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Unconventional Computing, Novel Hardware for

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Computational Complexity

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Article Outline

Glossary

Definition of the Subject

Introduction

Constructing Electrical Analog of Reaction-Diffusion Systems

Digital CMOS Reaction‐Diffusion Chips

Analog CMOS Reaction‐Diffusion Chip

Reaction-Diffusion Computing Devices Based on Minority-Carrier Transport in Semiconductors

Single‐Electron Reaction‐Diffusion System

Collision‐Based RD Computers

Future Directions

Bibliography

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Abbreviations

Analog circuit:

An electronic circuit that operates with currents and voltages that vary continuously with time and have no abrupt transitions between levels. Since most physical quantities, e. g., velocity and temperature, vary continuously, as does audio, an analog circuit provides the best means of representing them.

Current mirror:

A circuit that copies single input current to single (or multiple) output nodes. Two types of current mirrors exist; nMOS for current sinks and pMOS for current sources. Combining both types of current mirrors, one can invert a direction of currents; e. g., sink to source or source to sink.

Digital circuit:

An electronic circuit that can take on only a finite number of states. Binary (two-state) digital circuits are the most common. The two possible states of a binary circuit are represented by the binary digits, or bits, 0 and 1. The simplest forms of digital circuits are built from logic gates, the building blocks of the digital computer.

Diode:

A device that allows current flow only in one direction. Chemical diode allows for propagation of chemical waves only in one direction.

Flip-flop circuit:

A synchronous bistable device where the output changes state only when the clock input is triggered. That is, changes in the output occur in synchronization with the clock.

Floating‐gate transistor:

A device consisting of a control gate, floating gate and the thin oxide layer; when floating gate is given an electrical charge, the charge is trapped in the insulating think oxide layer. The transistors are used as non‐volatile storage devices because they store electrical charge for a long time without powering.

LSI, large-scale integration circuit:

An electronic circuit built on a semiconductor substrate, usually one of single‐crystal silicon. It contains from 100 to 1000 transistors. Some LSI circuits are analog devices; an operational amplifier is an example. Other LSI circuits, such as the microprocessors used in computers, are digital devices.

Minority‐carrier transport:

A physical phenomenon in forwardly‐biased semiconductor p‑n junctions. Minority carriers are generated in both area of p- and n‑type semiconductors. For p‑type semiconductors, the minority carriers are electrons, while they are holes in n‑type semiconductors. Once minority carriers are generated, they diffuse among the semiconductor and finally disappears by the recombination of electrons and holes.

nMOS FET:

Abbreviation of n‑type metal-oxide‐semiconductor field effect transistor, where semiconductor is negatively charged so the transistors are controlled by movement of electrons; these transistors have three modes of operation: cut-off, triode, and saturation (active).

pMOS FET:

A device which works by analogy to nMOS FET but the transistors are moved on and off by movement of electron vacancies.

Single‐electron circuit:

An electrical circuit that is functionally constructed by controlling movements of single electrons. Single‐electron circuit consists of tunneling junctions and electrons are controlled by using physical phenomena called the Coulomb blockade.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

    Tetsuya Asai

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  1. Tetsuya Asai
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, 122 Escalle Lane, Larkspur, CA, 94939, USA

    Robert A. Meyers Ph. D. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

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Asai, T. (2012). Unconventional Computing, Novel Hardware for. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Computational Complexity. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1800-9_202

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