Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Basic structure and metabolism of isomalt

  • Chapter
Advances in Sweeteners

Summary

Isomalt is a sweetener with versatile properties due to its noncariogenicity, its practically insulin-independent metabolism and its reduced physiological caloric value compared to sugar. Isomalt is produced by hydrogenation of its precursor disaccharide isomaltulose, which is obtained from sucrose as raw material. The hydrogenation of the ketosugar isomaltulose gives a mixture of the two glucosylhexitols glucosyl-α-(1→1)-mannitol and glucosyl-α-(1→6)-sorbitol. Isomalt is now used in the formulation of toothfriendly sweets, in the production of calorie-reduced foods and in special products for diabetics. Isomalt sweetened products are sensorically not distinguishable from sucrose-based products.

Isomalt is noncariogenic, as was shown with rat caries model experi­ments. This was corroborated by plaque pH-telemetry in humans demonstrating the absence of any relevant intraplaque acid production from isomalt. Isomalt is not a substrate for plaquepolysaccharide synthesiz­ing glucosyltransferases from Streptococci and was found to inhibit glucan formation of glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans.

The limited digestion and absorption of isomalt in the small intestine and its symbiotic bacterial utilization in the colon are the basis for the reduced energetic utilization of isomalt compared to sugar. Most experiments for the assessment of the energetic values of polyols gave evidence, that isomalt has less than 50% of the calories of sucrose. Dietetic studies and oral glucose tolerance studies demonstrated that isomalt is a suitable sweetener for diabetics, without any adverse metabolic effects. Isomalt is due to its specific nutritional qualities a promising alternative to sucrose, with versatile properties for many food and pharmaceutical applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bachmann, W., Haslbeck, M., Spengler, M., Schmitz, H. and Mehnert, H. (1984) Untersuchungen zur Stoffwechselbeeinflussung durch akute Palatinitgaben. Vergleich zu Fructose und Saccharose bei Typ-IT-Diabetes. (Studies on influencing metabolism via acute doses of Palatinit. Comparison with frucose and saccharose in Type IT diabetes.) Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 9, 65–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bässler, K.-H. (1989) Die energetische Nutzung von Zuckeraustauschstoffen, eine Übersicht mit Schwerpunkt auf den Disaccharidalkoholen. Ernährungs-Umschau 36, 395–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaugerie, L., Flourié, B., Pellier, P., Achour, L., Franchisseur, C. and Rambaud J.-C. (1991) Tolérance clinique, absorption intestinale et valeur énergétique de quatre polyols pris à jeun. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 15, 929–932.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernier, J.J. and Pascal, G. (1990) Valeur énergetique des polyols (sucres-alcools). Medicine et Nutrition XXVI No. 4, 221–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berschauer, F. and Spengler, M. (1987) Energetische Nutzung von Palatinit®. (Energy utilisation of Palatinit®). Dtsch. Zahnärztl. Z. 42, S145–S150.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bugaut, M. and Bentéjac, M. (1993) Biological effects of short-chain fatty acids in nonruminant mammals. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 13, 217–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CEC (1985) Sweeteners. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (Sixteenth Series), Commission of the European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • CEC (1989) Sweeteners. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (Twenty-first Series), Commission of the European Communities. CS/EDUL/56.

    Google Scholar 

  • CEC (1990a) Proposal for a Council Directive on Sweeteners for use in Foodstuffs, Commission of the European Communities, ADD-263/90E.

    Google Scholar 

  • CEC (1990b) Commission of the European Communities Council Directive (94/35/EU) (10 September 1994) on Sweeteners for use in Foodstuffs of 30 June 1994. ABl. G Nr. L237/3-Cummings J.H., Gibson, G.R. and Macfarlane, G.T. (1989) Quantitative estimates of fermentation in the hindgut of man. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavia Suppl. 86, 76–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorchy, H and Ernould, Ch. (1983) Tolerance study with Palatinit® in form of sweets for diabetic children. Unpublished report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drost, H., Gierlich, P., Spengler, M. and Jahnke, K. (1980) Blutglucose und Seruminsulin nach oraler Applikation von Palatinit im Vergleich zu Glucose bei Diabetikern vom Erwachsenentyp. Verh. Dt. Ges. Inn. Med. 80, 978–981.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Es, A.J.H. (1991) Dietary energy density on using sugar alcohols as replacements for sugars. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 50, 383–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO (1986) Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Report of J ECEA. WHO-Technical Report Series 733, 34–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO (1987) Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Meeting (29th: 1985: Geneva) Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. (WHO Food Additives series; 20), Isomalt pp. 207–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Featherstone, J.D.B. (1994) Effects of isomalt sweetener on the caries process: a review. J. Clin. Dent. 5, 82–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Register (1990), Vol. 55, No. 203, 19 October 1990, Notice of Filing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Février, Cl., Pascal, G. et al. (1991) Comparative energy utilization of isomalt and sucrose in fattening pigs. Sciences des Aliments 11, 367–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, M., Siebert, G. and Kasper, H. (1985) Dose dependence of breath hydrogen and methane in healthy volunteers after ingestion of a commercial disaccharide mixture, Palatinit®. Brit. J. Nutr. 54, 389–400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Förster, H. (1972) Grundlagen für die Verwendung der drei Zuckeraustauschstoffe Fructose. Sorbit und Xylit. Medizin und Ernährung 1, 7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gee, J.M., Cooke, D., Gorick, S., Wortley, G.M., Greenwood, R.H., Zumbé, A. and Johnson, I.T. (1991) Effects of conventional sucrose-based, fructose-based and isomalt-based chocolates on postprandial metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 45, 561–566.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gehring, F. (1973) Über die Säurebildung kariesätiologisch wichtiger Streptokokken aus Zuckern und Zuckeralkoholen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Isomaltit und Isomaltulose. Z. Ernährungswiss. Suppl. 15, 16–27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gehring, F. and Hufnagel, H.-D. (1983) Intrα- und extraorale pH-Messungen an Zahnplaques des Menschen nach Spülung mit einigen Zucker- und Saccharoseaustauschstoff-Lösungen. (Intrα- and extraoral pH measurements in human dental plaques after rinses with solutions of sugar substitutes.) Oralprophylaxe 5, 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehring, F. and Karle, E.J. (1981) Der Saccharoseaustauschstoff Palatinit® unter besonderer Berücksichtigung mikrobiologischer und kariesprophylaktischer Aspekte. (The sugar substitute Palatinit® with special regard to microbiological and caries prophylactic aspects.) Z. Ernährungwiss. 20, 96–106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Groot, A.P. (1987) Isomalt: Chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproduction studies. In Low Digestibilitry Carbohydrates, (eds. Leegwater, D.C., Feron, V.J. and Hermus, R.J.J.) Pudoc Wageningen, pp. 61–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grupp, U. and Siebert, G. (1978) Metabolism of hydrogenated palatinose, an equimolar mixture of α-D-Glucopyranosido-l,6-sorbitol and α-D-Glucopyranosido-l,6-mannitol. Res. Exp. Med. (Bed.) 173, 261–278.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, D.S., Abelson, D.C. and Jensen, M. E. (1986) Human plaque acidity models. J. Dent. Res. 65 (Spec. Iss.), 1503–1510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heymann, H. (1991) Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Di- und Oligosacchariden aus Dünndarmmukosa. Dissertation, Universität Hannover. van der Hoeven, J.S. (1979) Influence of disaccharide alcohols on the oral microflora. Caries Res. 13, 301–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Hoeven, J.S. (1980) Cariogenicity of disaccharide alcohols in rats. Caries Res. 14, 61–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hufnagel, H.-D. (1981) pH-Messungen in Situ auf der Zahnoberfläche mit einer Spezial-elektrode nach Spülung mit verschiedenen Substraten. Dissertation, Universität Würzburg, Medizinische Fakultät.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hütter, R., Böswart, F. and Irsigler, K. (1993) Insulinverbrauch von Typ-I-Diabetikern nach oraler Gabe von Isomalt. (Insulin requirements of Type I Diabetics after oral administration of isomalt.) Akt. Ernähr.-Med. 18, 149–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imfeld, Th.N. (1983) Non-nutritive sweeteners, sugar substitutes, and confectionery products. In Identification of Low Caries Risk Dietary Components. Karger, Basel. pp. 117–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imfeld, Th.N. (1987) “Zannschonende” Süßwaren und Schokoladenwaren. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 42, S107–S112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, D.J.A., Wolever, Th.M.S., Taylor, R.H., Barker, H., Fielden, H., Baldwin, J.M., Bowling, A.C., Newman, H.C., Jenkins, A.L. and Goff, D.V. (1981) Glycaemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34, 362–366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karimzadegan, E., Clifford, A.J. and Hill, F.W. (1979) A rat bioassay for measuring the comparative availability of carbohydrates and its application to legume foods, pure carbohydrates and polyols. J. Nutr. 109, 2247–2259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karle, E.J. and Gehring, F. (1978) Palatinit® — ein neuer Zuckeraustauschstoff und seine kariesprophylaktische Beurteilung. Dtsch. Zahnärtl. Z. 3, 189–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karle, E.J. and Gehring, F. (1979) Kariogenitätsuntersuchungen von Zuckeraustauschstoffen an xerostomierten Ratten. Dtsch. Zahnärztl. Z. 34, 551–554.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karle, E.J. and Gehring, F. (1981) Palatinit und Xylit im gnotobiotischen Rattversuch. Dtsch. Zahnärztl. Z. 36, 673–676.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaspar, L. and Spengler M. (1984) Wirkung oraler Gaben von Palatinit® auf den Insulinverbrauch bei Typ-I-Diabetikern. (Effect of oral doses of Palatinit® in insulin requirements in Type I diabetics.) Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 9, 60–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchgessner, M. and Müller, H.L. (1983) Palatinit®-Verdaulichkeit, Umsetzbarkeit und Verwertung der Energie im Modellversuch an Sauen. Z. Ernährungswiss. 22, 234–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchgessner, M., Zinner, P.M. and Roth, H.-P. (1983) Energiestoffwechsel und Insulinaktivität bei Ratten nach Palatinitfütterung. Internat. J. Nutr. Res. 53, 86–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • König, K.G. (1966) Möglichkeiten der Kariesprophylaxe und ihre Untersuchung im kurzfristigen Rattenexperiment. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroneberg, H.-G., Spengler, M. and Strohmeyer, G. (1979) Zur Resorption von Palatinit®, dem äquimolaren Gemisch von α-D-Glucopyranosido-l,6-Sorbit (GPS) und α-D-Gluco-pyranosido-l,6-Mannit (GPM) im Dünndarm von colectomierten Patienten. Report from 06.08.1979 undated on 10.11.1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krüger, D., Grossklaus, R., Klingebiel, L., Ziese, T. and Koch-Gensecke, S. (1991) Caloric availability of Palatinit® in the small intestine of rats: Implications of dose dependency on the energy value. Nutr. Res. 11, 669–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laker, M.F., Bull, H.J. and Menzies, I.S. (1982) Evaluation of mannitol for use as a probe marker of gastrointestinal permeability in man. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 12, 485–491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langkilde, A.M., Andersson, H., Schweizer, T.F. and Würsch, P. (1995) Digestion and absorption of sorbitol, maltitol and isomalt from the small bowel. A study in ileostomy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 768–775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A., Zumbé, A. and Storey, D. (1994) Breath hydrogen after ingestion of the bulk sweeteners sorbitol, isomalt and sucrose in chocolate. British Journal of Nutrition 71, 731–737.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livesey, G. (1990) The impact of the concentration and dose of Palatinit® in foods and diets on energy value. Eood Sciences and Nutrition 42F, 223–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livesey, G. (1992) The energy values of dietary fibre and sugar alcohols for man. Nutrition Research Reviews 5, 61–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LSRO/FASEB (1994) The Evaluation of the Energy of Certain Sugar Alcohols Used as Eood Ingredients. Life Sciences Research Office/Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, I., Keyser, A. and Pacy, D. (1978) Some effects, in man, of varying the load of glucose, sucrose, fructose, or sorbitol on various metabolites in blood. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31, 1305–1311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlane, G.T. and Cummings, J.H. (1991) The colonic flora, fermentation and large bowel digestive function. In The Large Intestine, Ravens Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malaisse-Lagae, F., Couturier, E., Dufrane, S.P., Sener, A., Spengler, M. and Malaisse, W.J. (1984) Effect of a sorbitol-rich diet of plasma and erythrocyte sorbitol concentrations in normal and diabetic subjects. Diabetes Research 1, 209–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, U. and Jägerstad, M. (1987) Hydrolysis of lactitol, maltitol and Palatinit® by human intestinal biopsies. British Journal of Nutrition 58, 199–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nutrition Council of The Netherlands (1987) The Energy Value of Sugar Alcohols. Recommendations of the Committee on Polyalcohols. The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paige, D.M., Bayless, Th.M. and Davis L.R. (1992) Palatinit® digestibility in children. Nutrition Res. 12, 27–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulus, K. and Fricker, A. (1980) Zuckerersatstoffe: Anforderungen und Eigenschaften am Beispiel von Palatinit®. Zeitschrift für Lehensmittel Technologie und Verfahrenstechnik (ZEL) 3, 128–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petzoldt, R., Lauer, R., Spengler, M. and Schöffling, K. (1982) Palatinit® bei Typ-II-Diabetikern. Wirkung auf Blutglucose, Seruminsulin, C-Peptid und freie Fettsäuren im Vergleich mit Glucose. (Palatinit® in type II diabetics: effect on blood-glucose, serum-insulin, C-peptide and free fatty acids.) Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 107, 1910–1913.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pometta, D., Trabichet, C. and Spengler, M. (1985) Effects of a 12-week administration of Isomalt (Palatinit®) on metabolic control in type-II-diabetics. Akt. Ernähr.-Med. 10, 174–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M.C., Kuijpers, M.H.M., Mercer, G.D., Hartnagel, R.E. Jr. and Koëter, H.B.W.M. (1991) Safety evaluation of Protaminabacter rubrum: intra venous pathogenicity and toxigenicity study in rabbits and mice. Ed Chem. Toxic. 29,(10), 685–688.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranhotra, G.S., Gelroth, J.A. and Glaser, B.K. (1993) Usable energy value of selected bulking agents. Journal of Eood Science 58, 1176–1178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SCF/EEC (1984) Report of the Scientific Committee for Food on Sweeteners. December 1984 (EC-DOC III/1316/84-CS/EDUL/27 rev.).

    Google Scholar 

  • SCF/EEC (1987) Report of the Scientific Committee for Food on Sweeteners. 11 December 1987 (EC-DOC III/B/s - CS/EDUL/56-Final).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiweck, H. (1980) Palatinit® — Herstellung, technologische Eigenschaften und Analytik palatinithaltiger Lebensmittel. Alimenta 19, 5–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiweck, H. (1993) Isomalt. In Encyclopedia of Eood Science Eood Technology and Nutrition, Volume 4, Fumigants-Malnutrition (eds. R. Macrae, R.K. Robinson and M.J. Sadler). Academic Press, pp. 2608–2611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiweck, H. (1994) Isomalt. In Ullmann’is Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Volume A25. pp. 426–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiweck, H. and Munir, M. (1992) Isomalt (Palatinit®, a versatile alternative sweetener — Production, properties and uses). In Carbohydrates in Industrial Synthesis, Verlag D. Albert Bartens, Berlin, pp. 5–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siebert, G. (1987) Zuckeraustauschstoffe — Neue Substanzen. Dtsch. Zahnärztl. Z. 42, S128–S134.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siebert, G., Grupp, U. and Heinkel, K. (1975) Studies on Isomaltitol. Nutr. Metabol. 18 Suppl. 1, 191–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smits-van Prooije, A.E., Dreef-van der Meulen, H.C., Sinkeldam, E.J. and de Groot, A.P. (1990) Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity study of isomalt in rats and mice. Fd Chem. Toxic. 28, 243–251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spengler, M., Somogyi, J.C., Pletcher, E. and Boehme, K. (1987) Tolerability, acceptance and energetic conversion of Isomalt (Palatinit®) in comparison with sucrose. Akt. Ernähr.-Med. 12, 210–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamm, J.W. et al. (1986) Integration of methods — Working group consensus report. Journal of Dental Research 64 (Spec. Iss.) 1537–1539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staudacher, W. and Kirchgessner, M. (1984) Protein- und Fettansatz sowie Energieverwertung bei Verfütterung von Palatinit® an wachsende Ratten. Z. Tierphysiol., Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde 52, 272–283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sträter, P.J. (1986) Palatinit®: Technological and processing characteristics. In: Alternative Sweeteners, (eds. L. O’Brien Nabors and R.C. Gelardi), Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 217–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiébaud, D., Jacot, E., Schmitz, H., Spengler, M. and Felber, J.P. (1984) Comparative study of isomalt and sucrose by means of continuous indirect calorimetry. Metabolism 33, 808–813.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaaler, S., Børneklett, A., Jelling, I., Skrede, G., Hanssen, K.F., Fansa, O. and Aagenaes, Ø. (1987) Sorbitol as a sweetener in the diet of insulin-dependent diabetes. Acta. Med. Scand. 221, 165–170.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waalkens-Berendsen, D.H., Koëter, H.B.W.M., Schlüter, G. and Renhof, M. (1989) Developmental toxicity of isomalt in rats. Fd Chem. Toxic. 27, 631–637.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waalkens-Berendsen, D.H., Koeter, H.B.W.M. and van Marwijk, M.W. (1990a) Embryotoxicity/teratogenicity of isomalt in rabbits. Fd Chem. Toxic. 28, 1–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waalkens-Berendsen, D.H., Kiëter, H.B.W.M. and Sinkeldam, E.J. (1990b) Multigenerattion reproduction study of isomalt in rats. Fd Chem. Toxic. 28, 11–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Weerden, E.J. and Huisman, J. (1993a) The digestion process of the sugar alcohol isomalt in the intestinal tract of the pig. 1. Studies with administration of isomalt in the feed. British Journal of Nutrition 69, 455–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Weerden, E.J. and Huisman, J. (1993b) The digestion process of the sugar alcohol isomalt in the intestinal tract of the pig. 2. Studies with administration of isomalt as a sweet. British Journal of Nutrition 69, 467–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Würsch, P., Koellreutter, B. and Schweizer, T.F. (1989) Hydrogen excretion after ingestion of five different sugar alcohols and lactulose. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 43, 819–825.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young T.K., Lee, S.C. and Tai, L.M. (1980) Mannitol absorption and excretion in uraemic patients regularly treated with gastrointestinal perfusion. Nephron 25, 112–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziesenitz, S.C. (1983) Bioavailability of glucose from Palatinit®. Z. Ernährungswiss. 22, 185–194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziesenitz, S.C. (1986) Zur Verwertung des Zuckeraustauschstoffes Palatinit® im Stoffwechsel. Beitr. Infusionstherapie klin. Ernähr. 16, pp. 120–132 (Karger, Basel)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziesenitz, S.C. and Siebert, G. (1987) The metabolism and utilization of polyols and other bulk sweeteners compared with sugar. Vol. 3 (T.H. Grenby, ed.), Elsevier Applied Science, London. pp. 109–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zinner, P.M. and Kirchgessner, M. (1982) Zur energetischen Verwertung von Palatinit®. Z. Ernährungswiss. 21, 272–278.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zumbé, A. and Brinkworth, R.A. (1992) Comparative studies of gastrointestinal tolerance and acceptability of milk chocolate containing either sucrose, isomalt or sorbitol in healthy consumers and Type II diabetics. Z. Ernährungswiss. 31, 40–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. S. C. Ziesenitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology, UMDS, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK

    T. H. Grenby

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Chapman & Hall

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ziesenitz, S.C. (1996). Basic structure and metabolism of isomalt. In: Grenby, T.H. (eds) Advances in Sweeteners. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1229-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1229-1_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7514-0331-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1229-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation