Skip to main content

Abstract

The Planck function in wavelength units (λμm in μm; T in K) is

$${B_{\lambda }} = 2h{c^{2}}{\lambda ^{{ - 5}}}/\left( {{e^{{hc/k\lambda T}}} - 1} \right)$$
$$= 1.1910 \times {10^{8}}\lambda _{{\mu m}}^{{ - 5}}/({e^{{14387.7/\lambda \mu mT}}} - 1)W{m^{{ - 2}}}\mu {m^{{ - 1}}}s{r^{{ - 1}}}$$

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Boyd R.W. 1983, Radiometry and the Detection of Optical Radiation (Wiley, New York)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Dereniak E.L., & Crowe D.G. 1984, Optical Radiation Detectors (Wiley, New York)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wolfe W.L., & Zissis G.J. 1985, The Infrared Handbook, rev. ed. (Office of Naval Research, Washington, DC)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rieke G.H. 1994, Detection of Light; From the Ultraviolet to the Submillimeter (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

    Google Scholar 

References

  1. Shure M. et al. 1994, Proc. SP1E, 2198, 614

    Article  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Rieke G.H. 1994, Detection of Light: From the Ultraviolet to the Submillimeter (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fazio G.G. 1994, Infrared Phys. Technol, 35, 107

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Herter T. 1994, in Infrared Astronomy with Arrays, edited by I. McLean (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht), p. 409

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Haller E.E. 1994, Infrared Phys. Technol, 35, 127

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Phillips T.G. 1988, in Millimetre and Submillimetre Astronomy, edited by R.D. Wolstencroft and W.B. Burton (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht), p. 1

    Google Scholar 

  2. White G.J. 1988, in Millimetre and Submillimetre Astronomy, edited by R.D. Wolstencroft and W.B. Burton (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht), p. 27

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Cohen M. et al. 1992, AJ, 104, 1650

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Golay M. 1974, Introduction to Astronomical Photometry (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 40

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Hanner M.S., et al. 1984, AJ, 89, 162

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Wainscoat R.J., & Cowie L.L. 1992, AJ, 103, 332

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hayes D.S. 1985, in Calibration of Fundamental Stellar Quantities, edited by D.S. Hayes, et al., Proc. IAU Symp. No. 111 (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 225

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Bessell M.S., & Brett J.M. 1988, PASP, 100, 1134

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Koornneef J. 1983, A&A, 128, 84

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bessell M.S. 1991, AJ, 101, 662

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Vacca W.D. et al. 1996, ApJ, 460, 914

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Popper D.M. 1980, ARA&A, 18, 115

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Böhm-Vitense E. 1981, ARA&A, 19, 295

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bμhm-Vitense E. 1982, ApJ, 255, 191

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Blackwell D.E. et al. 1991, A&A, 245, 567

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fernley J.A. 1989, MNRAS, 239, 905

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bell R.A., & Gustafsson B. 1989, MNRAS, 236, 653

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Jones H.R.A. et al. 1995, MNRAS, 277, 767

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Leggett S.K. et al. 1996, ApJS, 104, 117

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Bessell M.S., & Brett J.M. 1988, PASP, 100, 1134

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ridgway S.T. et al. 1980, ApJ, 235, 126

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Di Benedetto G.P., & Rabbia Y. 1987, A&A, 188, 114

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bell R.A., & Gustafsson B. 1989, MNRAS, 236, 653

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Blackwell D.E. et al. 1991, A&A, 245, 567

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Vacca W.D. et al. 1996, ApJ, 460, 914

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Bessell M.S., & Brett J.M. 1988, RASP, 100, 1134

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Whittet D.C.B., & van Breda I.G. 1980, MNRAS, 192, 467

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Koornneef J. 1983, A&A, 128, 84

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Elias J. et al. 1985, ApJS, 57, 91

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Schmidt-Kaler Th. 1982, in Landolt-Bürnstein, New Series, edited by K. Schaifer & H.H. Voigt (Springer-Verlag, Berlin), Vol. VI/2b, p. 451

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bühm-Vitense E. 1981, ARA&A, 19, 295

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Remie H., & Lamers H.J.G.L.M. 1982, A&A, 105, 85

    ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Treffers R.R. et al. 1976, ApJ, 209, 793

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Moore C.E. 1993, in Tables of Spectra of Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Atoms and Ions, edited by J.W. Gallagher (CRC, Boca Raton, FL); van Hoof, P.A.M., private communication

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bashkin S., & Stoner J.O. 1975, Atomic Energy Levels and Grotian Diagrams (North-Holland, Amsterdam); van Hoof, P.A.M., private communication

    Google Scholar 

  4. Allen D.A. et al. 1985, ApJ, 291, 280

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Johansson S. 1978, Phys. Scr, 18, 217

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hamann F. et al. 1994, ApJ, 422, 626

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Moore C.E. 1971, Atomic Energy Levels, NSRDS-NBS Publication No. 35; van Hoof, P.A.M., private communication

    Google Scholar 

  8. Woodward C.E. et al. 1995, ApJ, 438, 921

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Greenhouse M.A. et al. 1993, ApJS, 88, 23

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gehrz R.D. 1988, ARA&A, 26, 377

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Roche P.F. et al. 1993, MNRAS, 261, 522

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hinkle K.H. 1978, ApJ, 220, 210

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gautier III T.H. et al. 1976, ApJ, 207, L129

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Black J.H., & van Dishoeck E.F. 1987, ApJ, 322, 412

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Reconditi M., & Oliva E. 1993, A&A, 274, 662; Oliva, E. et al. 1994, A&A, 288, 457

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Scoville N. et al. 1983, ApJ, 275, 201

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Drossart P. et al. 1989, Nature, 340, 539; see also Kao, L. et al. 1991, ApJS, 77, 317

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Simon M., & Cassar L. 1984, ApJ, 283, 179

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kleinman S.G., & Hall D.N.B. 1986, ApJS, 62, 501

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Martin W.C., & Zalubas R. 1981, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Sen, 10, 153

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. Black J.H., & Willner S.P. 1984, ApJ, 279, 673

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Davis D.S. et al. 1982, ApJ, 259, 166

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Beer R. et al. 1972, ApJ, 172, 89

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lowe R.P. et al. 1991, ApJ, 368, 195

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sanford S.A. 1991, ApJ, 376, 599

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Knacke R.F., & Young E.T. 1981, ApJ, 249, L65

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Brand P.W.J.L. et al. 1989, MNRAS, 236, 929

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Oka T., & Geballe T.R. 1990, ApJ, 351, L53

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hinkle K.H. et al. 1976, ApJ, 210, L141

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hamann E, & Simon M. 1986, ApJ, 311, 909

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Guelachvili G. 1979, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 75, 251; Mitchell, G.F. et al. 1989, ApJ, 341, 1020

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wooden D.H. et al. 1993, ApJS, 88, 477

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Genzel R. 1988, in Millimetre and Submillimetre Astronomy, edited by R.D. Wolstencroft and W.B. Burton (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht), p. 223

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  34. Kelly D.M., & Lacy J.H. 1995, ApJ, 454, L161

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Emery R.J., & Kessler M.F. 1984, in Galactic and Extragalactic Infrared Spectroscopy, edited by M.F. Kessler and J.R. Phillips (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 289

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  36. Stacy G.J. et al. 1993, Proc. SPIE, 1946, 238

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. Watson D.M. 1984, in Galactic and Extragalactic Infrared Spectroscopy, edited by M.F. Kessler and J.P. Phillips (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 195; Townes, C.H., & Melnick, G. 1990, PASP, 102, 357

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  38. Colgan S.W.J. et al. 1993, ApJ, 413, 237

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. Howe J.E. et al. 1993, ApJ, 410, 179

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. H: Wynn-Williams C.G. 1984, in Galactic and Extragalactic Infrared Spectroscopy, edited by M.F. Kessler and J.P. Phillips (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 133

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  41. H2: Schwartz R.D. et al. 1987, ApJ, 322, 403; Black, J.H., & van Dishoeck, E.F. 1987, Ap.J., 322, 412

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. CO: Goorvitch D. 1994, ApJS, 95, 535

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. Solar atlases: Livingston W., & Wallace L. 1991, An Atlas of the Solar Spectrum in the Infrared from 1850 to 9000 cm -1 (1.1-5.4 μm), NSO Technical Report No. 91-001 (NOAO, Tucson); Wallace, L., & Livingston, W. 1992, An Atlas of a Dark Sunspot Umbral Spectrum from 1970 to 8640 cm -1 (1.16-5.1 μm), NSO Technical Report No. 92-001 (NOAO, Tucson)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Infrared spectra: Jourdain de Muizon M. et al. 1994, Database of Astronomical Infrared Spectroscopic Observations (University of Leiden, Leiden)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Infrared wavelength calibration: Outred M. 1978, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Ser., 7, 1; Rao, K.N. et al. 1966, Wavelength Standards in the Infrared (Academic Press, New York)

    Article  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Bernard J.R et al. 1994, A&A, 291, L5

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cutri R.M., & Latter W.B., editors, 1993, The First Symposium on the Infrared Cirrus and Diffuse Interstellar Clouds, ASP Conf. Ser. (ASP, San Francisco), Vol. 58

    Google Scholar 

References

  1. Sodroski T. J. et al. 1994, Apj, 428, 638

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Willner S.P. 1984, in Galactic and Extragalactic Infrared Spectroscopy, edited by M.F. Kessler and J.P. Phillips (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 37

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. Roche P.F. 1989, in Proc. 22nd ESLAB Symp. on Infrared Spectroscopy in Astronomy, ESA SP-290, p. 79

    Google Scholar 

  3. Tokunaga A.T., & Brooke T.Y. 1990, Icarus, 86, 208

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Whittet D.C.B. 1992, Dust in the Galactic Environment (Institute of Physics, Bristol), p. 147

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Allamandola L.J. et al. 1989, ApJS, 71, 733

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Léger A., & d’Hendecourt L. 1987, in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Astrophysics, edited by A. Léger et al. (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 223

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Sellgren K. 1994, in The First Symposium on the Infrared Cirrus and Diffuse Interstellar Clouds, edited by R.M. Cutri and W.B. Latter, ASP Conf. Ser. (ASP, San Francisco), Vol. 58, p. 243

    Google Scholar 

References

  1. Morrison D. et al. 1976, ApJ, 207, L213

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Morrison D. 1977, in Planetary Satellites, edited by J.A. Burns (University of Arizona, Tuscon), p. 269

    Google Scholar 

  3. Morrison D., & Morrison N.D. 1977, in Planetary Satellites, edited by J.A. Burns (University of Arizona, Tuscon), p. 363

    Google Scholar 

  4. Morrison D., & Cruikshank D.P. 1974, SSRv, 15, 641

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hartmann W.K. et al. 1982, Icarus, 52, 377

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Franz O.G., & Millis R.L. 1975, Icarus, 24, 433

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Cruikshank D.R 1980, Icarus, 41, 246, and private communication

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cruikshank D.P. et al. 1977, ApJ, 217, 1006

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Brown R.H. et al. 1982, Nature, 300, 423

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Andersson L.E. 1977, in Planetary Satellites, edited by J.A. Burns (University of Arizona, Tucson), p. 451

    Google Scholar 

  11. Noll K.S., & Knacke R.F. 1993, Icarus, 101, 272

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gillett F.C. 1975, ApJ, 201, L41

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Loewenstein R.F. et al. 1980, Icarus, 43, 283

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cruikshank D.R et al. 1983, Icarus, 53, 90

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cruikshank D.R et al. 1979, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 17, 165

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Nicholson P.D., & Jones T.J. 1980, Icarus, 42, 54

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Morrison D. et al. 1982, Nature, 300, 425

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Tryka K.A. et al. 1993, Science, 261, 751

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Binzel R.P., & Mulholland J.D. 1984, AJ, 89, 1759

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Soifer B.T. et al. 1980, AJ, 85, 166

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jewitt D.C. 1994, AJ, 107, 372

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Veeder G.J. et al. 1978, AJ, 83, 651, and private communication

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lagerkvist C.-I. et al. 1989, in Asteroids II, edited by R.P. Binzel et al. (University of Arizona, Tucson), p. 1162

    Google Scholar 

  24. Tedesco E. 1979, in Asteroids, edited by T. Gehrels (University of Arizona, Tuscon), p. 1098

    Google Scholar 

  25. Johnson T.V. et al. 1975, ApJ, 197, 527

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Morrison D. 1974, ApJ, 194, 203

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lebofsky L.A. et al. 1986, Icarus, 68, 239

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. McCheyne R.S. et al. 1985, Icarus, 61, 443

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Merrill K.M., & Ridgway S.T. 1979, ARA&A, 17, 9

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Tsuji T. 1986, ARA&A, 24, 89

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lambert D.L. et al. 1986, ApJS, 62, 373

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Thompson R.I. et al. 1972, PASP, 84, 779

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ridgway S.T. et al. 1974, in Highlights of Astronomy, edited by G. Contopoulos (Reidel, Dordrecht), Vol. 3, p. 327

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Querci M., & Querci F. 1975, A&A, 42, 329

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Geballe T.R. et al. 1977, PASP, 89, 840

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hinkle K.H. 1978, ApJ, 220, 210

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cohen M. et al. 1992, AJ, 104, 2045

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Strecker D.W. et al. 1978, AJ, 83, 26

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hinkle K.H., & Barnes T.G. 1979, ApJ, 227, 923

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Goebel J.H. et al. 1978, ApJ, 222, L129

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Goebel J.H. et al. 1981, ApJ, 246, 455

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Goebel J.H. et al. 1983, ApJ, 270, 190

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wiedemann G.R. et al. 1991, ApJ, 282, 321

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Goebel J.H. et al. 1980, ApJ, 235, 104

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hinkle K.H. et al. 1988, Science, 241, 1319

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bernath P.F. et al. 1989, Science, 244, 562

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ridgway S.T. et al. 1978, ApJ, 255, 138

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Geballe T.R. et al. 1979, ApJ, 230, L47

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. Rinsland C.P., & Wing R.F. 1982, ApJ, 262, 201

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ridgway S.T. et al. 1984, ApJS, 54, 177

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lambert D.L. et al. 1990, AJ, 99, 1612

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Beer R. et al. 1972, ApJ, 172, 89

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Lord S. 1992, NASA Tech. Mem. 1039 57

    Google Scholar 

  2. Manduca A., & Bell R.A. 1979, PASP, 91, 858

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bersanelli M. et al. 1991, A&A, 252, 854

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Wolfe W.L., & Zissis G.J. 1985, The Infrared Handbook, rev. ed. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC), p. 5–1

    Google Scholar 

  5. Griffin M.J. et al. 1986, Icarus, 65, 244

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Traub W.A., & Stier M.T. 1976, Appl. Opt., 15, 364

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Taylor D.A. et al. 1991, MNRAS, 251, 199

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Taylor D.A. et al. 1994, Proc. SPIE, 2198, 703

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Melnick G.J. 1993, Adv. Space Res., 13, 535

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bally J. 1989, in Astrophysics in Antarctica, AIP Conf. No. 198 (AIP, New York), p. 100; Townes, C.H., & Melnick, G. 1990, PASP, 102, 357

    Google Scholar 

  11. Buhl D. 1984, in Galactic and Extragalactic Infrared Spectroscopy, edited by M.F. Kessler and J.P. Phillips (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 221

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Warner J.W. 1977, PASP, 89, 724

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Beckers J.M. 1979, PASP, 91, 857

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wallace L. 1984, PASP, 96, 184–836

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Krisciunas K. et al. 1987, PASP, 99, 887

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Volk K. et al. 1989, in Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 341, edited by E.F. Milone (Springer-Verlag, Berlin), p. 15

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bessell M.S., & Brett J.M. 1988, PASP, 100, 1134

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hodapp K.-W. et al. 1992, PASP, 104, 441

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Maihara T. et al. 1993, PASP, 105, 940

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Shure M. et al. 1994, Proc. SPIE, 2198, 614

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. Becklin E., private communication

    Google Scholar 

  22. Roche P.F., & Glasse A.C.H. 1990, United Kingdom Large Telescope Report

    Google Scholar 

  23. Binzel R.P. et al., this volume

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hauser M.G. et al. 1984, ApJ, 278, L15

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sodroski T.J. et al. 1994, ApJ, 428, 638

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cox P., & Mezger P.G. 1989, A&A Rev., 1, 49

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wright E.L. 1993, SPIE, 2019, 158

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mather J.C. et al. 1994, ApJ, 420, 439

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Baker D.J., & Romick G.J. 1976, Appl. Opt., 15, 1966

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Oliva E., & Origlia L. 1992, A&A, 254, 466

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Steed A.J., & Baker D.J. 1979, Appl. Opt., 18, 3386

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. McCaughrean M J. 1988, Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ramsay S.K. et al. 1992, MNRAS, 259, 751

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Osterbrock D.E., & Martel A. 1992, PASP, 104, 76

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gillett F.C. 1987, in Infrared Astronomy with Arrays, edited by C.G. Wynn-Williams and E.E. Becklin (University of Hawaii, Honolulu), p. 3

    Google Scholar 

  36. Merline W.J., & Howell S.B. 1995, Exp. Astron., 6, 163

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. Phillips T.G. 1988, in Millimeter and Submillimeter Astronomy, edited by R.D. Wolstencroft and W.B. Burton (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht), p. 1

    Google Scholar 

  38. Cohen M. et al. 1992, AJ, 104, 1650

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hayes D.S. 1985, in Calibration of Fundamental Stellar Quantities, edited by D.S. Hayes et al., Proc. IAU Symp. No. 111 (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 225

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  40. Blackwell D.A. et al. 1990, A&A, 232, 396; 1991, ibid., 245, 567; Campins, H. et al. 1985, AJ, 90, 896; Mountain, CM. et al. 1985, A&A, 151, 399

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rieke G.H. et al. 1985, AJ, 90, 900

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. Allen D.A., & Cragg T.A. 1983, MNRAS, 203, 777

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. Elias J.H. et al. 1982, AJ, 87, 1029

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. Bersanelli M. et al. 1991, A&A, 252, 854

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bouchet P. et al. 1991, A&AS, 91, 409

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. Tokunaga A.T. 1984, AJ, 89, 172

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. Caillault J.-P., & Patterson J. 1990, AJ, 100, 825

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. Jones T.J., & Hyland A.R. 1982, MNRAS, 200, 509

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. Carrasco L. et al. 1991, PASP, 103, 987

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. Carter B.S. 1990, MNRAS, 242, 1

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hanner M.S., & Tokunaga A.T. 1991, in Comets in the Post-Halley Era, edited by R.L. Newburn et al. (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht), p. 67

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  52. Casali M., & Hawardsen T. 1992, JCMT-UKIRT Newsletter, No. 4, p. 33

    Google Scholar 

  53. Gehrz R.D. et al. 1987, in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, edited by R.A. Meyers (Academic Press, Orlando), Vol. 2, p. 53

    Google Scholar 

  54. Elias J. et al. 1985, ApJS, 57, 91

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. Koornneef J. 1983, A&AS, 51, 489

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. Leggett S.K. et al. 1993, IAU Colloq., 136, 66

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wright E.L. 1976, ApJ, 210, 250

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. Orton G.S. et al. 1986, Icarus, 67, 289

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ulrich B.L. 1981, AJ, 86, 1619

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hildebrand R.H. et al. 1985, Icarus, 64, 64

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. Sandell G. 1994, MNRAS, 271, 75

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. Emerson J.P. 1988, in Formation and Evolution of Low Mass Stars, edited by A.K. Dupree and M.T.V.T. Lago (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht), Vol. 241, p. 193

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  63. Helou G. et al. 1988, ApJS, 68, 151

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. Pérault M. 1987, Ph.D. thesis, University of Paris, Paris; Lonsdale, C, & Mazzarella, J., private communication

    Google Scholar 

  65. Helou G. et al. 1985, ApJ, 298, L7

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. Mathis J.S., this volume

    Google Scholar 

  67. Rieke G.H., & Lebofsky M.J. 1985, ApJ, 288, 618

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. Draine B.T. 1989, in Proceedings of the 22nd ESLAB Symposium on Infrared Spectroscopy in Astronomy, edited by B.H. Kaldeich (ESA, Noordwijk), ESA SP-290, p. 93

    Google Scholar 

  69. He L. et al. 1995, ApJS, 101, 335

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. Roche P.F., & Aitken D.K. 1984, MNRAS, 208, 481

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. Roche, RE, & Aitken D.K. 1985, MNRAS, 215, 425

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. Henry J.P. et al. 1984, ApJ, 285, L27

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. Nagata T. et al. 1994, ApJ, 423, L113

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. Martin P.G. et al. 1992, ApJ, 392, 691

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. Whittet D.C.B. et al. 1992, ApJ, 386, 562

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hildebrand R.H. et al. 1983, QJRAS, 24, 267

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. Beckwith S.V.W., & Sargent A.I. 1991, ApJ, 381, 250

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. Draine B.T. 1994, in First Symposium on the Infrared Cirrus and Diffuse Interstellar Clouds, ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 58, edited by R.M. Cutri and W.B. Latter (ASP, San Francisco), p. 227

    Google Scholar 

  79. Desert F.X. et al. 1990, A&A, 237, 215

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. Beichman C.A. 1987, ARA&A, 25, 521

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. Sellgren K. 1984, ApJ, 277, 623

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. Léger A., & Puget J.L. 1984, A&A, 137, L5

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. Draine B.T., & Anderson N. 1985, ApJ, 292, 494

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. Campins H. et al. 1985, AJ, 90, 896

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hardorp J. 1982, A&A, 105, 120

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lebofsky L.A. et al. 1986, Icarus, 68, 239

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. Morrison D. 1974, ApJ, 194, 203

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. Tedesco E.F. et al. 1992, The IRAS Minor Planet Survey, Phillips Laboratory Report No. PL-TR-92-2049

    Google Scholar 

  89. Hanel R.A. et al. 1992, Exploration of the Solar System by Infrared Remote Sensing (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

    Google Scholar 

  90. Encrenaz Th., & Bibring J.P. 1990, The Solar System (Springer-Verlag, Berlin)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  91. Encrenaz Th. 1992, in Infrared Astronomy with ISO, edited by Th. Encrenaz and M.F. Kessler (Nova Science, Commack), p. 173

    Google Scholar 

  92. Larson H.P. 1980, ARA&A, 18, 43

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. Crovisier J. 1992, in Infrared Astronomy with ISO, edited by Th. Encrenaz and M.F. Kessler (Nova Science, Commack), p. 221

    Google Scholar 

  94. Mumma M.J. et al. 1993, in Protostars and Planets III,edited by E.H. Levy and J.I. Lunine (University of Arizona, Tucson), p. 1177

    Google Scholar 

  95. Clark R.N. et al. 1986, in Satellites, edited by J.A. Burns and M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona, Tucson), p. 437

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  96. Cruikshank D.P., & Brown R.H., in Satellites, edited by J.A. Burns and M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona, Tucson), p. 836

    Google Scholar 

  97. Larson H.P., & Veeder G.J. 1979, in Asteroids (University of Arizona, Tucson), p. 724

    Google Scholar 

  98. Gaffey M.F. et al. 1989, in Asteroids II, edited by R.P. Binzel et al. (University of Arizona, Tucson), p. 98

    Google Scholar 

  99. Merrill K.M., & Stein W.A. 1976, PASP, 88, 285

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. Strecker D.W. et al. 1979, ApJS, 41, 501

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. Cohen M. et al. 1992, AJ, 104, 2030

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. Walker R.G., & Cohen M. 1992, An Atlas of Selected Calibrated Stellar Spectra, NASA Contractor Report No. 177604

    Google Scholar 

  103. Wainscoat R.J. et al. 1992, ApJS, 83, 111

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. Cohen M. 1993, AJ, 105, 1860

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. Cohen M. 1994, AJ, 107, 582

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. Gezari D.Y. et al. 1993, Catalog of Infrared Observations, 3rd ed. NASA Reference Publication No. 1294

    Google Scholar 

  107. Gezari D.Y. et al. 1993, Far Infrared Supplement, Catalog of Infrared Observations (λ> 4.6 μm), 3rd ed., Rev. 1, NASA Reference Publication No. 1295

    Google Scholar 

  108. Jourdain de Muizon M. et al. 1994, Database of Astronomical Infrared Spectroscopic Observations (Leiden University, Leiden)

    Google Scholar 

  109. Kleinmann S.G., & Hall D.N.B. 1986, ApJS, 62, 501

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. Scoville N.Z. et al. 1983, ApJ, 275, 201

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. Simon M., & Cassar L. 1984, ApJ, 283, 179

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. Persson S.E. et al. 1984, ApJ, 286, 289

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. Hamann E, & Simon M. 1986, ApJ, 311, 909

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. Schwartz R.D. et al. 1987, ApJ, 322, 403

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. Carr J.S. 1989, ApJ, 345, 522

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. Mitchell G.F. et al. 1990, ApJ, 363, 554

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. Chandler C J. et al. 1993, ApJ, 412, L71

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. Hamann F. et al. 1994, ApJ, 422, 626

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. Lada C.J. 1988, in Formation and Evolution of Low Mass Stars, edited by A.K. Dupree and M.T.V.T. Lago (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht), p. 93

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  120. Shu F.H. et al. 1987, ARA&A, 25, 23

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  121. Wilking B.A. 1989, PASP, 101, 229

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. Lada E.A. et al. 1993, in Protostars and Protoplanets III, edited by E.H. Levy and J.I. Lunine (University of Arizona, Tucson), p. 245

    Google Scholar 

  123. Zinnecker H. et al. 1993, in Protostars and Protoplanets HI, edited by E.H. Levy and J.I. Lunine (University of Arizona, Tucson), p. 429

    Google Scholar 

  124. Andreé P., & Montmerle T. 1994, ApJ, 420, 837

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. Soifer B.T. et al. 1987, ARA&A, 25, 187

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. Telesco C.M. 1988, ARA&A, 26, 343

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. Frogel J.A. et al. 1978, ApJ, 220, 75

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. Aaronson M. et al. 1978, ApJ, 220, 442

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  129. Glass I.S. 1984, MNRAS, 211, 461

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. Glass I.S., & Moorwood A.F.M. 1985, MNRAS, 214, 429

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. Sanders D.B. et al. 1988, ApJ, 325, 74

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. Carico D.P. et al. 1988, AJ, 95, 356

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  133. Knapp G.R. et al. 1992, ApJ, 399, 76

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. Désert F.X. et al. 1990, A&A, 237, 215

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. Knapp G.R. 1995, in Airborne Astronomy Symposium on the Galactic Ecosystem: From Gas to Stars to Dust, edited by M.R. Haas et al., ASP Conf. Ser. No. 73, p. 121

    Google Scholar 

  136. Roche P.F. et al. 1991, MNRAS, 248, 606

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  137. de Grijp, M.H.K. et al. 1985, Nature, 314, 240

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  138. Glass I.S. 1985, MNASSA, 44, 60

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. Impey C.D., & Neugebauer G. 1988, AJ, 95, 307

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  140. Soifer B.T. et al. 1989, AJ, 98, 766

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  141. Mazzarella J.M. et al. 1991, AJ, 101, 2034

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. Cohen M. 1992, AJ, 103, 1734

    Google Scholar 

  143. Walker H.J. et al. 1989, AJ, 98, 2163

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  144. Gardner J.P et al. 1993, ApJ, 415, L9

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  145. Soifer B.T. et al. 1987, ApJ, 320, 238

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. Soifer B.T., & Neugebauer G. 1991, AJ, 101, 354

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tokunaga, A.T. (2002). Infrared Astronomy. In: Cox, A.N. (eds) Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1186-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1186-0_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7037-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1186-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics