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Togaviridae: Rubella Virus

  • Chapter
Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases Principles and Practice

Abstract

Disease: Rubella, congenital rubell.

Etiologic Agent: Rubella virus, genus Rubivirusof Togaviridae.

Clinical Manifestations: Asymptothic infections are common; fever with rash; lymphadenitis; arthropathy and arthritis in adults. Congenital infection may result in fetal death and spontaneous abortion, live birth of severely malformed infant, an infant with minimal damage or a healthy infant.

Pathology: Primary site of virus is the nasopharyngeal muscosa, followed by spread of virus to local lymph nodes and a viremia 7 days after infection. The appearance of a rash may be caused by viral antigen-antibody complexes. During pregnancy, the virus infects the placenta and is then disseminated to all fetal tissues.

Laboratory Diagnosis: IgG serology in paired serum specimens; IgM serology in a single serum. IgG serology is in large-scale use for immunity testing.

Epidemiology: Worldwide distribution; endemic in temperate climates, with seasonal peaks during spring and early summer. In countries with successful childhood vaccination programs, major epidemics have been prevented.

Treatment: No antiviral chemotherapeutic agent available.

Prevention and Control: Attenuated rubella vaccines administered subcutaneously are widely used, often in the form of combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine; have greatly reduced total number of rubella cases and similar reduction has been observed in congenital rubella, the main target of vaccination programs.

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Best, J.M., O’Shea, S. (1988). Togaviridae: Rubella Virus. In: Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases Principles and Practice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3900-0_23

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