Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) employs fluorophore lifetime, rather than fluorescence intensity, for image contrast. Compared to intensity-based methods, lifetime imaging requires less calibration and/or correction for fluorophore concentration variations, photobleaching, and other artifacts that affect intensity measurements. We describe FLIM applications to probe the microenvironments of endogenous and exogenous fluorophores, including measurements of cellular metabolic co-factors, intracellular and extracellular oxygen, and molecular interactions via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Several applications of FLIM for quantitative, live cell imaging are presented, including studies of cellular metabolic pathways, improved FRET detection of oncogene association, microfluidic bioreactor characterization for continuous cell culture, and improved analysis of FLIM images including image restoration and precision enhancement.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Lakowicz JR (2006) Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin
Chang CW, Sud D, Mycek MA (2007) Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 81:495–524
Takanishi CL, Bykova EA, Cheng W, Zheng J (2006) GFP-based FRET analysis in live cells. Brain Res 1091(1):132–139
Tsien RY (1998) The green fluorescent protein. Annu Rev Biochem 67:509–544
Zal T, Gascoigne NR (2004) Photobleaching-corrected FRET efficiency imaging of live cells. Biophys J 86(6):3923–3939
Grant DM, McGinty J, McGhee EJ, Bunney TD, Owen DM, Talbot CB, Zhang W, Kumar S, Munro I, Lanigan PM, Kennedy GT, Dunsby C, Magee AI, Courtney P, Katan M, Neil MA, French PM (2007) High speed optically sectioned fluorescence lifetime imaging permits study of live cell signaling events. Opt Express 15(24):15656–15673
Kumar S, Dunsby C, De Beule PAA, Owen DM, Anand U, Lanigan PMP, Benninger RKP, Davis DM, Neil MAA, Anand P, Benham C, Naylor A, French PMW (2007) Multifocal multiphoton excitation and time correlated single photon counting detection for 3-D fluorescence lifetime imaging. Opt Express 15(20):12548–12561
Schlachter S, Elder AD, Esposito A, Kaminski GS, Frank JH, van Geest LK, Kaminski CF (2009) mhFLIM: resolution of heterogeneous fluorescence decays in widefield lifetime microscopy. Opt Express 17(3):1557–1570
Kuchibhotla KV, Lattarulo CR, Hyman BT, Bacskai BJ (2009) Synchronous hyperactivity and intercellular calcium waves in astrocytes in Alzheimer mice. Science 323(5918):1211–1215
Kotaleski JH, Blackwell KT (2010) Modelling the molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity using systems biology approaches. Nat Rev Neurosci 11(4):239–251
Marcu L (2010) Fluorescence lifetime in cardiovascular diagnostics. J Biomed Opt 15(1): 011106
Seefeldt B, Kasper R, Seidel T, Tinnefeld P, Dietz KJ, Heilemann M, Sauer M (2008) Fluorescent proteins for single-molecule fluorescence applications. J Biophotonics 1(1):74–82
Schweitzer D, Quick S, Schenke S, Klemm M, Gehlert S, Hammer M, Jentsch S, Fischer J (2009) Comparison of parameters of time-resolved autofluorescence between healthy subjects and patients suffering from early AMD. Ophthalmologe 106(8):714–722
Schweitzer D, Schenke S, Hammer M, Schweitzer F, Jentsch S, Birckner E, Becker W, Bergmann A (2007) Towards metabolic mapping of the human retina. Microsc Res Tech 70(5):410–419
Urayama P, Zhong W, Beamish JA, Minn FK, Sloboda RD, Dragnev KH, Dmitrovsky E, Mycek MA (2003) A UV-visible-NIR fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope for laser-based biological sensing with picosecond resolution. Appl Phys B 76(5):483–496
Zhong W, Wu M, Chang CW, Merrick KA, Merajver SD, Mycek MA (2007) Picosecond-resolution fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy: a useful tool for sensing molecular interactions in vivo via FRET. Opt Express 15(26):18220–18235
Requejo-Isidro J, McGinty J, Munro I, Elson DS, Galletly NP, Lever MJ, Neil MAA, Stamp GWH, French PMW, Kellett PA, Hares JD, Dymoke-Bradshaw AKL (2004) High-speed wide-field time-gated endoscopic fluorescence-lifetime imaging. Opt Lett 29(19):2249–2251
Munro I, McGinty J, Galletly N, Requejo-Isidro J, Lanigan PM, Elson DS, Dunsby C, Neil MA, Lever MJ, Stamp GW, French PM (2005) Toward the clinical application of time-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging. J Biomed Opt 10(5):051403
Cano-Raya C, Ramos MDF, Vallvey LFC, Wolfbeis OS, Schaferling M (2005) Fluorescence quenching of the europium tetracycline hydrogen peroxide complex by copper(II) and other metal ions. Appl Spectrosc 59(10):1209–1216
Urayama PK, Mycek MA (2003) Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of endogenous biological fluorescence. In: Mycek MA, Pogue BW (eds) Handbook of biomedical fluorescence. Marcel-Dekker, New York, pp 211–236
Sud D, Zhong W, Beer DG, Mycek MA (2006) Time-resolved optical imaging provides a molecular snapshot of altered metabolic function in living human cancer cell models. Opt Express 14(10):4412–4426
Xu Z, Raghavan M, Hall TL, Chang CW, Mycek MA, Fowlkes JB, Cain CA (2007) High speed imaging of bubble clouds generated in pulsed ultrasound cavitational therapy-histotripsy. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 54(10):2091–2101
Pitts JD, Mycek MA (2001) Design and development of a rapid acquisition laser-based fluorometer with simultaneous spectral and temporal resolution. Rev Sci Instrum 72(7):3061–3072
Chang CW, Wu M, Merajver SD, Mycek MA (2009) Physiological fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy improves Förster resonance energy transfer detection in living cells. J Biomed Opt 14(6):060502
Bugiel I, König K, Wabnitz H (1989) Investigation of cell by fluorescence laser scanning microscopy with subnanosecond time resolution. Lasers Life Sci 3(1):47–53
Wang XF, Uchida T, Coleman DM, Minami S (1991) A two-dimensional fluorescence lifetime imaging system using a gated image intensifier. Appl Spectrosc 45(3):360–366
Sharman KK, Periasamy A, Ashworth H, Demas JN, Snow NH (1999) Error analysis of the rapid lifetime determination method for double-exponential decays and new windowing schemes. Anal Chem 71(5):947–952
Sud D, Mycek MA (2008) Image restoration for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Opt Express 16(23):19192–19200
Chang CW, Mycek MA (2009) Improving precision in time-gated FLIM for low-light live-cell imaging. Proc SPIE 7370(2009):7370091–7370096
Vonesch C (2009) Fast and automated wavelet-regularized image restoration in fluorescence microscopy. PhD thesis, École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne, Lausanne
Buranachai C, Kamiyama D, Chiba A, Williams BD, Clegg RM (2008) Rapid frequency-domain FLIM spinning disk confocal microscope: Lifetime resolution, image improvement and wavelet analysis. J Fluoresc 18(5):929–942
Buades A, Coll B, Morel JM (2005) A review of image denoising algorithms, with a new one. Multiscale Model Simul 4(2):490–530
Chang CW, Mycek MA (2010) Increasing precision of lifetime determination in fluorescence lifetime imaging. Proc SPIE 7570(2010):757007
Chang C-W, Mycek M-A (2010) Precise fluorophore lifetime mapping in live-cell, multi-photon excitation microscopy. Opt Express 18(8):8688–8696
Boulanger J, Sibarita JB, Kervrann C, Bouthemy P (2008) Non-parametric regression for patch-based fluorescence microscopy image sequence denoising. In: IEEE international symposium on biomedical imaging: from nano to macro, vols 1–4, pp 748–751
Delpretti S, Luisier F, Ramani S, Blu T, Unser M (2008) Multiframe SURE-LET denoising of timelapse fluorescence microscopy images. In: IEEE international symposium on biomedical imaging: from nano to macro, vols 1–4, pp 149–152
Gu W, Zhu XY, Futai N, Cho BS, Takayama S (2004) Computerized microfluidic cell culture using elastomeric channels and Braille displays. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(45): 15861–15866
Dobrucki JW (2001) Interaction of oxygen-sensitive luminescent probes Ru(phen)(3)(2+) and Ru(bipy)(3)(2+) with animal and plant cells in vitro – mechanism of phototoxicity and conditions for non-invasive oxygen measurements. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 65(2–3):136–144
Asiedu JK, Ji J, Nguyen M, Rosenzweig N, Rosenzweig Z (2001) Development of a digital fluorescence sensing technique to monitor the response of macrophages to external hypoxia. J Biomed Opt 6(2):116–121
Ji J, Rosenzweig N, Jones I, Rosenzweig Z (2002) Novel fluorescent oxygen indicator for intracellular oxygen measurements. J Biomed Opt 7(3):404–409
Castellano FN, Lakowicz JR (1998) A water-soluble luminescence oxygen sensor. Photochem Photobiol 67(2):179–183
Gerritsen HC, Sanders R, Draaijer A, Levine YK (1997) Fluorescence lifetime imaging of oxygen in living cells. J Fluoresc 7:11–16
Malak H, Dobrucki JW, Malak MM, Swartz HM (1998) Oxygen sensing in a single cell with ruthenium complexes and fluorescence time-resolved microscopy. Biophys J 74(2):A189
Lakowicz JR (1999) Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy. Kluwer Academic, New York
Zhong W, Urayama P, Mycek MA (2003) Imaging fluorescence lifetime modulation of a ruthenium-based dye in living cells: the potential for oxygen sensing. J Phys D Appl Phys 36(14):1689–1695
Kutala VK, Parinandi NL, Pandian RP, Kuppusamy P (2004) Simultaneous measurement of oxygenation in intracellular and extracellular compartments of lung microvascular endothelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 6(3):597–603
Sud D, Mycek MA (2009) Calibration and validation of an optical sensor for intracellular oxygen measurements. J Biomed Opt 14(2):020506
Sud D, Mehta G, Mehta K, Linderman J, Takayama S, Mycek MA (2006) Optical imaging in microfluidic bioreactors enables oxygen monitoring for continuous cell culture. J Biomed Opt 11(5):050504
Leclerc E, Sakai Y, Fujii T (2003) Cell culture in 3-dimensional microfluidic structure of PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane). Biomed Microdevices 5(2):109–114
Shiku H, Saito T, Wu CC, Yasukawa T, Yokoo M, Abe H, Matsue T, Yamada H (2006) Oxygen permeability of surface-modified poly(dimethylsiloxane) characterized by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Chem Lett 35(2):234–235
Mehta G, Mehta K, Sud D, Song JW, Bersano-Begey T, Futai N, Heo YS, Mycek MA, Linderman JJ, Takayama S (2007) Quantitative measurement and control of oxygen levels in microfluidic poly(dimethylsiloxane) bioreactors during cell culture. Biomed Microdevices 9(2):123–134
Urayama PK, Mycek MA (2003) Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of endogenous biological fluorescence. In: Mycek MA, Pogue BW (eds) Handbook of biomedical fluorescence. Marcel Dekker, New York
Ramanujam N (2000) Fluorescence spectroscopy of neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues. Neoplasia 2(1–2):89–117
Lakowicz JR, Szmacinski H, Nowaczyk K, Johnson ML (1992) Fluorescence lifetime imaging of free and protein-bound NADH. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1271–1275
Schneckenburger H, König K (1992) Fluorescence decay and imaging of NAD(P)H and Âflavins as metabolic indicators. Opt Eng 31(7):1447–1451
Georgakoudi I, Jacobson BC, Muller MG, Sheets EE, Badizadegan K, Carr-Locke DL, Crum CP, Boone CW, Dasari RR, Van Dam J, Feld MS (2002) NAD(P)H and collagen as in vivo quantitative fluorescent biomarkers of epithelial precancerous changes. Cancer Res 62(3):682–687
Förster T (1948) Intermolecular energy migration and fluorescence. Ann Phys (Leitzig) 2: 55–75
Kreiss P, Cameron B, Rangara R, Mailhe P, Aguerre-Charriol O, Airiau M, Scherman D, Crouzet J, Pitard B (1999) Plasmid DNA size does not affect the physicochemical properties of lipoplexes but modulates gene transfer efficiency. Nucleic Acids Res 27(19):3792–3798
Ross PC, Hui SW (1999) Lipoplex size is a major determinant of in vitro lipofection efficiency. Gene Ther 6(4):651–659
Schmid JA, Sitte HH (2003) Fluorescence resonance energy transfer in the study of cancer pathways. Curr Opin Oncol 15:55–64
Wallrabe H, Periasamy A (2005) Imaging protein molecules using FRET and FLIM microscopy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 16(1):19–27
Chen Y, Elangovan M, Periasamy A (2005) FRET data analysis: the algorithm. In: Periasamy A, Day RN (eds) Molecular imaging. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 126–145
Demarco IA, Periasamy A, Booker CF, Day RN (2006) Monitoring dynamic protein interactions with photoquenching FRET. Nat Methods 3(7):519–524
Hoppe A, Christensen K, Swanson JA (2002) Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based stoichiometry in living cells. Biophys J 83(6):3652–3664
Chen Y, Mills JD, Periasamy A (2003) Protein localization in living cells and tissues using FRET and FLIM. Differentiation 71(9–10):528–541
Provenzano PP, Eliceiri KW, Keely PJ (2009) Multiphoton microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to monitor metastasis and the tumor microenvironment. Clin Exp Metastasis 26(4):357–370
Yi YH, Ho PY, Chen TW, Lin WJ, Gukassyan V, Tsai TH, Wang DW, Lew TS, Tang CY, Lo SJ, Chen TY, Kao FJ, Lin CH (2009) Membrane targeting and coupling of NHE1-integrin{alpha}IIb{beta}3-NCX1 by lipid rafts following integrin-ligand interactions trigger Ca2+ oscillations. J Biol Chem 284(6):3855–3864
Chen Y, Periasamy A (2004) Characterization of two-photon excitation fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for protein localization. Microsc Res Tech 63(1):72–80
Vermeer JE, Van Munster EB, Vischer NO, Gadella TW Jr (2004) Probing plasma membrane microdomains in cowpea protoplasts using lipidated GFP-fusion proteins and multimode FRET microscopy. J Microsc 214(Pt 2):190–200
Ng T, Squire A, Hansra G, Bornancin F, Prevostel C, Hanby A, Harris W, Barnes D, Schmidt S, Mellor H, Bastiaens PI, Parker PJ (1999) Imaging protein kinase Calpha activation in cells. Science 283(5410):2085–2089
van Golen KL, Wu ZF, Qiao XT, Bao LW, Merajver SD (2000) RhoC GTPase, a novel transforming oncogene for human mammary epithelial cells that partially recapitulates the inflammatory breast cancer phenotype. Cancer Res 60(20):5832–5838
Holeiter G, Heering J, Erlmann P, Schmid S, Jahne R, Olayioye MA (2008) Deleted in Liver Cancer 1 Controls Cell Migration through a Dial-Dependent Signaling Pathway. Cancer Res 68(21):8743–8751
Hoppe AD, Shorte SL, Swanson JA, Heintzmannz R (2008) Three-dimensional FRET reconstruction microscopy for analysis of dynamic molecular interactions in live cells. Biophys J 95(1):400–418
Pertz O, Hodgson L, Klemke RL, Hahn KM (2006) Spatiotemporal dynamics of RhoA activity in migrating cells. Nature 440(7087):1069–1072
Semenova MM, Maki-Hokkonen AMJ, Cao J, Komarovski V, Forsberg KM, Koistinaho M, Coffey ET, Courtney MJ (2007) Rho mediates calcium-dependent activation of p38 alpha and subsequent excitotoxic cell death. Nat Neurosci 10(4):436–443
Hodgson L, Pertz O, Hahn KM (2008) Design and optimization of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors: GTPase biosensors. Methods Cell Biol 85:63–81
Nakamura T, Aoki K, Matsuda M (2005) Monitoring spatio-temporal regulation of Ras and Rho GTPases with GFP-based FRET probes. Methods 37(2):146–153
Ahmed T, Shea K, Masters JRW, Jones GE, Wells CM (2008) A PAK4-LIMK1 pathway drives prostate cancer cell migration downstream of HGF. Cell Signal 20(7):1320–1328
Legg JW, Lewis CA, Parsons M, Ng T, Isacke CM (2002) A novel PKC-regulated mechanism controls CD44-ezrin association and directional cell motility. Nat Cell Biol 4(6):399–407
Parsons M, Monypenny J, Ameer-Beg SM, Millard TH, Machesky LM, Peter M, Keppler MD, Schiavo G, Watson R, Chernoff J, Zicha D, Vojnovic B, Ng T (2005) Spatially distinct binding of Cdc42 to PAK1 and N-WASP in breast carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 25(5):1680–1695
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge technical contributions from and helpful discussions with Drs. Mei Wu, Sofia D. Merajver, Dhruv Sud, Wei Zhong, Paul Urayama, David G. Beer, Jennifer Linderman, Shuichi Takayama, and Geeta Mehta, as well as Karl A. Merrick, Khamir Mehta, Jonathon Girroir, and Joe Delli. This work was supported in part by funding from the National Institutes of Health (CA-112173, CA-77612, and CA-114542) and The Whitaker Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chang, CW., Mycek, MA. (2012). Quantitative Molecular Imaging in Living Cells via FLIM. In: Geddes, C. (eds) Reviews in Fluorescence 2010. Reviews in Fluorescence, vol 2010. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9828-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9828-6_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-9827-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-9828-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)