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Tree Health and Physiology in a Changing Environment

  • Chapter
Responses of Northern U.S. Forests to Environmental Change

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 139))

Abstract

A tree is a large, long-lived, perennial, compartmented, woody, shedding, walling plant. This definition is based on new tree biology concepts (Shigo, 1986a,b, 1991) and explains much about how mature trees function through their unique structure. When the tree begins its life, it is mostly leaf in mass (Fig. 7.1a). As a tree grows in stature, it becomes mostly stem in mass and the foliage represents only a few percent of the total mass. Roots remain relatively constant at about one-fifth the total mass as a tree grows from a small sapling to a mature standard in the forest canopy. Branches represent only a small fraction of total mass, which decreases over time, as older branches are shed. Also shed are leaves, roots, and outer bark. However, aging wood cannot be shed, but dies internally as sapwood is transformed into a core of protection wood, often called “heartwood” (Fig. 7.1b,c; Table 7.1).

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Authors
  1. Walter C. Shortle
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  2. Kevin T. Smith
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  3. Rakesh Minocha
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  4. Subhash Minocha
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  5. Philip M. Wargo
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  6. Kristiina A. Vogt
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., 1509 Varsity Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA

    Robert A. Mickler

  2. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 11 Campus Boulevard, Newton Square, PA, 19073, USA

    Richard A. Birdsey  & John Hom  & 

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Shortle, W.C., Smith, K.T., Minocha, R., Minocha, S., Wargo, P.M., Vogt, K.A. (2000). Tree Health and Physiology in a Changing Environment. In: Mickler, R.A., Birdsey, R.A., Hom, J. (eds) Responses of Northern U.S. Forests to Environmental Change. Ecological Studies, vol 139. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1256-0_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1256-0_7

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