Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Systemic Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Platelet Rich Plasma in Musculoskeletal Practice

  • 1041 Accesses

Abstract

While PRP was introduced in the 1970s, there has been a recent geometric increase in its use for sports-related injuries [28], and it is now used to treat over 86,000 athletes annually in the United States [26] and many others throughout Europe [2, 25, 64, 80]. At the same time, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has become increasingly concerned that PRP injections may constitute a doping violation because PRP contains large quantities of ergogenic growth factors. Although the contents of the PRP preparations themselves have been extensively studied [10, 22, 25, 38, 89], the systemic effects and potential doping implications of PRP therapy are just beginning to be explored. Similarly, medical concerns related to the growth factors contained within PRP have been raised, although the long-term effects of PRP have not yet been directly addressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Anitua E, Andia I, Sanchez M, et al. Autologous preparations rich in growth factors promote proliferation and induce VEGF and HGF production by human tendon cells in culture. J Orthop Res. 2005;23(2):281–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Anitua E, Sanchez M, Nurden AT, et al. Autologous fibrin matrices: a potential source of biological mediators that modulate tendon cell activities. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;77(2):285–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Anitua E, Sanchez M, Zalduendo MM, et al. Fibroblastic response to treatment with different preparations rich in growth factors. Cell Prolif. 2009;42(2):162–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Antoniades HN. Human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF): purification of PDGF-I and PDGF-II and separation of their reduced subunits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981;78(12):7314–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ates K, Yang SY, Orrell RW, et al. The IGF-I splice variant MGF increases progenitor cells in ALS, dystrophic, and normal muscle. FEBS Lett. 2007;581(14):2727–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Banfi G, Corsi MM, Volpi P. Could platelet rich plasma have effects on systemic circulating growth factors and cytokine release in orthopaedic applications? Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(10):816.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Barkan AL, Beitins IZ, Kelch RP. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I/somatomedin-C in acromegaly: correlation with the degree of growth hormone hypersecretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67(1):69–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Baumann G, Stolar MW, Buchanan TA. The metabolic clearance, distribution, and degradation of dimeric and monomeric growth hormone (GH): implications for the pattern of circulating GH forms. Endocrinology. 1986;119(4):1497–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Blair JC, Camacho-Hubner C, Miraki Moud F, et al. Standard and low-dose IGF-I generation tests and spontaneous growth hormone secretion in children with idiopathic short stature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004;60(2):163–8; discussion 161–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Castillo TN, Pouliot MA, Kim HJ, Dragoo JL. Comparison of growth factor and platelet concentration from commercial platelet-rich plasma separation systems. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(2):266–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science. 1998;279(5350):563–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chan YS, Li Y, Foster W, Fu FH, Huard J. The use of suramin, an antifibrotic agent, to improve muscle recovery after strain injury. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(1):43–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Cianciolo G, Stefoni S, Zanchelli F, et al. PDGF-AB release during and after haemodialysis procedure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(10):2413–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Clemmons DR. Role of insulin-like growth factor-I in diagnosis and management of acromegaly. Endocr Pract. 2004;10(4):362–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Coghlan A. Rapid healing trick falls foul of anti-doping rules. New Sci. 2005. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7375-rapid-healing-trick-falls-foul-of-anti-doping-rules/.

  16. Cook DR, Doumit ME, Merkel RA. Transforming growth factor-beta, basic fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB interact to affect proliferation of clonally derived porcine satellite cells. J Cell Physiol. 1993;157(2):307–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Creaney L, Hamilton B. Growth factor delivery methods in the management of sports injuries: the state of play. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(5):314–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Czarkowska-Paczek B, Bartlomiejczyk I, Przybylski J. The serum levels of growth factors: PDGF, TGF-beta and VEGF are increased after strenuous physical exercise. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;57(2):189–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. D'Ercole AJ, Stiles AD, Underwood LE. Tissue concentrations of somatomedin C: further evidence for multiple sites of synthesis and paracrine or autocrine mechanisms of action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984;81(3):935–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Dall R, Longobardi S, Ehrnborg C, et al. The effect of four weeks of supraphysiological growth hormone administration on the insulin-like growth factor axis in women and men. GH-2000 Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(11):4193–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Daughaday WH, Rotwein P. Insulin-like growth factors I and II. Peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and gene structures, serum, and tissue concentrations. Endocr Rev. 1989;10(1):68–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dragoo JL, Braun HJ, Durham JL, et al. Comparison of the acute inflammatory response of two commercial platelet-rich plasma systems in healthy rabbit tendons. Am J Sports Med. 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dragoo JL, Braun HJ, Durham JL, et al. Comparison of the acute inflammatory response of two commercial platelet-rich plasma systems in healthy rabbit tendons. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(6):1274–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Efthimiadou A, Asimakopoulos B, Nikolettos N, et al. The angiogenetic effect of intramuscular administration of b-FGF and a-FGF on cardiac muscle: the influence of exercise on muscle angiogenesis. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(8):849–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Eppley BL, Woodell JE, Higgins J. Platelet quantification and growth factor analysis from platelet-rich plasma: implications for wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(6):1502–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Erythrosave. Available at: http://www.erythrosave.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=29. Accessed 26 June 2012.

  27. Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat Med. 1995;1(1):27–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Foster TE, Puskas BL, Mandelbaum BR, Gerhardt MB, Rodeo SA. Platelet-rich plasma: from basic science to clinical applications. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(11):2259–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Frick GP, Tai LR, Baumbach WR, Goodman HM. Tissue distribution, turnover, and glycosylation of the long and short growth hormone receptor isoforms in rat tissues. Endocrinology. 1998;139(6):2824–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gibbs CMD, Grebe SK. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) – the first-line test for assessing excess growth hormone. Rochester: Mayo Medical Laboratories; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Gosteli-Peter MA, Winterhalter KH, Schmid C, Froesch ER, Zapf J. Expression and regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein messenger ribonucleic acid levels in tissues of hypophysectomized rats infused with IGF-I and growth hormone. Endocrinology. 1994;135(6):2558–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Grimberg A, Cohen P. Growth hormone and prostate cancer: guilty by association? J Endocrinol Invest. 1999;22(5 Suppl):64–73.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Grimberg A, Cohen P. Role of insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in growth control and carcinogenesis. J Cell Physiol. 2000;183(1):1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Gustafsson T, Bodin K, Sylven C, Gordon A, Tyni-Lenne R, Jansson E. Increased expression of VEGF following exercise training in patients with heart failure. Eur J Clin Invest. 2001;31(4):362–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Gustafsson T, Kraus WE. Exercise-induced angiogenesis-related growth and transcription factors in skeletal muscle, and their modification in muscle pathology. Front Biosci J Virtual Lib. 2001;6:D75–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hannafin JA, Attia ET, Warren RF, Bhargava MM. Characterization of chemotactic migration and growth kinetics of canine knee ligament fibroblasts. J Orthop Res. 1999;17(3):398–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Harrison P, Cramer EM. Platelet alpha-granules. Blood Rev. 1993;7(1):52–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Harrison S, Vavken P, Kevy S, Jacobson M, Zurakowski D, Murray MM. Platelet activation by collagen provides sustained release of anabolic cytokines. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(4):729–34.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Heldin CH, Westermark B. PDGF-like growth factors in autocrine stimulation of growth. J Cell Physiol Suppl. 1987;(Suppl 5):31–4. PMID: 2824532.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Hildebrand KA, Woo SL, Smith DW, et al. The effects of platelet-derived growth factor-BB on healing of the rabbit medial collateral ligament. An in vivo study. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(4):549–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hill M, Goldspink G. Expression and splicing of the insulin-like growth factor gene in rodent muscle is associated with muscle satellite (stem) cell activation following local tissue damage. J Physiol. 2003;549(Pt 2):409–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Hill M, Wernig A, Goldspink G. Muscle satellite (stem) cell activation during local tissue injury and repair. J Anat. 2003;203(1):89–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Hoffman AR. Personal communication: detection of IGF-IEa and IGF-IEc isoforms in vivo. In: Wasterlain AS, editor. Email exchange regarding detection of IGF-IEa and IGF-IEc isoforms ed. Stanford; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Jackson JR, Minton JA, Ho ML, Wei N, Winkler JD. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in synovial fibroblasts is induced by hypoxia and interleukin 1beta. J Rheumatol. 1997;24(7):1253–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Jensen L, Bangsbo J, Hellsten Y. Effect of high intensity training on capillarization and presence of angiogenic factors in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2004;557(Pt 2):571–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Jones JI, Clemmons DR. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocr Rev. 1995;16(1):3–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Juul A, Scheike T, Pedersen AT, et al. Changes in serum concentrations of growth hormone, insulin, insulin-like growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins 1 and 3 and urinary growth hormone excretion during the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod. 1997;12(10):2123–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kniess A, Ziegler E, Kratzsch J, Thieme D, Muller RK. Potential parameters for the detection of hGH doping. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2003;376(5):696–700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kniess A, Ziegler E, Kratzsch J, Thieme D, Muller RK. Potential parameters for the detection of hGH doping. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2003;376(5):696–700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Le Roith D, Bondy C, Yakar S, Liu JL, Butler A. The somatomedin hypothesis: 2001. Endocr Rev. 2001;22(1):53–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lee PD, Durham SK, Martinez V, Vasconez O, Powell DR, Guevara-Aguirre J. Kinetics of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding protein responses to a single dose of growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(7):2266–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Lee SJ. Cytokine delivery and tissue engineering. Yonsei Med J. 2000;41(6):704–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Leung DW, Cachianes G, Kuang WJ, Goeddel DV, Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science. 1989;246(4935):1306–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Liu H, Bravata DM, Olkin I, et al. Systematic review: the effects of growth hormone on athletic performance. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(10):747–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ljungqvist A, Schwellnus MP, Bachl N, et al. International Olympic Committee consensus statement: molecular basis of connective tissue and muscle injuries in sport. Clin Sports Med. 2008;27(1):231–9, x–xi.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Lowe Jr WL, Lasky SR, LeRoith D, Roberts Jr CT. Distribution and regulation of rat insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acids encoding alternative carboxyterminal E-peptides: evidence for differential processing and regulation in liver. Mol Endocrinol. 1988;2(6):528–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lynch SE, Colvin RB, Antoniades HN. Growth factors in wound healing. Single and synergistic effects on partial thickness porcine skin wounds. J Clin Invest. 1989;84(2):640–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Lyras DN, Kazakos K, Agrogiannis G, et al. Experimental study of tendon healing early phase: is IGF-1 expression influenced by platelet rich plasma gel? Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96(4):381–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ma J, Pollak MN, Giovannucci E, et al. Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk in men and plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(7):620–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Matheny Jr RW, Nindl BC, Adamo ML. Minireview: Mechano-growth factor: a putative product of IGF-I gene expression involved in tissue repair and regeneration. Endocrinology. 2010;151(3):865–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Matsuda N, Lin WL, Kumar NM, Cho MI, Genco RJ. Mitogenic, chemotactic, and synthetic responses of rat periodontal ligament fibroblastic cells to polypeptide growth factors in vitro. J Periodontol. 1992;63(6):515–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Mauras N, Haymond MW. Are the metabolic effects of GH and IGF-I separable? Growth Horm IGF Res. 2005;15(1):19–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Menetrey J, Kasemkijwattana C, Day CS, et al. Growth factors improve muscle healing in vivo. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82(1):131–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mishra A, Pavelko T. Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(11):1774–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Oates TW, Rouse CA, Cochran DL. Mitogenic effects of growth factors on human periodontal ligament cells in vitro. J Periodontol. 1993;64(2):142–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Olfert IM, Howlett RA, Tang K, et al. Muscle-specific VEGF deficiency greatly reduces exercise endurance in mice. J Physiol. 2009;587(Pt 8):1755–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Owino V, Yang SY, Goldspink G. Age-related loss of skeletal muscle function and the inability to express the autocrine form of insulin-like growth factor-1 (MGF) in response to mechanical overload. FEBS Lett. 2001;505(2):259–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Padilla S, Orive G, Sanchez M, Anitua E, Wasterlain AS, Dragoo JL. Causality in biology has to answer 2 main questions – which and how: letter to the editor. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(5):NP22–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Pardridge WM. Transport of insulin-related peptides and glucose across the blood-brain barrier. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;692:126–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Philippou A, Maridaki M, Halapas A, Koutsilieris M. The role of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in skeletal muscle physiology. In Vivo. 2007;21(1):45–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Pierce GF, Mustoe TA, Lingelbach J, et al. Platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta enhance tissue repair activities by unique mechanisms. J Cell Biol. 1989;109(1):429–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Raines EW, Ross R. Platelet-derived growth factor. I. High yield purification and evidence for multiple forms. J Biol Chem. 1982;257(9):5154–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Reinhardt RR, Bondy CA. Insulin-like growth factors cross the blood-brain barrier. Endocrinology. 1994;135(5):1753–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Rennie MJ. Claims for the anabolic effects of growth hormone: a case of the emperor's new clothes? Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(2):100–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Richardson RS, Wagner H, Mudaliar SR, Henry R, Noyszewski EA, Wagner PD. Human VEGF gene expression in skeletal muscle: effect of acute normoxic and hypoxic exercise. Am J Physiol. 1999;277(6 Pt 2):H2247–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Richardson RS, Wagner H, Mudaliar SR, Saucedo E, Henry R, Wagner PD. Exercise adaptation attenuates VEGF gene expression in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000;279(2):H772–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Saugy M, Robinson N, Saudan C, Baume N, Avois L, Mangin P. Human growth hormone doping in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40 Suppl 1:i35–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Schippinger G, Fankhauser F, Oettl K, Spirk S, Domej W, Hofmann P. Influence of intramuscular application of autologous conditioned plasma on systemic circulating IGF-1. J Sports Sci Med. 2011;10:439–44.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Schippinger G, Fankhauser F, Oettl K, Spirk S, Hofmann P. Does single intramuscular application of autologous conditioned plasma influence systemic circulating growth factors? J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11:551–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Schmidmaier G, Herrmann S, Green J, et al. Quantitative assessment of growth factors in reaming aspirate, iliac crest, and platelet preparation. Bone. 2006;39(5):1156–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Smith CA, Stauber F, Waters C, Alway SE, Stauber WT. Transforming growth factor-beta following skeletal muscle strain injury in rats. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102(2):755–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Spiliotis BE, Alexandrides TK, Karystianos C, et al. The insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) generation test as an indicator of growth hormone status. Hormones (Athens). 2009;8(2):117–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Unger EF, Goncalves L, Epstein SE, et al. Effects of a single intracoronary injection of basic fibroblast growth factor in stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85(12):1414–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Van Belle E, Witzenbichler B, Chen D, et al. Potentiated angiogenic effect of scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor via induction of vascular endothelial growth factor: the case for paracrine amplification of angiogenesis. Circulation. 1998;97(4):381–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Velloso CP. Regulation of muscle mass by growth hormone and IGF-I. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154(3):557–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Volpi P, Quaglia A, Schoenhuber H, et al. Growth factors in the management of sport-induced tendinopathies: results after 24 months from treatment. A pilot study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2010;50(4):494–500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Walenkamp MJ, Wit JM. Genetic disorders in the GH IGF-I axis in mouse and man. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157 Suppl 1:S15–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Wallace JD, Cuneo RC, Baxter R, et al. Responses of the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor axis to exercise, GH administration, and GH withdrawal in trained adult males: a potential test for GH abuse in sport. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(10):3591–601.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Wasterlain AS, Braun HJ, Dragoo JL. Contents and formulations of platelet-rich plasma. Oper Tech Orthop. 2012;22(1):33–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Wasterlain AS, Braun HJ, Harris AH, Kim HJ, Dragoo JL. The systemic effects of platelet-rich plasma injection. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(1):186–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Wilting J, Christ B, Bokeloh M, Weich HA. In vivo effects of vascular endothelial growth factor on the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. Cell Tissue Res. 1993;274(1):163–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Wolk A, Mantzoros CS, Andersson SO, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and prostate cancer risk: a population-based, case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(12):911–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Woodhouse LJ, Mukherjee A, Shalet SM, Ezzat S. The influence of growth hormone status on physical impairments, functional limitations, and health-related quality of life in adults. Endocr Rev. 2006;27(3):287–317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. World Anti-Doping Agency. The world anti-doping code: the 2005 prohibited list international standard. Montreal; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  95. World Anti-Doping Agency. The world anti-doping code: the 2011 prohibited list international standard. Montreal; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  96. World Anti-Doping Agency. The world anti-doping code: the 2012 prohibited list international standard. Montreal; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  97. World Anti-Doping Agency. The world anti-doping code: the 2013 prohibited list international standard. Montreal; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  98. World Anti-Doping Agency. The world anti-doping code: the 2016 prohibited list international standard. Montreal; 2016. http://list.wada-ama.org

  99. Xin X, Yang S, Ingle G, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor enhances vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Am J Pathol. 2001;158(3):1111–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Yakar S, Liu JL, Stannard B, et al. Normal growth and development in the absence of hepatic insulin-like growth factor I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96(13):7324–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Yang SY, Goldspink G. Different roles of the IGF-I Ec peptide (MGF) and mature IGF-I in myoblast proliferation and differentiation. FEBS Lett. 2002;522(1-3):156–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Yu H, Spitz MR, Mistry J, Gu J, Hong WK, Wu X. Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and lung cancer risk: a case-control analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(2):151–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Zapf J, Hauri C, Waldvogel M, Froesch ER. Acute metabolic effects and half-lives of intravenously administered insulinlike growth factors I and II in normal and hypophysectomized rats. J Clin Invest. 1986;77(6):1768–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA

    Amy S. Wasterlain MD, Hillary J. Braun MD & Jason L. Dragoo MD

Authors
  1. Amy S. Wasterlain MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hillary J. Braun MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jason L. Dragoo MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jason L. Dragoo MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders Faculty of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy

    Nicola Maffulli

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wasterlain, A.S., Braun, H.J., Dragoo, J.L. (2016). The Systemic Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma. In: Maffulli, N. (eds) Platelet Rich Plasma in Musculoskeletal Practice. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-7271-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-7271-0_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-7270-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-7271-0

  • eBook Packages: Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation