Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Principles of Vaccination

  • Chapter
Marek’s Disease

Part of the book series: Developments in Veterinary Virology ((DVVI,volume 1))

Abstract

Vaccines are a natural focal point for Marek’s disease (MD) as they pose challenging questions regarding their mechanism of action and constitute the main means by which the disease can be controlled. The first practical vaccine for MD was developed by Churchill et al. (1) and consisted of an attenuated serotype 1 MD virus (MDV). This development followed shortly the isolation of the causative herpesvirus of MD and its propagation in tissue culture. Several other vaccines were subsequently developed. Probably turkey herpesvirus, a serotype 3 virus, is the most widely used of the vaccine types at present.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Churchill AE, Payne LN, Chubb RC: Immunization against Marek’s disease using a live attenuated virus. Nature (221): 744–747, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lee LF, Liu S, Witter RL: Monoclonal antibodies with specificity for 3 different serotypes of Marek’s disease viruses in chickens. J Imnunol (130): 1003–1006, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Spencer JL, Robertson A: Influence of maternal antibody on infection with virulent or attenuated Marek’s disease herpesvirus. Am J Vet Res (33): 393–400, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Eidson CS, Anderson DP, King DD: Resistance of progeny from parental stock of chickens immunized against Marek’s disease. Am J Vet Res (32): 2071–2076, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Nazerian K: Attenuation of Marek’s disease virus and study of its properties in two different cell cultures. J Natl Cancer Inst (44): 1257–1267, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Jackson CAW, Sinkovic B, Choi CO: Infectivity and imnunogenicity of apathogenic and attenuated Marek’s disease virus vaccines. Proc 54th Ann Conf Australian Vet Assoc, 1977, pp 149–152.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Willemart JP: Marek’s disease. Study on the efficacy of three vaccines. Recl Med Vet (148): 203–216, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Rispens BH, Van Vloten H, Maas HJ, Hendrick JL: Control of Marek’s disease in The Netherlands. I. Isolation of an avirulent Marek’s disease virus strain (CVI 988) and its use in laboratory vaccination trials. Avian Dis (16): 108–125, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Rispens BH, Van Vloten H, Mastenbroek N, Maas HJ, Hendrik JL: Control of Marek’s disease in The Netherlands. II. Field trials on vaccination with an avirulent strain (CVI 988) of Marek’s disease virus. Avian Dis (16): 126–138, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bülow V von: Further characterisation of the CVI 988 strain of Marek’s disease virus. Avian Pathol (6): 395–403, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Maas HJL, Rispens BH, Heuff A, Groenendal JE: Results of vaccination of Marek’s disease of broiler breeders. Landbouwkundig Tijdschrift (85): 147–163, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Maas HJL, Borm F, Kieft G van de: The prevention of Marek’s disease in Holland by vaccination with cell-associated vaccines. World’s Poult Sci J (38): 163–175, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Smits WH: Vaccination against Marek’s disease in The Netherlands: organization and results. Proc XX World Vet Cong Thessaloniki, Greece, 1975, pp 2296–2300.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Vielitz E, Landgraf H: Vaccination experiments against Marek’s disease by application of an attenuated Marek’s herpesvirus and a turkey herpesvirus. Prog in Immunobiol Standard (5): 141–148, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Smith MW, Calnek BW: High-virulence Marek’s disease virus infection in chickens previously infected with low-virulence virus. J Natl Cancer Inst (52): 1595–1603, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Witter RL: Protection by attenuated and polyvalent vaccines against highly virulent strain of Marek’s disease virus. Avian Pathol (11): 49–62, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Witter RL, Lee LF: Polyvalent Marek’s disease vaccines: Safety, efficacy and protective synergism in chickens with maternal antibodies. Avian Pathol (13): 75–92, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Witter RL, Sharma JM, Lee LF, Optiz HM, Henry CW: Field trials to test the efficacy of polyvalent Marek’s disease vaccines in broilers. Avian Dis (28): 44–60, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Zander DV, Hill RW, Raymond RG, Balch RK: The use of blood from selected chickens as an immunizing agent for Marek’s disease. Avian Dis (16): 163–178, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cho BR, Kenzy SG: Isolation and characterization of an isolate (HN) of Marek’s disease virus with low pathogenicity. Appl Microbial (24): 299–306, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Biggs PM, Powell DG, Churchill AE, Chubb RC: The epizootiology of Marek’s disease. 1. Incidence of antibody, viraemia and Marek’s disease in six flocks. Avian Pathol (1): 5–26, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Biggs PM, Jackson CAW, Powell DG: The epizootiology of Marek’s disease. 2. The effect of supply flock, rearing house, and production house on the incidence of Marek’s disease. Avian Pathol (2): 127–134, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Schat KA, Calnek BW: Characterization of an apparently non- oncogenic Marek’s disease virus. J Natl Cancer Inst (60):1075–1082, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kawamura H, King DJ, Anderson DP: A herpesvirus isolated from kidney cell culture of normal turkeys. Avian Dis (13): 853–863, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Witter RL, Nazerian K, Purchase HG, Burgoyne GH: Isolation from turkeys of a cell-associated herpesvirus antigenically related to Marek’s disease virus. Am J Vet Res (31): 525–538, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Witter RL, Solomon JJ: Epidemiology of a herpesvirus of turkeys: possible sources and spread of infection in turkey flocks. Infect Immun (4): 356, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Zygraich N, Huygelen C: Inoculation of one-day-old chicks with different strains of turkey herpesvirus. II. Virus replication in tissues of inoculated animals. Avian Dis (16): 793–798, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cho BR: Horizontal transmission of turkey herpesvirus to chickens. IV. Viral maturation in the feather follicle epithelium. Avian Dis (19): 136–141, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cho BR: Horizontal transmission of turkey herpesvirus to chickens. 5. Airborne transmission between chickens. Poult Sci (55): 1830–1833, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Okazaki W, Purchase HG, Burmester BR: Protection against Marek’s disease by vaccination with a herpevirus of turkeys. Avian Dis (14): 413–429, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Purchase HG, Okazaki W, Burmester BR: Field trials with the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) strain FC126 as a vaccine against Marek’s disease. Poult Sci (50): 775–783, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Purchase HG, Okazaki W, Burmester BR: Long-term field trials with the herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine against Marek’s disease. Avian Dis (16): 57–71, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Churchill AE, Baxendale W, Carrington G: Viraemia and antibody development in chicks following the administration of turkey herpesvirus. Vet Rec (92): 327–333, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Zygraich N, Huygelen C: Inoculation of one-day-old chicks with different strains of turkey herpesvirus. I. Serological studies. Avian Dis (16): 735–740, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Jackson CAW, Webster AC, Van Der Kooi K, Sheridan AK, Sinkovic B: Field trials of herpesvirus of turkeys N S W 1/70 vaccine against Marek’s disease. Proc 1974 Australian Poult Sci Con, Hobart, Tasmania, 1974, pp 238–241.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Calnek BW, Hitchner SB, Adldinger HK: Lyophilization of cell-free Marek’s disease herpesvirus and a herpesvirus from turkeys. Appl Microbial (20): 723–726, 1970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Calnek BW, Schat KA, Peckham MC, Fabricant J: Field trials with a bivalent vaccine (HVP and SB-1) against Marek’s disease. Avian Dis (27): 844–849, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Stephens EA, Witter RL, Lee LF, Sharma JM, Nazerian K, Longenecker BM: Characteristics of JMV Marek’s disease tumor: A nonproductively infected transplantable cell lacking in rescuable virus. J Natl Cancer Inst (57): 865–874, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Shieh HK, Sevoian M: Antibody response to genetically susceptible and resistant chickens to cell-free and attenuated JM-V leukosis strain and its influence on early type II (Marek’s) leukosis infection. Poult Sci (54): 69–77, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Munch D, Sevoian M: Growth and characterization of, and immunological response of chickens to, a cell line established fran JMV lymphoblastic leukemia. Avian Dis (24): 23–36, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Bülow V von: Cross-protection between JMV Marek’s disease-derived tumour transplant, Marek’s disease and turkey herpesvirus. Avian Pathol (6): 353–366, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Nazerian K, Witter RL: Immunization against Marek’s disease transplantable cell lines. Avian Dis (28): 160–167, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Landgraf H, Vielitz E: Potency tests with HVT-, MHV- and JMV vaccines against Marek’s disease. Avian Pathol (7): 193–202, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kaaden OR, Dietzschold B, Ueherschar S: Vaccination against Marek’s disease: Immunizing effect of purified turkey herpes virus and cellular membranes from infected cells. Med Microbial Immunol (159): 261–269, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Powell PC: Impunity to Marek’s disease induced by glutaraldehydetreated cells of Marek’s disease lyhoblastoid cell lines. Nature (257): 684–685, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Powell PC, Rowell JG: Dissociation of antiviral and antitumor immunity in resistance to Marek’s disease. J Natl Cancer Inst (59): 919–924, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Murthy KK, Calnek BW: Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease: Effect of immunization with inactivated viral and tumor-associated antigens. Infect Immun (26): 547–553, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lesnik F, Ross LJN: Immunization against Marek’s disease using Marek’s disease virus-specific antigens free from infectious virus. Int J Cancer (16): 153–163, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kaaden OR: Induction of virus-neutralising antibodies and partial immunity in chickens by a polysomal fraction prepared from turkey herpesvirus-infected cells. In: Biggs PM (ed) Resistance and Immunity to Marek’s disease. CEC Publication EUR 6470, Luxembourg, 1980, pp 278–284.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Wyn-Jones AP, Kaaden OR: Induction of virus-neutralizing antibody by glycoproteins isolated from chicken cells infected with a herpesvirus of turkeys. Infect Immun (25): 54–59, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lesnik F, Chudy D, Vrtiak OJ, Konrad V, Danibel M, Ragac P, Polacek M: Immunization trials with virus-free antigens against Marek’s disease. Comp Inmunol Microbiol Infect Dis (2): 491–500, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Prasad LBM, Spradbrow PB: Ultrastructure and infectivity of tissues from normal and inmunodepressed chickens inoculated with turkey herpesvirus. J Camp Pathol (90): 47–56, 1980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Calnek BW, Carlisle JC, Fabricant J, Murthy KK, Schat KA: Camparative pathogenesis studies with oncogenic and nononcogenic Marek’s disease viruses and turkey herpesvirus. Am J Vet Res (40): 541–548, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Phillips PA, Biggs PM: Course of infection in tissue of susceptible chickens after exposure to strains of Marek’s disease and turkey herpesvirus. J Natl Cancer Inst (49): 1367–1373, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Witter RL, Sharma JM, Offenbecker L: Turkey herpesvirus infection in chickens: Induction of lymphoproliferative lesions and characterization of vaccinal immunity against Marek’s disease. Avian Dis (20): 676–692, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Witter RL, Offenbecker L: Duration of vaccinal immunity against Marek’s disease. Avian Dis (22): 396–408, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sharma JM, Burmester BR: Resistance to Marek’s disease at hatching in chickens vaccinated as embryos with the turkey herpesvirus. Avian Dis (26): 134–149, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sharma JM: Effect of infectious bursal disease virus on protection by Marek’s disease vaccine. Avian Dis (28): 629–640, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Witter RL, Solomon JJ, Champion LR, Nazerian K: Long term studies of Marek’s disease infection in individual chickens. Avian Dis (15): 346–365, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Witter RL, Offenbecker L: Nonprotective and temperature-sensitive variants of Marek’s disease vaccine viruses. J Natl Cancer Inst (62): 143–151, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Thornton DH, Hinton MH, Muskett JC: Efficacy of Marek’s disease vaccines; protection and viraemia studies with turkey herpesvirus vaccines. Avian Pathol (4): 97–108, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Cho BR: Studies of turkey herpesvirus viremia in two strains of vaccinated chickens: Strain difference and effects of vaccine dose. Avian Dis (21): 394–401, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sharma JM, Lee LF, Witter RL: Effect of neonatal thymectomy on pathogenesis of herpesvirus of turkeys in chickens. Am J Vet Res (40): 761–764, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Patrascu IV, Calnek BW, Smith MW: Vaccination with lyophilized turkey herpesvirus (HVT): minimum infective and protective doses. Avian Dis (19): 89–93, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Purchase HG, Okazaki W, Burmester BR: The minimum protective dose of the herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine against Marek’s disease. Vet Rec (91): 79–83, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Witter RL, Burmester BR: Differential effect of maternal antibodies on efficacy of cellular and cell-free Marek’s disease vaccines. Avian Pathol (8): 145–156, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Fabricant J, Calnek BW, Schat KA: The early pathogenesis of turkey herpesvirus infection in chickens and turkeys. Avian Dis (926): 257–264, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Shek WR, Schat KA, Calnek BW: Characterization of non-oncogenic Marek’s disease virus-infected and turkey herpesvirus-infected lymphocytes. J Gen Virol (63): 333–341, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Calnek BW, Shek WR, Schat KA: Latent infections with Marek’s disease virus and turkey herpesvirus. J Natl Cancer Inst (66): 585–590, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Cho BR, Kenzy SG, Haider SA: Horizontal transmission of turkey herpesvirus to chickens. I. Preliminary observations. Poult Sci (50): 881–887, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Nazerian K, Witter RL: Cell-free transmission and in vivo replication of Marek’s disease virus (MDV). J Virol (5): 388–397, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Cho BR, Kenzy SG: Dual infection of chickens with acute and mild strains of Marek’s disease herpesvirus. Avian Dis (17): 390–395, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Cho BR: Dual virus maturation of both pathogenic and apathogenic Marek’s disease herpesvirus (MDHV) in the feather follicles of dually infected chickens. Avian Dis (21): 501–507, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Dobos-Kovacs M, Kardevan A, Zejer J: Endophthalmitis (Uveitis) in poultry flocks repeatedly immunized against Marek’s disease. Magy Allatory Lap (37): 675–683, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Henderson BW, Gardner MB, Charman HP, Johnson EY, Rucio T, Sarman PS, Alena B, Heubner RJ: Investigation of an increase of solid tumors in chickens vaccinated against Marek’s disease. Avian Dis (18): 58–66, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. de Boer GF, van Vioten J, van Zaane D: Possible horizontal spread of lymphoid leukosis virus during vaccination against Marek’s disease. In: Biggs PM (ed): Resistance and Impunity to Marek’s Disease, CEC Publication, EUR 6470, Luxembourg, 1980, pp 552–565.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Fletcher OJ, Eidson CS, Kleven SH: Bursal lesions in chickens inoculated with Marek’s disease vaccines. Avian Dis (16): 153–162, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Gohda M, Yoshimura S, Odagiri Y: Pathology of turkey herpesvirus infection in chick embryos. J Jpn Vet Med Assoc (28): 417–420, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Calnek BW, Schat KA, Fabricant J: Modification of Marek’s disease pathogenesis by in ovo infection or prior vaccination. In: Viruses in Naturally Occurring Cancers. Cold Spring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation (7):185–197, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Schat KA, Calnek BW: Demonstration of Marek’s disease tumor associated surface antigen in chickens infected with nononcogenic Marek’s disease virus and herpesvirus of turkeys. J Natl Cancer Inst (61): 855–858, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Powell PC, Rennie M: Marek’s disease tumour specific antigen induced by the herpesvirus of turkeys in vaccinated chickens. Vet Rec (103): 232–233, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kitamoto N, Ikuta L, Kato S, Wataki K: Demonstration of cells with Marek’s disease tumor-associated surface antigen in chicks infected with herpesvirus of turkeys, 01 strain. Biken J (22): 137–142, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Box PG, Furminger IGS, Warden D: Immunization against Newcastle disease in the presence of Marek’s disease virus. Vet Rec (89): 475–478, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Yamada S, Uchinuno Y, Koda Y, Tokiyoshi S, Fujikawa H: Causes of death and antibody responses of chickens to several pathogens in the presence of herpesvirus of turkeys. J Jpn Vet Med Assoc (27): 14–19, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Ellis MN, Eidson CS, Brown J, Fletcher OJ, Kleven SH: Serological responses to Mycoplasma synoviae in chickens infected with virulent or avirulent strains of Marek’s disease virus. Poult Sci (60): 1344–1347, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Sharma JM, Lee LF, Wakenell PS: Capparative viral, immunologic and pathologic responses to turkey herpesvirus (HVP) of chickens inoculated as embryos or at hatch. Am J Vet Res (45): 1619–1623, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Lee LF, Sharma JM, Nazerian K, Witter RL: Suppression and enhancement of mitogen response in chickens infected with Marek’s disease virus and the herpesvirus of turkeys. Infect Immun (21): 474–479, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Schat KA, Schultz RD, Calnek BW: Marek’s disease: Effect of virus pathogenicity and genetic susceptibility on response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to concanavalin-A. Advances in Comparative Leukemia Research, Proc 8th Int Sym, 1978, pp 183–186.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Powell PC: In vitro stimulation of blood lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin during the development of Marek’s disease. Avian Pathol (9):471–475, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Benda V, Vilhelmova M, Hala K: Stimulation of chicken spleen cell mitogenic response with turkey herpesvirus vaccine against Marek’s disease (PHA stimulation). Folia Biol (Praha) (24): 211–214, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Melchior FW Jr., Fredrickson TN, Luginbuhl RE: Neutralization studies with Marek’s disease virus and turkey herpesvirus. Appl Microbiol (26): 925–933, 1973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Calnek BW: Antibody development in chickens exposed to Marek’s disease virus. In: Biggs PM, de Thé G, Payne LN (eds) Oncogenesis and Herpesvirus. IARC Scientific Publications No 2, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 1972, pp 129–137.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Billow V von, Biggs PM: Differentiation between strains of Marek’s disease virus and turkey herpesvirus by immunofluorescence assays. Avian Pathol (4): 146–147, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Billow V von, Biggs PM: Precipitating antigens associated with Marek’s disease viruses and a herpesvirus of turkeys. Avian Pathol (4): 147–162, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Witter RL, Stephen EA, Sharma JM, Nazerian K: Demonstration of a tumor-associated surface antigen in Marek’s disease. J Imnunol (115): 177–188, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Stephens EA, Witter RL, Nazerian K, Sharma JM: Development and characterization of a Marek’s disease transplantable tumor in inbred line 72 chickens homozygous at the major (B) histocompatibility locus. Avian Dis (24): 358–374, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Spencer JL, Gavora JS: Influence of genotype of chickens and immune status of dams on response to vaccination with turkey herpesvirus. In: Biggs PM (ed) Resistance and Immunity to Marek’s disease, CEC Publication EUR 6470, Luxembourg, 1980, pp 519–537.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Burgoyne GH, Witter RL: Effect of passively transferred immunoglobulins on Marek’s disease. Avian Dis (17): 824–837, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Kotlama H, Sugimoto C, Inage F, Mikami T: Anti-viral immunity against Marek’s disease virus infected chicken kidney cells. Avian Pathol (8): 33–44, 1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Patrascu IV, Calnek BW: In vitro assay of cell-free turkey herpesvirus. Avian Dis (16): 397–412, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Prasad LBM: Induction of delayed hypersensitivity to turkey herpesvirus in fowls. Res Vet Sci (25): 258–259, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Ross, LJN: Antiviral T cell-mediated immunity in Marek’s disease. Nature (266): 644–646, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Ross LJN: Mechanism of protection conferred by HVT. In: Biggs PM (ed) Resistance and Immunity to Marek’s Disease, CEC Publication EUR 6470, Luxembourg, 1980, pp 289–297.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Powell PC: Studies on Marek’s disease lymphoma-derived cell lines. Bibliotheca Haematologica (43): 348–350, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Sharma JM: Role of tumor antigen in vaccine protection in Marek’s disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 88, Avian Immunology: 345–353, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Sharma J, Witter RL, Coulson BD: Development of cell-mediated impunity to Marek’s disease tumor cells in chickens inoculated with Marek’s disease vaccines. J Natl Cancer Inst (61): 1273–1280, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Kitamoto N, Ikuta K, Kato S, Yamaguchi S: Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from chickens inoculated with herpesvirus of turkey against a Marek’s disease lymphoma cell line (MSB-1). Biken J (22): 11–20, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Confer AW, Adldinger HK: Cell-mediated immunity in Marek’s disease: Cytotoxic responses in resistant and susceptible chickens and relation to disease. Am J Vet Res (41): 307–312, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Dambrine G, Coudert F, Cauchy L: Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in chickens infected with Marek’s disease virus and the herpesvirus of turkeys. In: Biggs PM (ed) Resistance and Impunity to Marek’s Disease, CEC Publication EUR 6470, Luxembourg, 1980, pp 320–337.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Sugimoto C, Kodamm H, Mikami T: Anti-tumor immunity against Marek’s disease-derived lymphoblastoid cell line (MSB-1). Jap J Vet Res (26): 57–67, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Schat KA, Shek WR, Calnek BW, Abplanalp H: Syngeneic and allogeneic cell-mediated cytotoxicity against Marek’s disease lymphoblastoid tumor cell lines. Int J Cancer (29): 187–194, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Powell PC, Mustill BM, Rennie M: The role of histocompatibility antigens in cell-mediated cytotoxicity against Marek’s disease tumour-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines. Avian Pathol (12):461–468, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Donahoe J, Kleven S, Eidson C: Resistance to Marek’s disease. Effect of Corynebacterium parvum and Marek’s tumor cell vaccines on tumorigenesis in chickens. J Natl Cancer Inst (60): 829–833, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Mason RJ, Jensen KE: Marek’s disease: Resistance of turkey herpesvirus-infected chicks against lethal JM -V agent. Am J Vet Res (32): 1625–1627, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Sevoian M, Weston CR: The effects of JM and JM-V leukosis strains on chicks vaccinated with herpes virus of turkeys (HVT). Poult Sci (51): 513–516, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Spencer JL, Gavora JS, Hare WCD, Grunder AA, Robertson A, Speckmann GW: Studies on genetic and vaccination-induced resistance of chickens to lymphoid tumor transplants. 1. Marek’s disease tumor transplant (JMV). Avian Dis (20): 268–285, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Schat KA, Calnek BW: Protection against Marek’s disease-derived tumor transplants by the nononcogenic SB-1 strain of Marek’s disease virus. Infect Immun (22): 225–232, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Schierman LW, McBride, RA: Effects of vaccination for Marek’s disease on growth of a Marek’s-virus-induced transplantable lymphoma in syngeneic and allogeneic chickens. Avian Dis (23): 47–56, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Powell PC, Rennie M: Failure of attenuated Marek’s disease virus and herpesvirus of turkeys antigens to protect against the JMV Marek’s disease-derived transplantable tumour. Avian Pathol (9) 193–200, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Powell PC: Protection against the JMV Marek’s disease-derived transplantable tumour by Marek’s disease virus-specific antigens. Avian Pathol (7): 305–309, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Ozaki K, Kodama H, Onuma M, Izawa H, Mikami T: In vitro suppression of proliferation of Marek’s disease lymphoma cell line (MDCC-MSB1) by peritoneal exudate cells from chickens infected with MD or HVT. Zentralbi Veterinarmed (30): 223–231, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Sharma JM: Natural killer cell activity in chickens exposed to Marek’s disease virus: Inhibition of activity in susceptible chickens and enhancement of activity in resistant and vaccinated chickens. Avian Dis (25): 882–893, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Okazaki W, Purchase HG, Burmester BR: The temporal relationship between vaccination with the herpesvirus of turkeys and challenge with virulent Marek’s disease virus. Avian Dis (15): 753–761, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Eidson CS, Anderson DP: Optimum age for vaccinating chickens against Marek’s disease. Poult Sci (50): 1837–1841, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Basarab O, Hall T: Comparisons of cell-free and cell-associated Marek’s disease vaccines in maternally immune chicks. Vet Rec (99): 4–6, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Cho BR, Balch RK, Hill RW: Marek’s disease vaccine breaks: Differences in viremia of vaccinated chickens between those with and without Marek’s disease. Avian Dis (20): 496–503, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Riddell C, Milne BS, Biggs PM: Herpesvirus of turkey vaccine: viraemias in field flocks and in experimental chickens. Vet Rec (102): 123–125, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Okazaki W, Purchase HG, Burmester BR: Vaccination against Marek’s disease: Possible causes of failure of herpesvirus of turkeys (Strain FC126) to protect chickens against Marek’s disease. Am J Vet Res (34): 813–817, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Schierman LW, Theis GA, McBride RA: Preservation of a thymus derived cell-mediated immune repsonse in Marek’s disease virus infected chickens by vaccination with a related virus. J Imnunol (116): 1497–1499, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Purchase HG, Okazaki W: Effect of vaccination with herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) on horizontal spread of Marek’s disease herpesvirus. Avian Dis (15): 391–397, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Eidson CS, Fletcher OJ, Kleven SH, Anderson DP: Detection of Marek’s disease antigen in feather follicle epithelium of chickens vaccinated against Marek’s disease. J Natl Cancer Inst (47):113–120, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Payne LN, Roszkowski J: The presence of immunologically uncommitted bursa and thymus dependent lymphoid cells in the lymphomas of Marek’s disease. Avian Pathol (1): 27–34, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Schat KA, Calnek BW, Fabricant J: Characterization of two highly oncogenic strains of Marek’s disease virus. Avian Pathol (11): 593–606, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Payne LN, Frazier JA, Powell PC: Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease. Int Rev Exp Pathol (16): 59–154, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Payne LN: Biology of Marek’s disease virus and the herpesvirus of turkeys. In: Roizman B (ed) The Herpesvirus, Vol. 1. Plenum Press, New York and London, 1982, pp 347–431.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Purchase HG, Sharma JM: Amelioration of Marek’s disease and absence of vaccine protection in immunologically deficient chickens. Nature (248): 419–421, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Payne LN, Rennie MC, Powell PC, Rowell JG: Transient effect of cyclophosphamide on vaccinal immunity to Marek’s disease. Avian Pathol (7): 295–304, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Gupta SK, Kharole MU, Kalra DS: Role of thymus-dependent immune system in HVT protection against Marek’s disease. Avian Dis (26): 7–13, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Else, RW: Vaccinal immunity to Marek’s disease in bursectomized chickens. Vet Rec (95): 182–187, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Rennie M, Powell PC, Mustill BM: The effect of bursectomy on vaccination against Marek’s disease with the herpesvirus of turkeys. Avian Pathol (9): 557–566, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Powell PC, Rennie M, Ross LJN, Mustill BM: The effect of bursectomiy on the adoptive transfer of resistance to Marek’s disease. Int J Cancer (26): 681–687, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Sharma JM, Coulson BD: Presence of natural killer cells in specific-pathogen-free chickens. J Natl Cancer Inst (63): 527–531, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Sharma JM: Presence of adherent cytotoxic cells and non-adherent natural killer cells in progressive and regressive Marek’s disease tumors. Vet Immunol Immunopathol (5): 125–140, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Lee LF, Sharma JM, Nazerian K, Witter RL: Suppression of mitogeninduced proliferation of normal spleen Dells by macrophages from chickens inoculated with Marek’s disease virus. J Immunol (120): 1554–1559, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Higgins DA, Calnek BW: Same effects of silica treatment on Marek’s disease. Infect Immun (13): 1054–1060, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Haffer K, Sevoian M, Wilder M: The role of the macrophage in Marek’s disease: In vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Cancer (23): 648–656, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Powell PC, Hartley KJ, Mustill BM, Rennie M: Studies on the role of macrophages in Marek’s disease of the chicken. J Reticuloend Soc (34): 289–298, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Kodama H, Mikami T, Inoue M, Izawa H: Inhibitory effects of macrophages against Marek’s disease virus plaque formation in chicken kidney cell cultures. J Natl Cancer Inst (63): 1267–1271, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Glaubiger C, Nazerian K, Velicer LF: Marek’s disease herpesvirus. IV. Molecular characterization of Marek’s disease herpesvirus A antigen. J Virol (45): 1228–1234, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Churchill AE, Chubb RC, Baxendale W: The attenuation, with loss of oncogenicity, of the herpes-type virus of Marek’s disease (strain HPRS-16) on passage in cell culture. J Gen Virol (4): 557–564, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Kaaden OR: Marek’s disease virus-induced antigens in relation to immunity. Avian Pathol (6): 219–225, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Ikuta K, Nishi Y, Kato S, Hirai K: Imnunoprecipitation of Marek’s diseasP virus-specific polypeptides with chicken antibodies purified by affinity chromatography. Virology (114): 277–281, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. van Zaane D, Brinkhof JMA, Westenbrink F, Gielkens ALJ. Molecular-biological characterization of Marek’s disease virus. I. Identification of virus-specific polypeptides in infected cells. Virology (121): 116–132, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Ikuta K, Ueda S, Kato S, Hirai K: Identification with monoclonal antibodies of glycoproteins of Marek’s disease virus and herpes-virus of turkeys related to virus neutralization. J Virol (49): 1014–1017, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Silva RF, Lee LF: Monoclonal antibody mediated inmunoprecipitation of proteins from cells infected with Marek’s disease virus or turkey herpesvirus. Virology (136): 307–320, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. de Boer GF, Orthel FGW, Krasselt M, Oei HL, Pereboom WI, Barendregt LG: Comparative 50% protective dose assay (PD50) of Marek’s disease virus strain CVI988. J Biol Standard (9): 15–22, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Eidson CS, Page RK, Kleven SH: Effectiveness of cell-free or cell-associated turkey herpesvirus vaccine against Marek’s disease in chickens as influenced by maternal antibody, vaccine dose, and time of exposure to Marek’s disease virus. Avian Dis (22): 583–597, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Ball RF, Lyman JF: Revaccination of chicks for Marek’s disease at twenty-one days old. Avian Dis (21): 440–444, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Yoshida I, Yuasa N, Tsubahara H, Horiuchi T, Ishino S: Dose effect of herpesvirus of turkeys on protection of chickens from Marek’s disease. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) (13): 39–44, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Witter RL, Sharma JM, Fadly AM: Pathogenicity of variant Marek’s disease virus isolants in vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens. Avian Dis (24): 210–232, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Calnek BW, Smith MW: Vaccination against Marek’s disease with cell-free turkey herpesvirus: interference by maternal antibody. Avian Dis (16): 954–957, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Eidson CS, Kleven SH, Anderson DP: Efficacy of cell-free and cell-associated herpesvirus of turkey vaccines in progeny from vaccinated parental flocks. Am J Vet Res (34): 869–872, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Spencer JL, Robertson A: Influence of vaccination with avirulent herpesvirus on subsequent infection of chickens with virulent Marek’s disease herpesvirus. Am J Vet Res (36): 1235–1239, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Yoshida I, Yuasa N, Horiuchi T, Tsubahara H: Effect of maternal immunity against development of Marek’s disease and protective ability of vaccine. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) (15): 1–7, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Spencer JL, Gavora JS, Grunder AA, Robertson A, Speckmann GW: Immunization against Marek’s disease: Influence of strain of chickens, maternal antibody, and type of vaccine. Avian Dis (18): 33–44, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Sharma JM, Graham CK: Influence of maternal antibody on efficacy of embryo vaccination with cell-associated and cell-free Marek’s disease vaccine. Avian Dis (26): 860–870, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Biggs PM, Shilleto RW, Milne BS: A quantitative sequential study of viraevia and neutralising antibody to HVT and MDV in a commercial flock vaccinated with HVT. Avian Pathol (9): 511–523, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. King D, Page D, Schat KA, Calnek BW: Differences between influences of homologous and heterologous maternal antibodies on response to serotype-2 and serotype-3 Marek’s disease vaccines. Avian Dis (25): 74–81, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Witter RL: Characteristics of Marek’s disease viruses isolated from vaccinated commercial chicken flocks: Association of viral pathotype with lymphoma frequency. Avian Dis (27): 113–132, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Biggs PM, Payne LN, Milne BS, Churchill AE, Chubb RC, Powell DG, Harris AH: Field trials with an attenuated cell-associated vaccine for Marek’s disease. Vet Rec (87): 704–709, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Spencer JL, Grunder AA, Robertson A, Speckmann GW: Attenuated Marek’s disease herpesvirus: protection conferred on strains of chickens varying in genetic resistance. Avian Dis (16): 94–107, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Sharma JM, Witter RL: Embryo vaccination against Marek’s disease with serotypes 1, 2 and 3 vaccines administered singly or in combination. Avian Dis (27): 453–463, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Zanella A, Valantines J, Granelli G, Castell G: Influence of strain of chickens on the immune response to vaccination against Marek’s disease. Avian Pathol (4): 247–253, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Benda V, Hlozanek I: Effect of large doses of turkey herpes virus on antibody response in chickens. Folia Biol (Praha) (21):184188, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Zander DV: Commercial applications of present alternatives for control of Marek’s disease. Avian Dis (16): 179–186, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Witter RL, Sharma JM: Polyvalent Marek’s disease vaccines — A strategy to protect chickens against challenge with very virulent Marek’s disease virus strains. Proc 18th Natl Meeting Poultry Health and Condemnations, Ocean City, MD, 1983, pp 138–148.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Good RE: Clean up of problem farms. Proc 18th Natl Meeting Poultry Health and Condemnations, Ocean City, MD, 1983, pp 54–55.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Price DJ: Use of brooding paper in relation to broiler performance. Proc 18th Natl Meeting Poultry Health and Condemnations, Ocean City, MD, 183, pp 102–103.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Witter RL, Fadly AM: Characteristics of some selected Marek’s disease virus field isolates. In: Biggs PM (ed) Resistance and Immunity to Marek’s Disease. CEC Publication EUR 6470, Luxembourg, 1980, pp 181–191.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Eidson CS, Ellis MN, Kleven SH: Reduced vaccinal protection of turkey herpesvirus against field strains of Marek’s disease herpesvirus. Poult Sci (60): 317–322, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Giambrone JJ, Eidson CS, Page RK, Fletcher QJ, Barget BO, Kleven SH: Effect of infectious bursal agent on the response of chickens to Newcastle disease and Marek’s disease vaccination. Avian Dis (20): 534–544, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Jen LW, Cho BR: Effects of infectious bursal disease on Marek’s disease vaccination: Suppression of antiviral immune response. Avian Dis (24): 896–907, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Billow V von: Immunological effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus as potential contaminant of Marek’s disease vaccines. Avian Pathol (6): 383–393, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  184. Witter RL, Lee LF, Bacon LD, Smith EJ: Depression of vaccinal immunity to Marek’s disease by infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus. Infect Immun (26): 90–98, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Rosenberger JK: Reovirus interference with Marek’s disease vaccination. Proc Western Poult Dis Conf, Davis, CA, 1983, pp 50–51.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Landgraf H, Vielitz E, Huttner B: HVT-viraemia and protection against Marek’s disease following intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccination with different viral doses as well as following thermal stress in broiler chicks. Dtsch Tieraerztl Wochenschr (88): 524–526, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Gavora JS, Spencer JL: Breeding for immune responsiveness and disease resistance. Animal Blood Groups Biochem Genet (14):159–180, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Spencer JL, Grunder AA, Robertson A: Titres of precipitins in strains of chickens exposed to Marek’s disease. Avian Pathol (2): 17–26, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Crittenden LB: Recent advances in the genetics of disPace resistance: A review. Avian Pathol (12): 1–8, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Purchase HG: Vaccination against Marek’s disease. In: Methods for the Examination of Poultry Biologics. National Academy of Sciences National Research Council, 1971, pp 147–155.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Di Franco E, Boulay G, Filion R, Marois P: Trials of aerosol vaccination of chicks against Marek’s disease. I. Preliminary experiments. My Quebec, Dec. 51–53, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Chubis AI, Chubis ND, Safronov SV, Malygin AI, Korovin RN, Pridybailo ND: Aerosol vaccination for control of Marek’s disease in chicks. Veterinariya (Moscow) (6): 54–55, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Eidson CS, Kleven SH: Application of the cell-free turkey herpesvirus vaccine by the aerosol route for the prevention of Marek’s disease in chickens. Poult Sci (56): 1609–1615, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Marais P, Venne R, Frappier-Davignon L, Di Franco E: Trials of aerosol vaccination of chicks against Marek’s disease. II. Field trials. My Quebec, Sept. 103–106, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Eidson CS, Giambrone JJ, Fletcher OJ, Kleven SH: Vaccination against Marek’s disease with cell-free herpesvirus of turkeys by aerosol vaccination. Poult Sci (59): 54–62, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Di Franco E, Boulay G, Filion R, Marais P: Trials of aerosol vaccination of chicks against Marek’s disease. 3. Laboratory trials. My Quebec, Sept. 157–161, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Nicholas RAJ, Thornton DH, Hebert CN, Muskett JC, Evans CW: The stability of reconstituted Marek’s disease vaccines. J Biol Stand (5): 333–339, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Colwell WM, Simons DG, Harris JR, Fulp TG, Carrozza JH, Maag TA: Influence of some physical factors on survival of Marek’s disease vaccine virus. Avian Dis (19): 781–790, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Meulemans G, Bouregueil P, Halen P: Stability of freeze-dried vaccines against Marek’s disease. Ann Med Vet (119): 383–389, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Ingwersen P, Kraft V, Monreal G: Investigations about the durability of vaccines against Marek’s disease. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr (81): 297–324, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Siegmann Ok, Kaleta EF, Schindler P: Short-and long-term stability studies on four lyophilized and one cell-associated turkey herpesvirus vaccines against Marek’s disease of chickens. Avian Pathol (9): 21–32, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Halvorson DA, Mitchell DO: Loss of cell-asociated Marek’s disease vaccine titer during thawing, reconstitution and use. Avian Dis (23): 848–853, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Eidson CS, Kleven SH, Anderson DP: Effect of antibiotics on turkey herpesvirus vaccine. Poult Sci (52): 755–760, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Eidson CS, Page RK, Eleven SH: In vivo and in vitro studies on the effect of gentamicin sulfate on the efficacy of the turkey herpesvirus vaccine. Poult Sci (57): 1519–1525, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Miller GP: Antibiotics in Marek’s disease vaccine. Proc 13th Natl Meeting Poultry Health and Condemnations, 1978, p 75.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Eidson CS, Villegas P, Kleven SH: Efficacy of turkey herpesvirus vaccine when administered simultaneously with fowl pox vaccine. Poult Sci (54): 1975–1981, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Eidson CS, Eleven SH: Vaccination of chickens against Marek’s disease with the herpesvirus vaccine using a pneumatic vaccinator. Poult Sci (55): 960–969, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Siccardi FJ: Research note: The addition of fowlpox and pigeon pox vaccine to Marek’s vaccine for broilers. Avian Dis (19):362–365, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. Yamada S, Fujikawa H, Uchinuno Y, et al.: Canbined Marek’s disease and Newcastle disease live virus vaccine. J Jpn Vet Med Assoc (27): 493–497, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Fukikawa H: Studies on immunization against Marek’s disease: development of vaccines made of herpesvirus of turkey. III. Studies on lyophilized HVT and MD(HVT)-ND combined live virus vaccine. Bull Azabu Vet Coll (3): 137–153, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Chang JDT, Eidson CS, Dykstra MJ, Kleven SH, Fletcher 03: Vaccination against Marek’s disease and infectious bursal disease. 1. Development of a bivalent live vaccine by co-cultivating turkey and herpesvirus infectious bursal disease vaccine viruses in chicken embryo fibroblast monolayers. Poult Sci (62): 2326–2335, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Jackson CAW, Biggs PM, Bell RA, Lancaster FM, Milne BS: The epizootiology of Marek’s disease. 3. The interrelationship of virus pathogenicity, antibody and the incidence of Marek’s disease Avian Pathol (5): 105–123, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Zanella A: Marek’s disease: Survey on vaccination failures. Develop Biol Stand (52): 29–38, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Biggs PM, Jackson CAW, Bell RA, Lancaster PM, Milne BS: A vaccination study with an attenuated Marek’s disease virus. In: Biggs PM, de Thé G, Payne LN (eds) IARC Scientific Publications No 2, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 1971, pp 139–146.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Siccardi FJ, Burmester BR: The differential diagnosis of lymphoid leukosis and Marek’s disease. U.S. Department of Agriculture Tech Bull 1412: 1–24, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Neumann U, Witter RL: Differential diagnosis of lymphoid leukosis and Marek’s disease by tumor-associated criteria. I. Studies on experimentally infected chickens. Avian Dis (23): 417–425, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  217. Neumann U, Witter RL: Differential diagnosis of lymphoid leukosis and Marek’s disease by tumor-associated criteria. II. Studies of field cases. Avian Dis (23): 426–433, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  218. Cauchy L, Coudert F, Dambrine G: Pathogenicity of a Marek’s disease virus for chickens vaccinated with graded doses of herpesvirus of turkeys. Avian Dis (23): 821–830, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Eidson CS, Kleven SH, Anderson DP: Vaccination against Marek’s disease with the turkey herpesvirus vaccine. Poult Sci (53): 2193–2200, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Eidson CS, Page RK, Giambrone JJ, Kleven SH: Long-term studies comparing the efficacy of cell-free versus cell-associated HVT vaccines against Marek’s disease. Poult Sci (55): 1857–1863, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Gavora JS: Vaccination against Marek’s disease: effectiveness of cell-asociated and lyophilized herpesvirus of turkeys in 9 strains of Leghorns. Poult Sci (54): 1765 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Inami Y, Fojima A, Doi K, Yasoshina A, Sakma S, Okaniwa A, Takahisa Y, Takanobu M, Yoshida I: Comparative study on the effects of preventing several Marek’s disease infections with 4 types of live virus vaccines. J Jpn Vet Med Assoc (27): 20–24, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Vielitz VE, Landgraf H: The influence of homologous maternal antibodies on vaccination with turkey herpesvirus (HVT). Dtsch Tieraerztl Wochenschr (81): 177–200, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Willemart JP: Marek’s disease. Long-term results obtained with three vaccines. Rcl Med Vet (149): 349–361, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Zanella A, Granelli G: Marek’s disease control: Comparative efficacy of cell-associated and cell-free lyophilized HVT vaccine. Avian Pathol (3):45–50, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Dangschat H, Rapp W, Bengelsdorff HJ: Results of a comparative field trial using deep-frozen and lyophilized turkey herpesvirus vaccine against Marek’s disease. Berl Muench Tieraerztl Wochenschr (86): 450–453, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Kilgore RL: A comparison of the prophylactic efficacy of lyophilized and cell-associated turkey herpesviruses against Marek’s disease. Avian Dis (18): 45–49, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Guarda F, Emanuel L, Barale G, Bianchi C, Tezzo G, Monetti PG, Franchini A: Comparative trials on vaccination against Marek’s disease in broilers: Hygiene-sanitary and zootechnical aspects. Zootecnica International, Oct. 12–14, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Blaxland JD, MacLeod AJ, Hall T: Trials with Marek’s disease vaccines prepared from a turkey herpesvirus and an attenuated Marek’s disease virus. Vet Rec (97): 48–49, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. Eidson CS, Villegas P, Page RK, Kleven SH: A comparison of the efficacy against Marek’s disease of cell-free and cell-associated turkey herpesvirus vaccine. Avian Dis (19): 515–524, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Picault JP, Guittet M, Bennejean G, Goater E: Prevention of Marek’s disease with the aid of 3 vaccines in chickens belonging to different genetic varieties of flesh-type reproducers. Develop Biol Stand (52): 447–454, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Eidson CS, Anderson DP, Kleven SH, Brown J: Field trials for vaccines of Marek’s disease. Avian Dis (15): 312–322, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Mustaffa-Babjee A, Spradbrow PB: Vaccination against Marek’s disease with Australian strains of turkey herpesvirus and an attenuated Marek’s disease herpesvirus. Aust Vet J (49): 347–353, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Folkers C, Stumpel MEM, Zantinga JW: The efficacy of the Marek’s disease vaccine based on strain CVI 988 (Rispens Strain). Proc 20th World Vet Cong, Thessaloniki, Greece (3): 1975, pp 2305–2306.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Goryo M, Saijo K, Takeuchi J, Taniguchi S, Obata F, Fujikawa Y: Studies on avirulent Marek’s disease virus (Strain CVI 988). I. Protective effects against chronological challenge of virulent Marek’s disease virus after the vaccination. English Summaries of the Studies on Poultry Diseases in Japan (Japanese Veterinary Poultry Association), 1979, pp 17–18.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Purchase HG, Schultz EF, Jr: The economics of Marek’s disease control in the United States. World’s Poult Sci J (34): 198–204, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. L. Witter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Houghton Poultry Research Station, Houghton, Huntingdon, Cambs., PE17 2DA, UK

    L. N. Payne

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Witter, R.L. (1985). Principles of Vaccination. In: Payne, L.N. (eds) Marek’s Disease. Developments in Veterinary Virology, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2613-7_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2613-7_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9635-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2613-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation