Skip to main content

The Nutrient Requirements of Cultured Mammalian Cells

  • Chapter
Advances in Nutritional Research

Part of the book series: Advances in Nutritional Research ((ANUR,volume 4))

Abstract

This chapter seeks to bridge a gap in current research by analyzing the nutrient requirements of cultured mammalian cells from a perspective that is usually applied only to nutritional studies with intact animals. The combined experience of the authors includes both whole-animal nutrition and the growth requirements of cultured cells. In order to make our presentation clear to members of both disciplines, it is necessary to begin by comparing a number of concepts and specific terms from the two fields.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ambesi-Impiombato, F. S., Parks, L. A. M., and Coon, H. G., 1980, Culture of hormone-dependent functional epithelial cells from rat thyroids, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:3455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Medical Association, 1979, Guidelines for essential trace element preparations for parenteral use, J. Parenteral Enteral Nutr. 3:263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D., and Sato, G., 1980, Methods for growth of cultured cells in serum-free medium, Anal. Biochem. 102:255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bettger, W. J., and Ham, R. G., 1981, Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and antioxidants on the clonal growth of human diploid fibroblasts, Prog. Lipid Res., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettger, W. J., Boyce, S. T., Walthall, B. J., and Ham, R. G., 1981, Rapid clonal growth and serial passage of human diploid fibroblasts in a lipid-enriched, synthetic medium supplemented with EGF, insulin and dexamethasone, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, R. J., and Weiss, K. W., 1956, Amino Acid Handbook, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, R. L., Rosenberger, P. G., and Klebe, R. J., 1976, Carbohydrate perferences of mammalian cells, J. Cell. Physiol. 88:307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, K. Y., and Haschke, R. H., 1981, Trophic effect of rabbit corneal cells on trigeminal neurons in coculture, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaproniere-Rickenberg, D., and Webber, M. M., 1980, A synthetic medium for the growth of primary cultures of adult human prostatic epithelium, In Vitro 16:214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H. W., and Kandutsch, A. A., 1981, Cholesterol requirement for cell growth: Endogenous synthesis vs. exogenous sources, in: The Growth Requirements of Vertebrate Cells in Vitro (C. Waymouth, R. G. Ham, and P. J. Chappie, eds.), Cambridge University Press, New York, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christophers, E., 1974, Growth stimulation of cultured post embryonic epidermal cells by vitamin A acid, J. Invest. Dermatol. 63:450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clo, C., Orlandini, G. C., Casti, A., and Guarnieri, C., 1976, Polyamines as growth stimulating factors in eukaryotic cells, Ital. J. Biochem. 25:94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clo, C., Calderera, C. M., Tantini, B., Benalal, D., and Bachrach, U., 1979, Polyamines and cellular adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate, Biochem. J. 182:641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corfield, V. A., and Hay, R. J., 1978, Effects of cystine or glutamine restriction on human diploid fibroblasts in culture, In Vitro 14:787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornwell, D. G., Huttner, J. J., Milo, G. E., Panganamala, R. V., Sharma, H. M., and Geer, J. C., 1979, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, and the proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells, Lipids 14:194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, J. L., and Hokin, L. E., 1974, The sodium-potassium adenosin triphosphatase, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 43:327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeDuve, C., and Hayaishi, O., 1978, Tocopherol, Oxygen and Biomembranes, Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLuca, H. F., 1980, Some new concepts emanating from a study of the metabolism and function of vitamin D, Nutr. Rev. 38:169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demetrakopoulos, G. E., Gonzalez, F., Colofiore, J., and Amos, H., 1977, Growth of chick and mammalian cells on D-xylose, Exp. Cell Res. 106:167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eagle, H., 1959, Amino acid metabolism in mammalian cell cultures, Science 130:432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eagle, H., 1973, The effect of environmental pH on the growth of normal and malignant cells, J. Cell. Physiol. 82:1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eagle, H., and Levintow, L., 1965, Amino acid and protein metabolism. I. The metabolic characteristics of serially propagated cells, in: Cells and Tissues in Culture (E. N. Willmer, ed.), pp. 277–296, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagle, H., and Piez, K., 1962. The population-dependent requirement by cultured mammalian cells for metabolites which they can synthesize, J. Exp. Med. 116:29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enesco, M., and Leblond, C. P., 1962, Increase in cell number as a factor in the growth of organs and tissues of the young male rat, J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 10:530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felig, P., 1975, Amino acid metabolism in man, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44:933.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, J., Melcher, A. H., Brunette, D. M., and Moe, H. K., 1977, Determination of L-ascorbic acid levels in culture medium: Concentrations in commercial media and maintenance of levels under conditions of organ culture, In Vitro 13:91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, C. F., 1981, Control of Cellular Division and Development, 1980 1CN-UCLA Symposium, Alan R. Liss, New York, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaull, G., Sturman, J. A., and Raiha, N. C. R., 1972, Development of mammalian sulfur metabolism: Absence of cystathionase in human fetal tissues, Pediatr. Res. 6:538.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodhart, R. S., and Shils, M. E., 1980, Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, Sixth Edition, Henry Kimpton Publishers, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, R. R., Hamilton, R. D., and Hopkins, N. K., 1979, Stimulation of human foreskin fibroblast adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate levels by prostacyclin, J. Biol. Chem. 254:1671.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groelke, J. W., Baseman, J. B., and Amos, H., 1979, Regulation of the G1 → S phase transition in chick embryo fibroblasts with i-keto acids and L-alanine, J. Cell. Physiol. 101:391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guyton, A. C., 1971, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Fourth Edition, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R.G., 1962, Clonal growth of diploid Chinese hamster cells in a synthetic medium supplemented with purified proteins fractions, Exp. Cell Res. 28:489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R. G., 1963, An improved nutrient solution for diploid Chinese hamster and human cell lines, Exp. Cell Res. 29:515.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R. G., 1964, Putrescine and related amines as growth factors for a mammalian cell line, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 14:34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R. G., 1965, Clonal growth of mammalian cells in a chemically defined, synthetic medium, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 53:288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R. G., 1972, Cloning of mammalian cells, Methods Cell Physiol. 5:37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R. G., 1974a, Nutritional requirements of primary cultures. A neglected problem of modern biology, In Vitro 10:119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R. G., 1974b, Unique requirements for clonal growth, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53:1459.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R. G., 1980, Dermal fibroblasts, Methods Cell Biol. 21A:255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R. G., 1981, Survival and growth requirements of nontransformed cells, in: The Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 57 (R. Baserga, ed.), p. 13, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R. G., and McKeehan, W. L., 1978a, Development of improved media and culture conditions for clonal growth of normal diploid cells, In Vitro 14:11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R. G., and McKeehan, W. L., 1978b, Nutritional requirements for clonal growth of non-transformed cells, in: Nutritional Requirements of Cultured Cells (H. Katsuta, ed.), pp. 63–115, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R. G., and McKeehan, W. L., 1979, Media and growth requirements, Methods Enzymol. 58:44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, R. G., Hammond, S. L., and Miller, L. L., 1977, Critical adjustment of cysteine and glutamine concentrations for improved clonal growth of WI-38 cells, In Vitro 13:1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, A. E., 1964, Amino acid toxicities and imbalances, in: Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Vol. 2 (H. N. Munro and J. B. Allison, eds.), pp. 87–134, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, C. C., Trump, B. F., and Stoner, G. D., 1980, Normal Human Tissue and Cell Culture. Methods in Cell Biology, Vols. 21A and 21B, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennings, H., Michael, D., Cheng, C., Steinert, P., Holbrook, K., and Yuspa, S. H., 1980, Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in culture, Cell 19:245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higuchi, K., 1973, Cultivation of animal cells in chemically defined media, a review, Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 16:111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holman, R. T., 1968, Essential fatty acid deficiency, Prog. Chem. Fats Other Lipids 9:279.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, R., Helms, J., and Mercer, G., 1969, Cholesterol requirement of primary diploid human fibroblasts, J. Cell Biol. 42:262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iscove, N. N., and Melchers, F., 1978, Complete replacement of serum by albumin, transferrin, and soybean lipid in cultures of lipopolysaccharide-reactive B lymphocytes, J. Exp. Med. 147:923.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakoby, W. B., and Pastan, I. H., 1979, Cell Culture Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 58, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, S. J., and Ham, R. G., 1981, Clonal growth of primary cultures of rabbit chondrocytes in a defined medium, In Vitro 17:238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez de Asua, L., Clingan, D., and Rudland, P. S., 1975, Initiation of cell proliferation in cultured mouse fibroblasts by prostaglandin F2α, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72:2724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez de Asua, L., Levi-Montalcini, R., Shields, R., and Iacobelli, S., 1980, Control Mechanisms in Animal Cells: Specific Growth Factors, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kano-Sueoka, T., Cohen, D. M., Yamaizuimi, Z., Nishimura, S., Mori, M., and Fujiki, H., 1979, Phosphoethanolamine as a growth factor of a mammary carcinoma cell line of rat, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76:5741.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, J. G., 1978, Membrane cation transport and the control of proliferation of mammalian cells, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 40:19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katsuta, H., 1978, Nutritional Requirements of Cultured Cells, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katsuta, H., and Takaoka, T., 1973, Cultivation of cells in protein- and lipid-free synthetic media, Methods Cell Biol. 6:1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, M. E., and Spector, A. A., 1981, Lipid metabolism in cultured cells, in: The Growth Requirements of Vertebrate Cells in Vitro (C. Waymouth, R. G. Ham, and P. J. Chappie, eds.), Cambridge University Press, New York, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knopf, K., Sturman, J. A., Armstrong, M., and Hayes, K. C., 1978, Taurine: An essential nutrient for the cat, J. Nutr. 108:773.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, C. J., and Biaglow, J. E., 1978, Toxicity, radiation sensitivity modification, and metabolic effects of dehydroascorbate and ascorbate in mammalian cells, J. Cell Physiol. 94:299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kutsky, R. J., 1973, Handbook of Vitamins and Hormones, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leffert, H. L., 1980, Growth Regulation by Ion Fluxes, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 339, New York Academy of Sciences, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leivobitz, A., 1963, The growth and maintenance of tissue-cell cultures in free gas exchange with the atmosphere, Am. J. Hyg. 78:173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levintow, L., and Eagle, H., 1961, Biochemistry of cultured mammalian cells, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 30:605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mather, J. P., and Sato, G. H., 1979, The use of hormone-supplemented serum-free media in primary cultures, Exp. Cell Res. 124:215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeehan, W. L., and Ham, R. G., 1978, Phospholipid vesicles as synthetic, defined carriers for lipids in aqueous culture media, In Vitro 14:353.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeehan, W. L., and McKeehan, K. A., 1979, Oxocarboxylic acids, pyridine nucleotide-linked oxidoreductases and serum factors in regulation of cell proliferation, J. Cell Physiol. 101:9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeehan, W. L., McKeehan, K. A., Hammond, S. L., and Ham, R. G., 1977, Improved medium for clonal growth of human diploid fibroblasts at low concentrations of serum protein, In Vitro 13:399.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng, H. C., 1977, Parenteral nutrition: Principles, nutrient requirements, techniques, and clinical applications, in: Nutritional Support of Medical Practice (H. A. Schneider, C. E. Anderson, and D. B. Cousin, eds.), pp. 152–183, Harper & Row, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messmer, T. O., and Young, D. V., 1977, The effects of biotin and fatty acids on SV3T3 cell growth in the presence of normal calf serum, J. Cell. Physiol. 90:265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, J. F., 1958, Tissue culture nutrition, Bacteriol. Rev. 22:20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morton, H. J., 1970, A survey of commercially available tissue culture media, In Vitro 6:89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munro, H. N., 1969, Evolution of protein metabolism in mammals, in: Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Vol. III (H. N. Munro, ed.), pp. 133–182, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neugut, A. I., and Weinstein, I. B., 1979, Growth limitation of BHK-21 and its relation to folate metabolism, In Vitro 15:363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuman, R. E., and McCoy, T. A., 1958, Growth-promoting properties of pyruvate, oxalacetate and α-ketoglutarate for isolated Walker carcinosarcoma 256 cells, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 98:303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R. E., and Suttie, J. W., 1977, Vitamin K and γ-carboxyglutamate biosynthesis, Vitam. Horm. 35:59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orly, J., and Sato, G., 1979, Fibronectin mediates cytokinesis and growth of rat follicular cells in serum-free medium, Cell 17:295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pagano, R. E., and Weinstein, J. N., 1978, Interactions of liposomes with mammalian cells, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 7:435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pardee, A. B., Dubrow, R., Hamlin, J. L., and Kietzein, R. F., 1978, Animal cell cycle, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 47:715.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, M. K., Jr., 1972, Uptake and utilization of amino acids by cell cultures, in: Growth, Nutrition, and Metabolism of Cells in Culture (G. H. Rothblat and V. J. Cristofalo, eds.), pp. 171–209, Academic Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Peehl, D. M., and Ham, R. G., 1980, Clonal growth of human keratinocytes with small amounts of dialyzed serum, In Vitro 16:526.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrin, D. D., and Agarwal, R. P., 1973, Multimetal-multiligand equilibria: A model for biological systems, in: Metal Ions in Biological Systems (H. Sigel, ed.), PP.168–206, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pike, R. L., and Brown, M. L., 1975, Nutrition: An Integrated Approach, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitzer, L. J., Wice, B. M., and Kenneil, D., 1979, Evidence that glutamine, not sugar, is the major energy source for cultured HeLa cells. J. Biol. Chem. 254:2669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzino, A., Rizzino, H., and Sato, G., 1979, Defined media and the determination of nutritional and hormonal requirements of mammalian cells in culture, Nutr. Rev. 37:369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothblat, G. H., and Cristofalo, V. J., 1972, Growth, Nutrition and Metabolism of Cells in Culture, Three Vols., Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, D. W., Starman, B. J., Fujimoto, W. Y., and Williams, R. H., 1977, Differences in growth response to hydrocortisone and ascorbic acid by human diploid fibroblasts, In Vitro 13:824.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, H., and Koide, T., 1976, Mutual potentiation by magnesium and calcium of growth in animal cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelsson, B., Goldyne, M., Granstrom, E., Hamberg, M., Hammerstrom, S., and Malmstem, C., 1978, Prostaglandins and thromboxanes, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 47:997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, G. H., and Ross, R., 1979, Hormones and Cell Culture, Books A and B, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, P. D., and Buchwald, H., 1979, Total paranteral nutrition and elemental diets in: Quick Reference to Clinical Nutrition (S. L. Halpern, ed.), pp. 295–302, J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. P., and Johnson, G. S., 1976, Metabolic effects of glucose deprivation and of various sugars in normal and transformed cell lines, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 173:237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L. C., Pownall, H. J., and Gotto, A. M., Jr., 1978, The plasma lipoproteins: Structure and metabolism, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 47:751.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. R., 1981, The fat soluble vitamins, in: The Growth Requirements of Vertebrate Cells In Vitro (C. Waymouth, R. G. Ham, and P. J. Chappie, eds.), Cambridge University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. L., and Goos, S. M., 1980, Selenium nutritive in total paranteral nutrition: Intake levels, J. Parenteral Enteral Nutr. 4:23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spector, A. A., 1972, Fatty acid, glyceride, and phospholipid metabolism, in: Growth, Nutrition and Metabolism of Cells in Culture, Vol. 1 (G. H. Rothblat and V. J. Cristofalo, eds.), pp. 257–296, Academic Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sporn, M. B., Dunlop, N. M., and Yuspa, S. H., 1973, Retinyl acetate: Effect on cellular content of RNA in epidermis in cell culture in chemically defined medium, Science 182:722.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoner, G. D., Harris, C. C., Myers, G. A., Trump, B. F., and Connor, R. D., 1980, Putrescine stimulates growth of human bronchial epithelial cells in primary culture, In Vitro 16:399.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabor, C. W., and Tabor, H., 1976, 1,4-Diaminobutane (putrescine), spermidine and spermine, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45:285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taub, M., and Sato, G. H., 1979, Growth of kidney epithelial cells in hormone-supplemented, serum-free medium, J. Supramol. Struct. 11:207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, W. G., Richter, A., Evans, V. J., and Sanford, K. K., 1974, Influence of oxygen and pH on plating efficiency and colony development of WI-38 and vero cells, Exp. Cell Res. 86:152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. R., Philpott, G. W., and Jaffe, B. M., 1974, The relationship between concentration of prostaglandin E and rates of cell replication, Exp. Cell Res. 84:40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tinoco, J., Babcock, R., Hincenbergs, I., Medwadowski, B., and Miljanick, P., 1978, Linoleic acid deficiency: Changes in fatty acid patterns in female and male rats raised on a linolenic acid-deficient diet for two generations, Lipids 13:6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsao, M. C., Walthall, B. J., and Ham, R. G., 1981, Clonal growth of normal human epidermal keratinocytes in a defined medium, J. Cell Physiol., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, E. J., 1977, Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, Fourth Edition, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waymouth, C., 1965, Construction and use of synthetic medium, in: Cells and Tissues in Culture (E. N. Willmer, ed.), pp. 99–142, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waymouth, C., 1970, Osmolality of mammalian blood and of media for culture of mammalian cells, In Vitro 6:109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waymouth, C., 1978, Studies on chemically defined media and the nutritional requirements of cultures of epithelial cells, in: Nutritional Requirements of Cultured Cells (H. Katsuta, ed.), pp. 39–61, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waymouth, C., 1981, Major ions, buffer systems, pH, osmolality, and water quality, in: The Growth Requirements of Vertebrate Cells in Vitro (C. Waymouth, R. G. Ham, and P. J. Chappie, eds.), Cambridge University Press, New York, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waymouth, C., Ham, R. G., and Chappie, R. J. 1981, The Growth Requirements of Vertebrate Cells in Vitro, Cambridge University Press, New York, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber, M. M., and Chaproniere-Richenberg, D., 1980, Spermine oxidation products are selectively toxic to fibroblasts in cultures of normal human prostatic epithelium, Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 4:185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S. R., 1977, Nutrition and Diet Therapy, Third Edition, C. V. Mosby, St. Louis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winick, M., and Noble, A., 1965, Quantitative changes in DNA, RNA and protein during prenatal and postnatal growth in the rat, Dev. Biol. 12:451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winick, M., and Noble, A., 1966, Cellular response in rats during malnutrition at various ages, J. Nutr. 89:300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zalin, R., 1979, The cell cycle, myoblast differentiation and prostaglandin as a developmental signal, Dev. Biol. 71:274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zielke, H. R., Ozand, P. T., Tildon, J. T., Sevdalian, D. A. and Cornblath, M., 1978, Reciprocal regulation of glucose and glutamine utilization by cultured human diploid fibroblasts, J. Cell. Physiol. 95:41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zile, M. H., Bunge, E. C., and DeLuca, H. F., 1979, On the physiological basis of vitamin A-stimulated growth, J. Nutr. 109:1787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bettger, W.J., Ham, R.G. (1982). The Nutrient Requirements of Cultured Mammalian Cells. In: Draper, H.H. (eds) Advances in Nutritional Research. Advances in Nutritional Research, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9934-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9934-6_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9936-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9934-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics