasions 12:3109–3122

    Google Scholar 

  • Milton SJ, Wilson JRU, Richardson RM, Seymour CL, Dean WRJ, Iponga DM, Proches S (2007) Invasive alien plants infiltrate bird-mediated shrub nucleation processes in arid savanna. J Ecol 95:648–661

    Google Scholar 

  • Montaldo N (1993) Dispersión por aves y éxito reproductivo de dos especies de Ligustrum en un relicto de selva subtropical en la Argentina. Rev Chil Hist Nat 66:75–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers JA, Harms KE (2009) Seed arrival, ecological filters, and plant species richness: a meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 12:1250–1260

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nores M, Cerana MM, Serra DA (2005) Dispersal of forest birds and trees along the Uruguay River in southern South America. Divers Distrib 11:205–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Parodi LR (1940) La distribución geográfica de los talares de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Darwiniana 4:33–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Parodi LR (1942) Por qué no existen bosques naturales en la llanura bonariense si los árboles crecen en ella cuando se los cultiva? Rev Cent Estud Agron 30:387–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Parodi LR (1947) La estepa pampeana. In: Hauman L, Burkart AE, Parodi LR, Cabrera AL (eds) La vegetación de la Argentina. GAEA Geografía de la República Argentina, Buenos Aires, pp 143–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Peláez DV, Bóo RM, Delía ER (1992) Emergence and seedling survival of calden in the semiarid region of Argentina. J Range Manage 45:564–568

    Google Scholar 

  • Perelman SB, León RJC, Oesterheld M (2001) Cross-scale vegetation patterns of Flooding pampa grasslands. J Ecol 89:562–577

    Google Scholar 

  • Prieto AR (1996) Late Quaternary vegetational and climatic changes in the Pampa grassland of Argentina. Quat Res 45:73–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Prieto AR (2000) Vegetational history of the late glacial-Holocene transition in the grasslands of eastern Argentina. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 157:167–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Prieto AR, Blasi AM, De Francesco CG, Fernández C (2004) Environmental history since 11,000 14C year B.P. of the northeastern Pampas, Argentina, from alluvial sequences of the Luján river. Quat Res 62:146–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Rejmánek M, Richardson DA (1996) What attributes make some plant species more invasive? Ecology 77:1655–1661

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribichich AM (2002) El modelo clásico de la fitogeografía de Argentina: un análisis crítico. Interciencia 27:669–675

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribichich AM, Protomastro J (1998) Woody vegetation structure of xeric forest stands under different edaphic conditions and disturbance histories in the Biosphere Reserve ‘Parque Costero del Sur’, Argentina. Plant Ecol 139:189–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson DA, Rejmánek M (2011) Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species—a global review. Divers Distrib 17:788–809

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs RE, Schluter D (1993) Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Riginos C (2009) Grass competition suppresses tree growth across multiple demographic stages. Ecology 90:335–340

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolhauser AG, Biganzoli F, Pignataro G, Nordenstahl M, Batista WB (2007) Distribución de las poblaciones arbóreas en el paisaje del Parque Nacional El Palmar. In: Matteucci SD (ed) Panorama de la Ecología de Paisajes en Argentina y Países Sudamericanos. Ediciones INTA, Buenos Aires, pp 329–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolhauser AG, Chaneton EJ, Batista WB (2011) Influence of conspecific and heterospecific adults on riparian tree species establishment during encroachment of a humid palm savanna. Oecologia 167:141–148

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sala OE (2001) Temperate grasslands. In: Chapin FS, Sala OE, Huber-Sannwald E (eds) Global biodiversity in a changing environment: scenarios for the 21st century. Springer, New York, pp 121–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Sankaran M, Ratnam J, Hanan NP (2004) Tree-grass coexistence in savannas revisited—insights from an examination of assumptions and mechanisms invoked in existing models. Ecol Lett 7:480–490

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmieder O (1927) The Pampa—a natural or culturally induced grassland? Univ Calif Publ Geogr 2(8):255–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff D (2009) The role of propagule pressure in biological invasions. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 40:81–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff D, Nuñez MA, Ledgard NJ, Pauchard A, Richardson DM, Sarasola M, Van Wilgen BW, Zalba SM, Zenni RD, Bustamante R, Peña E, Ziller SR (2010) Spread and impact of introduced conifers in South America: lessons from other southern hemisphere regions. Austral Ecol 35:489–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Skellam JG (1951) Random dispersal in theoretical populations. Biometrika 38:196–212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smit C, Ouden JD, Müller-Scharer H (2006) Unpalatable plants facilitate tree sapling survival in wooded pastures. J Appl Ecol 43:305–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Soriano A (1992) Río de la Plata grasslands. In: Coupland RT (ed) Natural grasslands: introduction and western hemisphere, Ecosystems of the world 8A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 367–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapson AJ (1962) Indian warfare on the Pampa during the colonial period. Hisp Am Hist Rev 42:1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Tecchi RA (1983) Contenido de silicofitolitos en suelos del sector sudoriental de la Pampa Ondulada. Ciencia del Suelo 1:75–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Tecco PA, Gurvich DE, Díaz S, Pérez-Harguindeguy N, Cabido M (2006) Positive interaction between invasive plants: the influence of Pyracantha angustifolia on the recruitment of native and exotic woody species. Austral Ecol 31:293–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Theoharides KA, Dukes JA (2007) Plant invasion across space and time: factors affecting nonindigenous species success during four stages of invasion. New Phytol 176:256–273

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tognetti PM, Chaneton EJ, Omacini M, Trebino HJ, León RJC (2010) Exotic vs. native plant dominance over 20 years of old-field succession on set-aside farmland in Argentina. Biol Conserv 143:2494–2503

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonni EP, Cione AL, Figini AJ (1999) Predominance of arid climates indicated by mammals in the pampas of Argentina during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 147:257–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Valiente-Banuet A, Rumebe AV, Verdú M, Callaway RM (2006) Modern Quaternary plant lineages promote diversity through facilitation of ancient Tertiary lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:16812–16817

    Google Scholar 

  • Vega E, Baldi G, Jobbágy EG, Paruelo JM (2009) Land use change patterns in the Rı´o de la Plata grasslands: the influence of phytogeographic and political boundaries. Agric Ecosyst Environ 134:287–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermeij GJ (2005) Invasion as expectation: a historical fact of life. In: Sax DE, Stachowicz JJ, Gaines SD (eds) Species invasions: insights into ecology, evolution, and biogeography. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, pp 315–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Villalobos AE, Pelaez DV, Délia ER (2005) Factors related to establishment of Prosopis caldenia Burk seedlings in central rangelands of Argentina. Acta Oecol 27:99–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Villalobos AE, Pelaez DV, Bóo RM, Mayor MD, Délia ER (2007) Effect of a postfire environment on the establishment of Prosopis caldenia seedlings in central semiarid Argentina. Austral Ecol 32:581–591

    Google Scholar 

  • Villalobos AE, Zalba SM, Pelaez RV (2011) Pinus halepensis invasion in mountain pampean grassland: effects of feral horses grazing on seedling establishment. Environ Res 111:953–959

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walter H (1967) Das Pampaproblem in vergleichend-ökologischer Betrachtung und seine Lösung. Erdkunde 21:181–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb SD (1978) A history of savanna vertebrates in the new world. Part II: South America and the great interchange. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 9:393–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker RH (1975) Communities and ecosystems. Macmillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson M (1996) Biological invasions. Chapman & Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Yazawa T (1989) The Pampa problem: a critical review. Geogr Rev Jpn Ser A 62:389–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Zalba SM, Villamil CB (2002) Woody plant invasion in relictual grasslands. Biol Invasions 4:55–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Zalba SM, Cuevas YA, Bóo RM (2008) Invasion of Pinus halepensis Mill following a wildfire in an Argentina grassland nature reserve. J Environ Manage 88:538–546

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are most grateful to Professor Rolando León for inspiration and discussion, and Randall Myster for the invitation to contribute to this volume. We thank the National Parks Administration of Argentina for permission to work at El Palmar, and the staff of Estancia San Claudio for logistic assistance. Our research is partly funded by Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (FONCYT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), and Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBACYT grant scheme).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IFEVA–CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, 1417, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Enrique J. Chaneton & Claudio M. Ghersa

  2. Cátedra de Dasonomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, 1417, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Noemí Mazía

  3. IFEVA–CONICET and Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, 1417, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    William B. Batista

  4. Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza (Oeste) 599, Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina

    Andrés G. Rolhauser

Authors
  1. Enrique J. Chaneton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Noemí Mazía
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. William B. Batista
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Andrés G. Rolhauser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Claudio M. Ghersa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Enrique J. Chaneton .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Biology Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 74078, Oklahoma, USA

    Randall W. Myster

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chaneton, E.J., Mazía, N., Batista, W.B., Rolhauser, A.G., Ghersa, C.M. (2012). Woody Plant Invasions in Pampa Grasslands: A Biogeographical and Community Assembly Perspective. In: Myster, R. (eds) Ecotones Between Forest and Grassland. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3797-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation